Muraheleen
Samfuri:Infobox militant organization
 Muraheleen | |
|---|---|
People's Militia (en)  | |
| Bayanai | |
| Farawa | 1983 |
| Mubaya'a |
Sudanese Armed Forces (en) |
| Rikici |
Second Sudanese Civil War (en) da Yakin dafur |
| Ƙasa | Sudan |
| Wanda ya biyo bayanshi |
Janjaweed da Popular Defense Forces (en) |
| Dissolved, abolished or demolished date (en) | 2005 |
| Wuri | |
| Ƴantacciyar ƙasa | Sudan ta Kudu |
| Region of South Sudan (en) | Bahr el Ghazal (en) |
A cikin shekarun 1980 da 1990, Muraheleen ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin dabarun yaki da ta'addanci na gwamnati, yana amfana daga tallafin jihar ta hanyar makamai, harsashi, da taimakon dabaru. Ayyukansu sun kasance da mummunar cin zarafin 'yancin ɗan adam, gami da amfani da dabarun ƙonewa na ƙasa, Kisan kiyashi da Tsabtace kabilanci.
Matsayinsu ya ragu bayan Yarjejeniyar Zaman Lafiya ta 2005, wanda ke da niyyar kawo karshen yakin basasa.
Magana
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Asalin kalmar Muraheleen an danganta shi ne ga Ƙabilar Messiria waɗanda suka yi amfani da kalmar don bayyana "matafiya".(p25)
A tarihi, aikin farko na Muraheleen shine jagorantar garken shanu a gaban kabilarsu a lokacin ƙaura na yanayi. Za su hau dawakai, su ɗauki makamai don kare kansu, kuma su kare garken su daga masu cin nama da ɓarayi. A yankin kudancin Darfur, Ƙabilar Rizeigat tana da irin wannan rukuni da aka sani da fursan, kalmar Larabci da ke nufin mahayan dawakai ko mahayan da suka yi.[1]
Rikici na kan iyaka tsakanin Malual Dinka daga arewacin Bahr el Ghazal (a yau a Sudan ta Kudu) da Larabawa Baggara daga kudancin Darfur da kudancin Kordofan sun samo asali ne a tsakiyar karni na 19. Bayan tashi daga Sudan a 1956, Birtaniya ta tabbatar da cewa Dinka da Baggara sun bi yarjejeniyar kan iyaka da ka'idodin doka.[2]
Bayan samun 'yancin kai, hukumomin arewacin Sudan sun koma kan alkawarinsu na kula da iyakokin mulkin mallaka tsakanin Bahr el Ghazal, Darfur, da Kordofan. Sun ba da shawarar haɗakar yankunan kiwo da kamun kifi na Mulual Dinka da Baggara don hanzarta hadin kan kabilun biyu. Wannan hadin gwiwar da aka shirya ya sake haifar da tashin hankali tsakanin makiyaya Dinka da Baggara.[2]
Tarihi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]An sake gabatar da manufar jihadi a kasar a 1983 lokacin da Shugaba Gaafar Nimeiry ya ayyana Dokokin Satumba 1983. Muraheleen, [3] ƙungiyoyin Baggara masu goyon bayan jihar, sun fito a kan iyakar Malual Dinka-Baggara kuma daga baya aka canza su zuwa sojojin gwamnati a kudancin Darfur da kudancin Kordofan don jihadi da cin nasara. Wannan ya haifar da kisan gillar 'yan gudun hijirar Malual Dinka 1,500 a cikin kisan kiyashi na Dhein na 1987.[4]
Bugu da kari, Nimeiry ya yi amfani da 'yan bindiga a kan' yan tawaye na kudanci.[5] Sojojin da ke dauke da makamai na Rizeigat da Messiria Humr, wadanda ke sanye da fararen riguna, sun kasance a matsayin hanya mai tsada don raunana abokan gaba na gwamnatin Sudan a lokacin Yaƙin basasar Sudan na Biyu, [6] gami da 'yan tawayen Sudan People's Liberation Movement / Army (SPLM / A), wanda ke da tushe na tallafi tsakanin (Ngok da Titweng) [7] Dinka na kudancin Sudan.[8][9] Bayan juyin mulkin Sudan na 1985 da kuma korar Nimeiry, Firayim Minista Sadiq al-Mahdi ya yi amfani da Muraheleen [5] da magajinsa na soja kusan kusan shekaru ashirin a matsayin dakarun yaki da 'yan tawaye na kudanci, SPLM / A . [1]
Sojojin Muraheleen galibi suna lalata ƙauyukan Kirista, suna kashe dukkan mazajen da suka girma sannan su dauki mata da yara a matsayin bayi.[10] Harin bawa na farko a kan Dinka ya faru ne a watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1986. : 25 An kama mata da yara dubu biyu. A wani hari na biyu, a watan Fabrairun 1987, an kama mata da yara dubu daya. Da zarar maharan sun sami isasshen ganimar za su rarraba fursunoni tsakanin kansu da iyalansu. An ci gaba da kai hare-hare a kowace shekara bayan haka.[11]:
Tun daga shekara ta 1989, muhimmiyar alhakin Muraheleen ita ce ta raka jirgin kasa na kayan soja zuwa Wau. Suna ɗora dawakai a kan jirgin ƙasa, wanda aka sauke su lokacin da suka isa Bahr el Ghazal don a yi amfani da su a rikice-rikice da ƙauyukan Dinka.[1]
Bayan juyin mulkin Sudan na 1989, gwamnatin Omar al-Bashir ta sanya Muraheleen a cikin 'yan bindiga na gwamnati da sojoji ke sarrafawa kuma ta ci gaba da samun tallafin gwamnati don kai hari kan fararen hula na Dinka da Nuer, wadanda mutanensu suka shiga kungiyar 'yan tawaye ta kudancin SPLA.[12]
Har ila yau, an tura 'yan bindiga a kan Mutanen Nuba, don murkushe tawaye a Dutsen Nuba (Kudancin Kordofan da Blue Nile jihohin). [13] A shekara ta 2004, masana na Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya sun zargi wannan 'yan bindiga da shiga cikin Kisan kare dangi na Darfur ta hanyar kaiwa ga mutanen Masalit, Daju, Tunjur, da Zaghawa.[14]
Kisan kiyashi na Dhein a shekara ta 1987
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Kisan kiyashi na Dhein na 1987 ya faru ne a garin Dhein, wanda ke Kudancin Darfur . Fiye da kwanaki biyu, 27-28 Maris, an kashe yawancin yara, mata, da maza na Dinka, an ƙone su har suka mutu, kuma an kwace su a matsayin ganima ko Ghana.[4][15] Wasu mambobin Larabawa na Rizeigat, da wasu a garin, gami da wasu 'yan kasuwa a Dhein, wadanda dukansu suna cikin Muraheleen, sun gudanar da kisan kiyashi.[4]
Yunwa ta 1988 da 1988
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Muraheleen sun taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin yunwa ta 1988 da 1998 a Bahr el Ghazal . A lokacin yunwa ta 1988, wanda kimanin mutane 250,000 suka mutu, Muraheleen - tun daga shekara ta 1986 [16] - gwamnati ta ba da izini don gudanar da fashi, kai hari, korar mutane, kashewa, da kuma sace mutanen Dinka, wanda ya haifar da babban canja wurin dukiyar shanu na Dinka zuwa Baggara, [17] [13] da kuma tilasta korar kusan 100,000 [16] zuwa fararen hula 200,000. [18]
Yunwa ta 1998 a Bahr El Ghazal, wanda ya shafi mutane miliyan 2.6, [13] ya haifar da haɗuwa da yanayin halitta, kamar fari na shekaru biyu wanda El Niño-Southern Oscillation ya haifar, da ayyukan ɗan adam. Hare-haren da gwamnati ta tallafa wa Muraheleen a kan mutanen Dinka ya haifar da ƙaura kuma ya hana noma.[19] Har ila yau, hare-haren sun haɗa da satar shanu, satar hatsi, ƙone amfanin gona da gidaje, da kuma kwace mata da yara a matsayin ganima, sun taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen haifar da yunwa.[17][20][19]
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Analysis of Nine Conflict Areas in Sudan — Sudan Open Archive". sudanarchive.net. p. 46. Retrieved 2024-06-23.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Kocjok, Damazo Dut Majak (1991). "The Malual Dinka-Baqqara Border Conflict and the Impact on National Integration in the Sudan". Northeast African Studies. 13 (1): 73–83. ISSN 0740-9133. JSTOR 43660338.
- ↑ "Murahaleen (Sudan)". Uni Mannheim.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 "Human Rights Abuses in the Sudan 1987: The Dehin Massacre" (PDF).
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 "Darfur in Flames: Atrocities in Western Sudan: BACKGROUND". www.hrw.org. Retrieved 2024-06-23.
- ↑ "Sudan, Oil and Human Rights — Sudan Open Archive". sudanarchive.net. Retrieved 2024-06-23.
- ↑ Wild, Hannah; Jok, Jok Madut; Patel, Ronak (2018-03-02). "The militarization of cattle raiding in South Sudan: how a traditional practice became a tool for political violence". Journal of International Humanitarian Action. 3 (1): 2. doi:10.1186/s41018-018-0030-y. ISSN 2364-3404.
- ↑ "Slavery and Slave Redemption in the Sudan. Human Rights Watch Backgrounder". Human Rights Watch. March 2002 [March 1999]. Retrieved 15 October 2015.
- ↑ "For Dinkas, Sudan's Two Conflicts Run Together". Voice of America (in Turanci). 2009-10-30. Retrieved 2024-06-23.
- ↑ "Review: Black Slavery in the Twenty-First Century". The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education (31): 138. 2001. JSTOR i326191.
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs named:11 - ↑ "Sudan: Darfur Destroyed: SUMMARY". www.hrw.org. Retrieved 2024-06-23.
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 "The Famine In Sudan, And The Human Rights Abuses That Caused It". www.hrw.org. Retrieved 2024-06-23.
- ↑ SudanTribune (2004-03-30). "Khartoum upbeat over Ndjamena encounter". Sudan Tribune (in Turanci). Retrieved 2024-06-23.
- ↑ "The Dhein Massacre: Slavery in the Sudan — Sudan Open Archive". sudanarchive.net. Retrieved 2024-06-23.
- ↑ 16.0 16.1 "Human Rights Watch World Report 1999 – Sudan". Refworld (in Turanci). Retrieved 2024-06-23.
- ↑ 17.0 17.1 "Dinka and Baggara Rivalry in Bahr El Ghazal". Human Rights Watch. Retrieved 2024-06-23.
- ↑ "Unpaid Debt". Unpaid Debt (in Turanci). Retrieved 2024-06-23.
- ↑ 19.0 19.1 "Sudan: Famine and Human Rights, 7/23/98". www.africa.upenn.edu. Retrieved 2024-06-23.
- ↑ "Bahr El Ghazal and the Famine of 1998". Human Rights Watch. Retrieved 2024-06-23.