Musayar matasa
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|---|---|
| Bangare na |
Bildung (en)  |
Shirin musayar dalibai shine shirin da dalibai daga makarantar sakandare (makarantar sakandare) ko ilimi mafi girma ke karatu a kasashen waje a daya daga cikin cibiyoyin haɗin gwiwar su.[1] Shirin musayar dalibai na iya haɗawa da tafiye-tafiye na duniya, amma ba lallai ba ne ɗalibin ya yi karatu a waje da ƙasarsu.
Shirye-shiryen musayar kasashen waje suna ba wa ɗalibai damar yin karatu a wata ƙasa kuma suna fuskantar yanayi daban.[2] Wadannan shirye-shiryen suna ba da damar da ba za a iya samu a ƙasar mahalarta ba, kamar koyo game da tarihin da al'adun wasu ƙasashe da saduwa da sababbin abokai don wadatar da ci gaban kansu. Shirye-shiryen musayar kasa da kasa suna da tasiri don kalubalanci ɗalibai don haɓaka hangen nesa na duniya.
Kalmar "musayar" tana nufin cewa ma'aikatar abokin tarayya ta yarda da dalibi, amma ba lallai ba ne ɗalibai su sami takwaransa daga ɗayan ma'aikalin da za su musayar. Daliban musayar suna zaune tare da dangin mai masaukin baki ko a wurin da aka tsara kamar masauki, ɗaki, ko masaukin dalibi. Kudin shirin ya bambanta da ƙasa da ma'aikata. Masu halarta suna tallafawa shiga ta hanyar tallafin karatu, rance, ko biyan kuɗi.
Canjin ɗalibai ya zama sananne bayan Yaƙin Duniya na II, wanda aka yi niyya don haɓaka fahimtar mahalarta da haƙuri game da wasu al'adu, da kuma inganta ƙwarewar harshe da faɗaɗa sararin zamantakewar su. Har ila yau, musayar ɗalibai ta karu bayan ƙarshen Yaƙin Cold . Ɗalibin musayar yawanci yana zaune a cikin ƙasar da ke karɓar bakuncin na tsawon watanni 6 zuwa 12; duk da haka, ɗaliban musayar na iya zaɓar zama na semester ɗaya a lokaci. Dalibai na kasa da kasa ko waɗanda ke karatun shirye-shiryen kasashen waje na iya zama a cikin ƙasar da ke karɓar bakuncin shekaru da yawa. Wasu shirye-shiryen musayar suna ba da ƙwarewar ilimi.[3]
Dalibai na shirye-shiryen karatu a kasashen waje suna da niyyar bunkasa hangen nesa na duniya da fahimtar al'adu ta hanyar kalubalantar yankunansu na ta'aziyya da kuma nutse kansu cikin al'ada daban. Bincike ya nuna cewa sha'awar dalibai na karatu a kasashen waje ya karu, kuma bincike ya nuna cewa dalibai sun zaɓi shirye-shirye saboda wuri, farashi, albarkatun da ke akwai da al'adun.[4] Kodayake akwai shirye-shiryen musayar daban-daban, mafi mashahuri sune shirye-shirye da ke ba da ƙwarewar ilimi, saboda ɗalibai da yawa suna damuwa game da tafiya da ke hana shirye-shiryenta na ilimi da na sana'a.[5]
Nau'o'in shirye-shiryen musayar
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Canjin gajeren lokaci
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Shirin musayar ɗan gajeren lokaci kuma an san shi da STEP . Wadannan suna mai da hankali kan zama a gida, ƙwarewar harshe, sabis na al'umma, ko ayyukan al'adu. Daliban makarantar sakandare da jami'a na iya neman shirye-shiryen ta hanyar gwamnati daban-daban ko kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu waɗanda ke shirya shirye-shirye. Canjin gajeren lokaci yana ɗaukar mako ɗaya zuwa watanni uku kuma baya buƙatar ɗalibin ya yi karatu a kowane makaranta ko ma'aikata. Ana fallasa ɗalibai ga wani shiri mai zurfi wanda ke ƙara fahimtar su game da wasu al'adu, al'ummomi, da harsuna.[6][7]
Canjin dogon lokaci
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Canjin dogon lokaci shine wanda ke ɗaukar watanni shida zuwa goma ko har zuwa shekara guda. Wadanda suka halarci makarantar sakandare ko jami'a a kasashensu, ta hanyar biza ta dalibi. Yawanci, ana ba da ɗaliban baƙi da ke zuwa Amurka takardar izinin musayar al'adu na J-1 ko takardar izini na ɗaliban ƙasashen waje na F-1. Ana sa ran dalibai su haɗa kansu cikin iyalin da ke karbar bakuncin, suna nutsewa cikin al'umma da kewayenta. Bayan dawowarsu zuwa ƙasarsu ana sa ran za su haɗa wannan ilimin a cikin rayuwarsu ta yau da kullun, tare da ba da gabatarwa game da kwarewarsu ga masu tallafawa. Yawancin shirye-shiryen musayar suna sa ran ɗalibai za su iya tattaunawa a cikin harshen ƙasar da ke karɓar bakuncin, aƙalla a matakin asali. Wasu shirye-shiryen suna buƙatar ɗalibai su wuce gwajin da aka daidaita don fahimtar harshen Ingilishi kafin a yarda da su cikin shirin da ke kai su Amurka. Sauran shirye-shiryen ba sa bincika ikon harshe. Yawancin ɗaliban musayar sun zama masu iya magana da harshen ƙasar da ke karɓar bakuncin cikin 'yan watanni. Wasu shirye-shiryen musayar, irin su Congress-Bundestag Youth Exchange, KL-YES, FLEX shirye-shirye ne na gwamnati.
Majalisar kan Ka'idoji don Tafiye-tafiye na Ilimi na Duniya kungiya ce mai zaman kanta da ke da alhakin ingantaccen tafiye-tafin ilimi na kasa da kasa da musayar matasa a matakin makarantar sakandare.[8]
Tsarin aikace-aikace
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Aikace-aikacen musayar dogon lokaci (watanni 10 zuwa 12) da tambayoyin yawanci suna faruwa tsakanin 'yan kwanaki zuwa' yan watanni dangane da nau'in shirin, buƙatun jami'a da ƙasar da ake nufi kafin tashi, Dalibai gabaɗaya dole ne su kasance tsakanin shekaru 13 zuwa 18. Wasu shirye-shiryen suna ba da damar ɗalibai sama da shekaru 18 a cikin shirin bincike na musamman.
Wasu shirye-shiryen suna buƙatar fom ɗin aikace-aikacen farko tare da kudade, sannan kuma tsara tambayoyin da kuma fom ɗin aikace'aikacen da ya fi tsayi. Sauran shirye-shiryen suna buƙatar cikakken aikace-aikace daga farkon sannan su tsara tambayoyin. Shirye-shiryen tallafin makarantar sakandare galibi suna buƙatar saitin GPA na kusan 2.5 ko sama da haka. Shirye-shiryen suna zaɓar 'yan takara da za su iya kammala shirin kuma su zama mafi kyawun jakadu ga ƙasar waje. Dalibai a wasu shirye-shirye, kamar Rotary, ana sa ran su je kowane wuri inda kungiyar ta sanya su, kuma ana ƙarfafa ɗalibai kada su sami tsananin tsammanin ƙasar da ta karɓi bakinsu. Ana ba da damar ɗalibai su zaɓi ƙasa, amma suna iya zama a kowane wuri a cikin ƙasar.
Kungiyar kasar gida za ta tuntubi ƙungiyar abokin tarayya a ƙasar da ɗalibin ya zaɓa. Daliban da aka karɓa don shirin na iya ko ba za a tantance su ba ta ƙungiyar a ƙasarsu. Kungiyoyin abokan hulɗa a ƙasar da aka nufa kowannensu yana da matakai daban-daban na tantancewa suna buƙatar ɗalibai su wuce kafin a yarda da su cikin shirin su. Misali, ana iya ba da izinin ɗaliban da ke zuwa Amurka su zo bisa ga shawarar ƙungiyar a ƙasarsu, ko kuma abokin karɓar bakuncin na iya buƙatar ɗalibin ya gabatar da cikakken aikace-aikace, gami da katunan rahoton makaranta na baya, wasiƙu daga malamai da masu gudanarwa, da takardun jarrabawar Turanci. Hukumar Amurka na iya karɓar ko ƙi mai nema. Wasu kungiyoyi kuma suna da Dokokin Kasancewa. Misali, kusan dukkanin kungiyoyin Amurka ba za su iya ba da damar ɗaliban musayar su tuka mota ba yayin ziyarar su. Wasu kungiyoyi suna buƙatar rubuce-rubucen kwangila wanda ke tsara ƙa'idodi don halayyar mutum da maki, yayin da wasu na iya zama marasa tsauri. Shirye-shiryen farashi na iya haifar da dalibi ya shiga ba tare da mai kula da yake kusa da shi ba don bincika lafiyar dalibi. Shirye-shiryen da hukumomin da ke ba da diyya ga wakilan suna iya riƙe wakilan gida don taimakawa da jagorantar ɗalibin da kuma kula da lafiyarsu.
Kudin da ake kashewa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Kudin musayar dalibai ana ƙayyade su ne ta hanyar cajin daga ƙungiyar shirin musayar dalibi ko jami'a ko kwaleji.[9] Kudin ya bambanta dangane da ƙasar, tsawon karatu da sauran abubuwan mutum. Shirye-shirye daban-daban ta hanyar makarantar / jami'a na zaɓaɓɓu na iya ba da tallafin karatu ga ɗalibai waɗanda ke rufe kuɗin tafiye-tafiye da masauki da bukatun ɗalibai.[10]
Yaduwa a duk duniya
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Dalibai suna karatu a kasashen waje daga kasashe da yawa a duniya. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2017, manyan kasashe 8 da ke tura dalibai zuwa kasashen waje don karatun sakandare sune: [11]
| Matsayi | Kasar | Dalibai da ke karatu a kasashen waje |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | China | 928,090 |
| 2 | Indiya | 332,033 |
| 3 | Jamus | 122,195 |
| 4 | Koriya ta Kudu | 105,399 |
| 5 | Vietnam | 94,662 |
| 6 | Faransa | 89,379 |
| 7 | US | 86,566 |
| 8 | Najeriya | 85,251 |
Yanayin Australiya
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Shirye-shiryen musayar makarantar sakandare ta Australiya
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Kowace jiha a Ostiraliya tana ba da shirin daban na musayar ɗalibai don ɗaliban sakandare. Shirye-shiryen daga kowace jiha sun bambanta don ko dalibi a Ostiraliya yana neman yin karatu a duniya ko dalibi daga wata ƙasa yana neman karatu a Ostiraliya. Musayar ɗalibi a Ostiraliya, dangane da jiha, ƙungiyoyin musayar rajista na iya sarrafa su ko makarantar da aka zaɓa don nazarin dole ne a yi rajista.[1] Kasashen da suka fi shahara ga ɗaliban Australiya don zaɓar yin karatu sune, Japan, Faransa, Jamus, Amurka, Italiya, Kanada, Belgium, Spain da Argentina. Babban manufar musayar ɗalibai a Ostiraliya shine don ba wa ɗalibai damar yin karatu, shiga da kuma samun sabon al'ada. Daliban ƙasa da ƙasa waɗanda suka zaɓi yin karatu a Ostiraliya ana ba su dama daban-daban ta shirye-shiryen a makarantun da aka saita za su koyi game da al'adun Australiya, amma kuma su sami ƙwarewar Ingilishi a matakin sakandare. [ana yanayi hujja] [citation need]
Shirye-shiryen musayar daliban jami'ar Australia
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Shirye-shiryen musayar ga ɗaliban jami'a don karatu a ƙasashen waje sun bambanta dangane da tayin harabar jami'a. Shirye-shiryen musayar ɗalibai na ƙasa da ƙasa don ɗaliban jami'a suna da niyyar haɓaka ƙwarewar ɗalibai da ilimi. Shirye-shiryen musayar dalibai ga daliban jami'a suna ba da damar fadada iliminsu game da nazarin zaɓin su daga ƙasa daban. Wannan yana ba wa ɗaliban jami'a damar haɓaka ƙwarewar aikinsu ta hanyar ganin yadda ake yin karatun su a wata ƙasa. Canjin kasa da kasa ga dalibai na sakandare yana ba su damar samun kwarewar al'adu a cikin karatunsu da kuma damar yin tafiya zuwa kasashen waje yayin kammala karatunsu.[12]
Daliban kasashen waje a Spain
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Jerin karatun da aka gudanar a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata sun sami irin wannan sakamako a cikin ɗalibai da ke karatu a ƙasashen waje a Spain don shirin ɗan gajeren lokaci da / ko na tsawon semester. Wadannan binciken sun gano cewa dalibai na iya inganta ƙwarewarsu ta magana a lokacin semester ɗaya, akwai kyakkyawar dangantaka tsakanin haɗin gwiwar ɗalibai da hulɗa tare da al'adun harshe na biyu, Ku hulɗar ɗalibai da harshen Mutanen Espanya tana da babban tasiri akan ingantaccen magana.[13] Yana bayyane musamman ga ɗaliban da ke zaune tare da iyalai masu karɓar bakuncin yayin shirin su. Anne Reynolds-Case ta sami ci gaba a fahimtar da amfani da nau'in vosotros bayan karatu a Spain.[14] Ɗaya daga cikin binciken musamman yana nazarin ra'ayoyin al'adu na ɗalibai da ke karatu a ƙasashen waje a Spain. Alan Meredith ya bayyana al'ada kamar yadda ta kunshi "alamu, bayyane da bayyane, na kuma don halayyar da aka samu da kuma watsawa ta alamomi, wanda ya zama nasarorin da suka dace da kungiyoyin mutane, gami da bayyanar su a cikin kayan tarihi. " An ba da tambayoyin ga ɗaliban da ke zaune tare da iyalai masu karɓar bakuncin a lokacin shirin watanni biyu a Spain. Ya yi nazarin yadda waɗannan ƙungiyoyi ke fahimtar al'adu, kamar damuwa game da bayyanar mutum, hulɗa ta jiki, salon dafa abinci, siyasa, da dai sauransu. Nazarin ya sami sakamako iri-iri dangane da al'adun al'adu. Koyaya, ra'ayoyin ɗaliban Amurka sun fi dacewa da Matasan Mutanen Espanya (shekaru 12-12). [15] A lokaci guda, binciken Angela George ya sami ƙarancin mahimmanci a cikin karɓar fasalulluka na yanki a lokacin semester din su a ƙasashen waje.[16] Kodayake yawancin waɗannan karatun sun mayar da hankali ga ɗaliban da suka zo daga Amurka don yin karatu a Spain, Amurka ba ita kaɗai ce ke aika ɗaliban su ba. Labarin Brian Denman ya nuna karuwar motsi na daliban Saudiyya don ilimi, gami da wurare kamar Spain.[17]
Rashin daidaituwa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]ko da yake ɗaliban musayar suna koyon inganta kansu ta hanyar ƙwarewar karatu da zama a wata ƙasa, akwai kuma matsaloli da yawa. Ɗayan su shine lokacin da ɗaliban musayar suka kasa daidaitawa da ilimin koyarwa wanda ƙasar da ta karbi bakuncin ta bi. Wani kuma rikici ne tsakanin dangin da suka yi masauki (waɗanda suka ba da masauki) da ɗalibai, lokacin da ba za a iya magance su ta hanyar sadarwa da juna ba kuma yawanci za a nemi ɗalibin ya zauna da wani mai masaukin baki har sai sun sami sabon wasa. Wannan tsari, duk da haka, na iya ɗaukar lokaci yayin da lokacin zaman ɗalibai ya iyakance. Ko da tare da shiri da ilimi game da sabon yanayi, har yanzu suna iya fuskantar girgizar al'adu, wanda zai iya shafar su ta hanyoyi daban-daban. Dalibai daga wata al'ada dabam[1]kuma na iya saduwa da rashin gida na tsawon lokaci. Har ila yau, sufuri na iya zama matsala, saboda sau da yawa yana da wuya ko rashin amfani ga dalibi ya sayi mota a lokacin gajeren shiri. Dalibai za su yi wuya su sami aikin yi, ko da na ɗan lokaci tun da yawancin takardar iznin musaya ba sa ƙyale ɗalibai su yi aiki kuma yana da wuya a sami wanda zai yi. Wani abin da zai iya haifar da rashin lafiya shine rashin lafiya da zai iya faruwa a lokacin zaman a wata ƙasa. An shawarci ɗalibai da su kasance suna da inshorar lafiya koyaushe yayin balaguro zuwa ƙasashen waje, kuma suna ɗaukar bayanan tuntuɓar jama'a na gida da na danginsu kuma.[1] Daliban da ke shiga shirye-shiryen musayar ɗalibai a wasu lokuta suna fuskantar barazana kamar ta'addanci da sauran laifuka. Misali, a cikin 1998 an kai hari kan wasu daliban Amurka da ke tafiya a Guatemala kan balaguron daukar nauyi a yankin Santa Lucía Cotzumalguapa, tare da yi wa daukacin kungiyar fashi da muzgunawa da barazana, kuma a harin Santa Lucía Cotzumalguapa na shekarar 1998 an yi wa biyar daga cikin matan fyade.[2]
Dubi kuma
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- Dangantaka tsakanin al'adu
- Ilimi na kasa da kasa
- Samun harshe na biyu
- Ƙungiyar Nazarin Ƙasashen Waje
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ "Stella Ting-Toomey, PhD" (PDF). October 2006. Retrieved 25 October 2014.
- ↑ Daly, Amanda (1 April 2011). "Determinants of participating in Australian university student exchange programs". Journal of Research in International Education (in Turanci). 10 (1): 58–70. doi:10.1177/1475240910394979. ISSN 1475-2409. S2CID 144999878.
|hdl-access=requires|hdl=(help) - ↑ "Foster School Exchange Programs". University of Washington. October 2019. Retrieved 18 October 2019.
- ↑ Naddaf, Mariana; Marie, Jakia; Mitchell, Donald (2020-01-01). "Heritage Seekers, Identity, and Study Abroad: A Phenomenological Exploration". Journal of College Student Development. 61 (2): 251–256. doi:10.1353/csd.2020.0026. S2CID 216334322.
- ↑ Angulo, Sarah Kathryn (2008). "Identity change in students who study abroad". The University of Texas at Austin ProQuest Dissertations Publishing. ProQuest 194154897.
- ↑ "What are Short-Term Programs?". EducationUSA (in Turanci). 2015-01-27. Retrieved 2021-09-26.
- ↑ "Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs – Office of Non-Public Education". www2.ed.gov (in Turanci). 2019-09-06. Retrieved 2021-09-26.
- ↑ "CSIET". csiet.org.
- ↑ "Secondary student exchange - DE International". www.decinternational.nsw.edu.au. Retrieved 15 May 2016.[permanent dead link]
- ↑ "Discounts and Scholarships | Student Exchange Programs | Over 25 Countries. Live overseas for one to twelve months. Stay with a host family, attend school, live like a local, learn the language! Experience is everything. " Student Exchange Australia New Zealand". studentexchange.org.au. Archived from the original on 16 August 2017. Retrieved 15 May 2016.
- ↑ Niall, McCarthy (12 May 2020). "Infographic: The Countries With The Most Students Studying Abroad". Statista Infographics (in Turanci). Retrieved 20 November 2020.
- ↑ Lynas, Kathie (2009). "Student exchange program broadens world of participants". Canadian Pharmacists Journal. 142 (1): 14. doi:10.3821/1913-701x-142.1.14. S2CID 72483524.
- ↑ Hernández, Todd A. (1 December 2010). "The Relationship Among Motivation, Interaction, and the Development of Second Language Oral Proficiency in a Study-Abroad Context". The Modern Language Journal (in Turanci). 94 (4): 600–617. doi:10.1111/j.1540-4781.2010.01053.x. ISSN 1540-4781.
- ↑ Reynolds-Case, Anne (1 June 2013). "The Value of Short-Term Study Abroad: An Increase in Students' Cultural and Pragmatic Competency". Foreign Language Annals (in Turanci). 46 (2): 311–322. doi:10.1111/flan.12034. ISSN 1944-9720.
- ↑ Meredith, R. Alan (2010). "Acquiring Cultural Perceptions during Study Abroad: The Influence of Youthful Associates". Hispania. 93 (4): 686–702. doi:10.1353/hpn.2010.a407180. JSTOR 25758244.
- ↑ George, Angela (1 March 2014). "Study Abroad in Central Spain: The Development of Regional Phonological Features". Foreign Language Annals (in Turanci). 47 (1): 97–114. doi:10.1111/flan.12065. ISSN 1944-9720.
- ↑ Denman, Brian D.; Hilal, Kholoud T. (1 August 2011). "From barriers to bridges: An investigation on Saudi student mobility (2006–2009)". International Review of Education (in Turanci). 57 (3–4): 299–318. Bibcode:2011IREdu..57..299D. doi:10.1007/s11159-011-9221-0. ISSN 0020-8566. S2CID 143960533.