Musulunci a Afghanistan
 Musulunci a Afghanistan | |
|---|---|
| musulunci a wani yanki | |
| Bayanai | |
| Ƙaramin ɓangare na |
Islam on the Earth (en)  da addini a Afghanistan |
| Fuskar | Afghanistan |
| Ƙasa | Afghanistan |
Mabiya Sunnah (Hanafi / Deobandi) shi ne mafi girma kuma addini na ƙasa a Masarautar Musulunci ta Afganistan . [1] [2] [3] An fara aiwatar da Musulunci a Afganistan bayan mamayar daular Musulunci ta Larabawa a Afghanistan daga karni na 7 zuwa na 10, inda aka mika wuya na karshe zuwa musulunta a karshen karni na 19. Gabaɗaya al'ummomin yankin sun yarda da shi azaman maye gurbin Zoroastrianism da Buddha, ƙabilun gida sun fara canzawa zuwa sabon addini. Musulunci shi ne addinin gwamnatin Afganistan, wanda kusan kashi 99.7% na al'ummar Afghanistan musulmi ne . Kusan kashi 85% na mabiya Sunna ne, yayin da kusan kashi 10% ' yan Shi'a ne. [4] [5] Yawancin 'yan Shi'a suna cikin reshe na 'yan-sha-biyu kuma kaɗan ne kawai ke bin Ismailism . [4] [6] [7]
Bayan da Musulunci ya gama mamaye Farisa, sai Larabawa Musulmi suka fara tafiya zuwa kasashen gabashin Farisa kuma a shekara ta 652 suka kwace Herat . A ƙarshen karni na 10 AZ, Turkawa Ghaznavids sun mamaye sarakunan Kabul Shahi .
Tarihi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
A cikin karni na 7, Larabawa Halifancin Rashidun sun shiga yankin da ke a yanzu Afghanistan bayan cin nasara kan Farisawa Sassanid a Nihawand . Bayan wannan gagarumin shan kashi, Sarkin Sassanid na ƙarshe, Yazdegerd III, ya gudu zuwa gabas mai zurfi zuwa tsakiyar Asiya . A yayin zawarcin Yazdegerd, Larabawa sun shiga yankin daga arewa maso gabashin Iran ta Herat, inda suka ajiye wani kaso mai yawa na sojojinsu kafin su wuce zuwa arewacin Afghanistan.
Yawancin mazauna arewacin Afganistan sun karbi Musulunci ta hanyar kokarin Mishan Umayyawa, musamman a zamanin Halifa Hisham da Umar bn AbdulAziz . A kudu Abdur Rahman bin Samara ya yi kutsawa cikin kasar Zabulistan wadda Zunbila ta mulka.
A zamanin mulkin Al-Mu'tasim da magabatansa, galibin al'ummar yankin ne suke gudanar da addinin musulunci, sannan bayan faduwar Abbasiyawa, a karkashin Ya'qub-i Laith Saffari, Musulunci shi ne babban addinin Kabul da sauran manyan garuruwan Afganistan. An haifi mahaifin Abu Hanifa, Thabit bin Zuta, a yankin da ke a yanzu Afghanistan. Ya yi hijira zuwa Kufa (a Iraki ), inda aka haifi Hanifa. Daga baya, Samaniyawa sun yada addinin Sunni zuwa tsakiyar Asiya, kuma an yi cikakken fassarar Kur'ani na farko zuwa Farisa a karni na 9. Tun daga wannan lokacin, Musulunci ya mamaye fagen addini na kasar. Shugabannin Musulunci sun shiga fagen siyasa a lokuta daban-daban na rikice-rikice amma ba kasafai suke gudanar da harkokin duniya na dogon lokaci ba.
Ragowar kasancewar Shahi a Peshawar Mahmud na Ghazni ya kore shi a shekara ta 998 da 1030. An maye gurbin Ghaznavid da daular Ghurid wanda ya fadada daular Musulunci mai karfi. Masallacin Juma'a na Herat na daya daga cikin tsofaffin masallatai a kasar, wanda ake kyautata zaton an fara gina shi ne a karkashin Ghurid a karni na 12. A wannan lokacin, wanda aka fi sani da Zamanin Zinare na Musulunci, Afghanistan ta zama babbar cibiyar ilimi ta biyu a duniyar musulmi bayan Bagadaza . [8] [9]
Bayan mamayar Mongol da halaka, Timuridawa sun sake gina yankin tare da mayar da shi cibiyar koyon addinin musulunci. Shi'a Islam ya yi hanyar zuwa kudancin Afganistan a lokacin mulkin Safawiyawa a karni na 16. Har sai da Mir Wais Hotak ya 'yantar da 'yan Afganistan a shekara ta 1709, yankin Kandahar na Afganistan ya kasance fagen fama tsakanin 'yan Shi'a Safawad da 'yan Sunni Mughals .
Cin nasara daga Abdur Rahman Khan
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Sarki Abdur Rahman Khan (1880-1901) ne ya qaddamar da aiki na farko na Musulunci a matsayin kayan aikin gina ƙasa a lokacin tafiyarsa zuwa ga ƙasa. Ya zartar da cewa dole ne dukkan dokoki su bi ka'idar Musulunci don haka ya daukaka Shari'a akan dokokin al'ada da ke cikin Pashtunwali . An sanya malamai ne domin su halasta su kuma sanya takunkumi ga kokarin jiharsa da kuma hukumarsa ta tsakiya. Hakan ya kara habaka al’ummar addini a bangare guda, amma yayin da ake kara shigar da su cikin ofis a matsayin ma’aikatan gwamnati, a karshe shugabancin addini ya raunana. Yawancin gata na tattalin arziki da masu addini da cibiyoyin addini suka samu an sake fasalin su a cikin tsarin gwamnati; yaduwar ilmantarwa, da zarar hakki na malamai, an kula da su sosai; kuma Amir ya zama babban mai hukunta adalci.
Wadanda suka gaji Abdur Rahman Khan sun ci gaba da fadada manufofinsa yayin da suke kara zaburar da zaman duniya. Musulunci ya kasance tsakiyar mu'amala, amma tsarin addini ya kasance da gaske ba na siyasa ba, yana aiki azaman ɗabi'a maimakon tasiri na siyasa. Duk da haka, Musulunci ya tabbatar da kansa a lokacin rikicin kasa. Haka kuma, a lokacin da shugabannin addini suka yi la'akari da kansu a cikin mummunar barazana, ƴan addini masu kwarjini a lokaci-lokaci sun yi amfani da addinin Islama don haɗa ƙungiyoyin da ba su da tushe don adawa da gwamnati. Sun taso a lokuta da dama suna adawa da Sarki Amanullah Shah (1919-1929), alal misali, don nuna adawa da sauye-sauyen da suka yi imani da cewa kutse ne na yammaci ga Musulunci.
Sarakunan da suka biyo baya, suna lura da dabi’un gargajiya da suka saba wa tsarin mulkin duniya, sun yi taka-tsan-tsan wajen jana’izar dacewar Musulunci da zamanance. Duk da haka, kuma duk da matsayin da yake da shi a cikin al'umma, wanda ya ci gaba da nuna bambanci tsakanin addini da gwamnati, rawar da addini ke takawa a cikin harkokin gwamnati ya ci gaba da raguwa.
Kundin tsarin mulki na 1931 ya sanya Hanafi Shariah ta zama addinin kasa, yayin da kundin tsarin mulkin 1964 kawai ya ba da umurni cewa gwamnati ta gudanar da ayyukanta na addini kamar yadda mazhabar Hanafiyya ta tanada. Kundin Tsarin Mulki na 1977 ya ayyana Musulunci a matsayin addinin Afganistan, amma bai ambaci cewa al'adar gwamnati ta zama Hanafiyya ba. The Penal Code na 1976 da Civil Code na 1977, rufe dukan fagen adalci zamantakewa, wakiltar manyan yunƙurin jurewa abubuwa na duniya dokokin bisa, amma maye gurbinsu da, sauran tsarin. Misali, an umurci kotuna da su fara duba shari’o’i bisa ga dokar duniya, yin amfani da Shari’a a wuraren da ba su shafi addini ba. A shekarar 1978, gwamnatin jam'iyyar People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA) ta fito fili ta nuna kyama ga kafa addini. Duk da haka, har yanzu ’yan siyasar PDP suna amfani da maganganun Musulunci a duk tsawon rayuwarsu, inda Hafizullah Amin ya bayyana cewa PDPA ta ginu ne bisa tsarin Musulunci. Tsarin mulkin PDP wanda ba ruwansa da addini ne ya tunzura sabuwar Harkar Islamiyya zuwa tawaye ta kasa; Musulunci ya tashi daga matsayinsa na kishin kasa don taka rawar gani.
Musulunci mai siyasa a Afghanistan yana wakiltar hutu daga al'adun Afghanistan. Harkar Islama ta samo asali ne a shekarar 1958 a tsakanin tsangayar jami'ar Kabul, musamman a tsangayar koyar da shari'ar Musulunci, wacce aka kafa a shekarar 1952 da manufar daukaka darajar koyarwa ta addini don dacewa da kimiyya da fasahar zamani. Wadanda suka assasa galibin farfesoshi ne da kungiyar 'yan uwa musulmi ta Masar, jam'iyyar da aka kafa a shekarun 1930, wacce aka sadaukar domin farfado da Musulunci da daidaiton zamantakewa, tattalin arziki da siyasa. Manufarsu ita ce su zo su daidaita da duniyar zamani ta hanyar samar da akidar siyasa da ta ginu a kan Musulunci. Shugabannin Afganistan, duk da cewa suna da bashi da yawa daga cikin wadannan ra'ayoyi, ba su kulla alaka mai karfi da irin wannan yunkuri a wasu kasashe ba.
'Yantar da halayen gwamnati bayan zartar da kundin tsarin mulkin 1964 ya haifar da zazzafar gwagwarmaya tsakanin ɗalibai a Jami'ar Kabul. Farfesoshi da dalibansu sun kafa kungiyar Matasan Musulmi (Sazmani Jawanani Musulman) a tsakiyar shekarun 1960 a daidai lokacin da 'yan hagu suma suke kafa jam'iyyu da dama. Da farko daliban ‘ yan gurguzu sun fi daliban musulmi yawa, amma a shekara ta 1970 matasan musulmi sun samu rinjaye a zaben dalibai. An dauki membobinsu ne daga makarantun jami'a da makarantun sakandare a garuruwa da dama kamar Mazari Sharif da Herat . Wasu daga cikin wadannan farfesoshi da dalibai sun zama jagororin 'yan tawayen Mujahid a shekarun 1980s.
Radicalization da kasancewar NATO
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Mamaya na 1979 Soviet don goyon bayan gwamnatin gurguzu ya haifar da babban tsoma baki na addini a cikin rikicin siyasar Afghanistan, kuma Musulunci ya hada 'yan adawar siyasa daban-daban. Da kwace mulki da jam'iyyar PDP ta yi a watan Afrilun 1978, Musulunci ya riga ya zama jigon hada kan 'yan adawa da akidar gurguzu na sabbin sarakuna.
Yunkurin mamayewar Tarayyar Soviet da juyin juya halin Iran ba wai kawai ya jagoranci boren kasa ba, har ma da shigo da musulmi masu tsattsauran ra'ayi na kasashen waje zuwa Afghanistan. Jagororin mujahidan sun kasance masu kwarjini da alaka da mabiya. A lokuta da dama shugabannin sojoji da na siyasa sun maye gurbin shugabancin kabilanci; a wasu lokuta ana karfafa shugabancin addini; sau da yawa masu addini hade da shugabancin siyasa. Mabiya sun zabi shugabanninsu na gari ne bisa zabi na kashin kansu da fifiko a tsakanin yankuna, kungiyoyi, kabilanci ko kabilu, amma manyan shugabannin sun yi fice ta hanyar alakarsu da wasu daga waje masu sarrafa dukiyar kudi da makamai.
Tare da taimakon taimakon kasashen waje, a karshe mujahidan sun samu nasara a jihadin da suka yi na fatattakar sojojin Soviet, amma ba a yunkurinsu na gina wata hanyar siyasa ta yadda za a gudanar da mulkin Afganistan bayan nasarar da suka samu ba. A tsawon yakin, mujahidai ba su taba samun cikakkiyar damar maye gurbin tsarin gargajiya da tsarin siyasa na zamani da ya ginu bisa Musulunci ba. Galibin kwamandojin mujahidai ko dai sun yi amfani da tsarin mulki na gargajiya, sun zama sababbi, ko kuma sun nemi daidaita tsarin siyasar zamani da al’ummar gargajiya. A lokaci guda fitattun shuwagabanni sun tara dukiya da madafun iko, sabanin yadda ake da su a baya, dukiya ta zama abin da ke tabbatar da tauye madafun iko a kowane mataki.
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Tare da ficewar sojojin kasashen waje da kuma tsawon lokacin da ake neman rugujewar gwamnatin Kabul ta hagu, a karshe kungiyar Islamic State of Afghanistan ta kasance a cikin Afrilu 1992. Wannan yana wakiltar hutu na musamman tare da tarihin Afganistan, domin kwararrun addini ba su taɓa yin amfani da ikon ƙasa ba. Sai dai sabuwar gwamnatin ta kasa tabbatar da halaccinta, kuma, yayin da yawan tallafin da take bayarwa na kudi ya wargaza, kwamandojin kananan hukumomi da na tsakiya da mayakansu ba wai kawai sun yi fada a tsakanin su ba, amma sun dauki wasu abubuwa da ba za a amince da su ba, a yunkurinsu na neman mulki da riba. A duk fadin kasar nan al'ummar kasar na fama da muzgunawa, kwace, garkuwa da mutane, fashi da makami da kuma ayyukan batanci ga mata. Fataucin muggan kwayoyi ya karu da ban tsoro; babu inda manyan hanyoyin suka kasance lafiya. Mujahid din sun yi watsi da amanar da suka taba samu.
A cikin kaka na shekara ta 1994 wata kungiya mai suna Taliban ta fito tana mai shan alwashin tsarkake al'ummar kasar daga masu yaki da masu aikata laifuka. Nufinsu shi ne su kafa gwamnatin Musulunci ta “tsarkake” da ke karkashin tafsirin nasu tsantsa na Shariah . Da yawa daga cikin 'yan siyasar Pakistan sun goyi bayan Taliban, ciki har da Sami ul Haq wanda ake kallo a matsayin Uban Taliban. Da yawa daga cikin jagororinta sun kasance membobin mujahidai a lokaci guda, amma yawancin sojojinsu matasa ne 'yan gudun hijirar Afghanistan da aka horar da su a makarantun Islama na Pakistan, musamman ma wadanda Jami'at-e Ulema-e Islam Pakistan ke gudanarwa, jam'iyyar siyasa ta Pakistan mai ra'ayin mazan jiya karkashin jagorancin Maulana Fazlur Rahman, babban abokin hamayyar Qazi Hussainat, Jama'a Ahmade mai ra'ayin mazan jiya. mai goyon bayan mujahidan.
Wanda ke da hedikwata a Kandahar, galibin Pashtuns ne daga yankunan karkara, kuma tun daga manyan shugabanni har zuwa mayakan sa-kai a shekarun su talatin ko arba'in da ma kanana, Taliban sun mamaye kasar. A cikin watan Satumban 1996 sun kwace birnin Kabul kuma suka mulki mafi yawan kasar Afganistan a shekara ta 2001. Ma'aunin meteoric ya tafi kusan ba a ƙalubalanci ba. An tattara makamai aka kuma tabbatar da tsaro. Har ila yau, ayyukan da aka yi na tabbatar da Shari’ar Musulunci sun hada da kisan gilla a bainar jama’a, da jifan su saboda zina, da yanke hukuncin sata, da hana duk wani nau’in caca kamar su tashi sama, da dara da zakara, da haramcin kade-kade da bidiyo, da haramta hotunan mutane da dabbobi, da kuma hana sautin muryar mata. Dole ne mata su kasance kamar ganuwa kamar yadda zai yiwu, a bayan mayafi, a cikin purdah a cikin gidajensu, kuma a kore su daga aiki ko karatu a wajen gidajensu. Hadakar sojojin Afghanistan da NATO sun hambarar da su a karshen shekara ta 2001. Galibin su dai sun tsere ne zuwa makwabciyar kasar Pakistan inda suka kaddamar da hare-hare kan gwamnatin Afghanistan da ke samun goyon bayan kungiyar tsaro ta NATO a halin yanzu. Tattaunawar zaman lafiya tsakanin Taliban da gwamnatin Afghanistan na ci gaba da gudana har zuwa 2013.
Musulunci a tsakanin al'ummar Afghanistan
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ga 'yan Afganistan, Musulunci yana wakiltar tsarin alama mai yuwuwar haɗewa wanda ke kawar da rarrabuwar kawuna wanda akai-akai ke tashi daga kasancewar girman girman kai a cikin biyayyar kabilanci da yalwar darajar mutum da dangi da ake samu a cikin al'ummomin kabilu da yawa kamar Afghanistan.
Musulunci babban tasiri ne mai yaduwa a cikin al'ummar Afghanistan; bukukuwan addini suna nuna yanayin kowace rana da yanayi. Baya ga wani masallacin tsakiyar jam’i domin yin sallar jam’i na mako-mako wanda ya wajaba a kan maza a Musulunci (amma ba ga mace ba) kuma galibin jama’a ne, kananan masallatai masu kula da al’umma suna tsayawa a tsakiyar kauyuka, da kuma unguwannin gari da na gari. Masallatai ba kawai wuraren ibada ba ne, amma don ayyuka masu yawa, gami da matsuguni ga baƙi, wuraren saduwa, abubuwan da suka fi mayar da hankali kan bukukuwan addini na zamantakewa da makarantu. Kusan kowane dan Afganistan ya taba yin karatu a makarantar masallaci a wani lokaci a lokacin kuruciyarsa; domin da yawa wannan ita ce kawai ilimin boko da suke samu.
Domin Musulunci hanya ce ta rayuwa kuma tana aiki a matsayin cikakkiyar ka'ida ta zamantakewa da ke tsara duk wata alaka ta mutum, matsayin mutum da iyali ya dogara da yadda ya kamata a kiyaye tsarin kimar al'umma bisa ma'anonin da Musulunci ya bayyana. Wadannan ana siffanta su da gaskiya, tawakkali, karimci, nagarta, takawa, gaskiya, gaskiya, hakuri da mutunta wasu. Domin kiyaye mutuncin iyali, dattawa kuma suna kula da halayen 'ya'yansu bisa ga waɗannan ka'idodin Musulunci. A wasu lokatai, hatta dangantakar ƙabilanci ko ƙabilanci ana bayyana su ta hanyar da'awar fifikon addini. A takaice dai, Musulunci ya tsara mu'amala ta yau da kullum ta dukkan al'umma.
Cibiyar addini tana da matakai da yawa. Kowane musulmi na iya jagorantar ƙungiyoyin da ba na yau da kullun ba a cikin addu'a. Masallatai da ke gudanar da masallatai a kullum gwamnati ce ke nada su bayan tattaunawa da al’ummominsu, kuma duk da cewa gwamnati ce ke ba da kuɗaɗen kuɗi, mullah sun fi dogaro da gudummawar al’umma da suka haɗa da matsuguni da wani kaso na amfanin gona. Waɗanda ake zaton sun ƙware a cikin Alƙur'ani da Sunna da Hadisi da Shari'a, dole ne su tabbatar da cewa al'ummarsu sun kasance masu ilimi a kan tushen al'ada da halayen Musulunci. Wannan ya ba su damar yin sulhu a kan tafsirin addini. Sau da yawa suna aiki a matsayin malamai masu biyan kuɗi waɗanda ke da alhakin azuzuwan ilimin addini da ake gudanarwa a masallatai inda yara ke koyon kyawawan ɗabi'u da ingantattun ayyukan al'ada. Matsayin su yana da ƙarin al'amuran zamantakewa don suna gudanar da al'ada a lokutan rikicin rayuwa da ke da alaƙa da haihuwa, aure da mutuwa.
Amma mullah na yankunan karkara ba sa cikin tsarin da aka kafa na malamai. Yawancin mullahs ne na ɗan lokaci kuma suna aiki a matsayin manoma ko masu sana'a. Wasu ba su da ilimi, ko kuma sun fi mutanen da suke yi wa hidima ilimi kaɗan. Sau da yawa, amma ba ko da yaushe ba, su ne mutanen da ba su da kuɗi kaɗan kuma, saboda sun dogara ga al'ummar da ta nada su, ba su da wani iko ko da a cikin iyakokin zamantakewa. Sau da yawa ana mutunta su kuma su ne ɗimbin barkwanci da suke yi da girman kai da jahilci. Amma duk da haka matsayinsu na masu sasantawa na addini ya tilasta musu daukar matsayi a kan batutuwan da ke da alaka da siyasa kuma tun da yawancin mullah suna sabani da juna, suna cin karo da wata al'umma, galibi ana ganin su a matsayin masu kawo cikas a cikin al'ummominsu.
Wasu kungiyoyin Musulunci suna adawa da girmama waliyyai da wuraren ibada, musamman ma masu alaka da Hadisin Salafiyya ko Ahlus-Sunnah . Duk da haka, yanayin yanayin Afganistan yana cike da walwala tare da wuraren ibada na girmama tsarkaka na kowane kwatance. Yawancin tsoffin ƙauyuka da garuruwan Afganistan sun girma a kusa da wuraren ibada na daɗaɗɗen tarihi. Wasu masu gudun hijira suna amfani da su azaman mafaka.
Wuraren ibada sun bambanta da siffa daga sassauƙan tudun ƙasa ko duwatsun da aka yiwa alama zuwa manyan gine-gine masu ƙayatarwa da ke kewaye da kabari na tsakiya. Fitattun shugabannin addini da na zamani ne ke kula da waɗannan manyan wuraren. Wurare na iya zama wurin hutawa na ƙarshe na jarumi (shahid), malamin addini mai daraja, mashahurin mawaƙin Sufi, ko kayan tarihi, kamar gashin Muhammadu ko guntun mayafinsa (khirqah). Tatsuniyoyi masu yawa na tunawa da mu'ujizar Ali ibn Abi Talib, halifa na hudu kuma limamin Shi'a na farko da aka yi imanin an binne shi a babban dakin ibada na al'umma da ke tsakiyar tsakiyar Mazari Sharif, Haramin Maɗaukaki. Ana girmama Ali a duk fadin Afghanistan saboda rawar da ya taka a matsayin mai shiga tsakani wajen fuskantar zalunci.
Bikin baje kolin shekara-shekara da ake yi a wuraren ibada na jan hankalin dubban mahajjata tare da tattaro dukkan sassan al'umma. Mahajjata kuma suna ziyartar wuraren ibada domin neman ceton waliyyai don neman alfarma na musamman, walau maganin rashin lafiya ko kuma haihuwar da. Mata musamman sun sadaukar da ayyukan da suka shafi wuraren ibada. Wadannan ziyarce-ziyarcen na iya zama gajere ko kuma ta wuce kwanaki da yawa kuma mahajjata da yawa suna ɗaukar layukan warkarwa na musamman masu albarka (yawanci tawiz ) don kawar da mugun ido, tabbatar da alaƙar soyayya tsakanin ma'aurata da mata da sauran nau'ikan ta'aziyya. Kamar girmama waliyyai, irin waɗannan ayyuka gabaɗaya ba a ƙarfafa su a cikin Musulunci bisa ga fahimtar al'adar Kur'ani da Hadisai (maganganun annabci na Rabi)
Shi'a a Afghanistan
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Kusan kashi 10% na al'ummar Afghanistan 'yan Shi'a ne. [4] [5] Yawancin 'yan Shi'a a Afganistan na cikin reshen sha biyu . Wannan ya hada da kabilar Hazara da kuma karamar kungiyar Qizilbash da ke birni, wadanda asalinsu ne daga gabashin Iran.
Daliban Shi'a masu sane da siyasa sun kafa ƙungiyar Maoist ta Afghanistan a cikin 1960s da farkon 1970s. Bayan juyin juya halin Saur (Juyin juya halin Afrilu) na 1978 da juyin juya halin Iran na 1979, kungiyoyin 'yan tawayen Shi'a a yankin Hazarajat, duk da cewa suna yawan samun sabani da juna, sun shiga ayyukan mujahidai . Shi'a Iran ce ta taimaka musu kuma sun yi yaki da gwamnatin Afganistan mai samun goyon bayan Soviet da kuma sauran kungiyoyin mujahidai.
A lokacin yunkurin siyasa da ya kai ga kafa daular Musulunci ta Afganistan a shekara ta 1992, kungiyoyin Shi'a ba su yi nasara ba wajen yin shawarwari don samar da daidaito, sakamako na siyasa da zamantakewa.
Ismailiya
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Isma'ilawa sun yarda da Ismail bn Jafar maimakon Musa al-Kazim a matsayin magajin Imam Jafar as-Sadiq . Al'ummomin Ismaili a Afganistan ba su da yawan jama'a fiye da 'yan-sha-biyu da suke daukar 'yan bidi'a na Ismailiyya. Ana samun su da farko a ciki da kuma kusa da gabashin Hazarajat, a yankin Baghlan a arewa da Hindu Kush, tsakanin tsaunin Tajik na Badakhshan, da kuma tsakanin Wakhi a cikin Wakhan Corridor . Isma’ilawa sun yi imani da cewa jerin Imamai ko a wata kalma Welayat da suka zo daga Imami na farko, Hazar-e-Ali, ba za su taba karewa ba. Limami na 49 shine Aga Khan IV . [11] [12] [13]
A lokacin yakin Soviet na 1980 a Afganistan Sayed Jafar Naderi shi ne kwamandan Isma'il, wanda ake kira 'Yakin Kayan Kayan' a cikin wani shirin Documentary na Journeyman Pictures. [14] [15]
Bayan faduwar Taliban a 2001, Ismailis ya kafa wata jam'iyyar siyasa mai suna National Unity Party of Afghanistan, wacce kuma aka sani da National Solidarity Party of Afghanistan wacce ke da kujeru a majalisar ministocin gwamnatin Afghanistan, gami da Ma'aikatar Zaman Lafiya ta Jiha a 2020. A zaben shugaban kasa na 2009, 2014 da 2019 ta goyi bayan Hamid Karzai a 2009, Ashraf Ghani a 2014 da Dr. Abdullah Abdullah a 2019. [16]
Tasirin Sufanci
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Dariƙun Sufaye guda uku sun shahara: Naqshbandiya da aka kafa a Bukhara, Qadiriya da aka kafa a Bagadaza, da Cheshtiya da ke Chesht-i-Sharif a gabashin Herat . Daga cikin Naqshbandi, Ahmad al Faruqi Kabuli, haifaffen arewacin Kabul, ya sami suna saboda koyarwarsa a Indiya a zamanin Sarkin Moghul Akbar a karni na sha shida.
Wani shahararren dan Qadiriya mai suna Mawlana Faizani ya yi fice a shekarun 1960 zuwa 1970, kuma ya kasance babban mai suka akan tasirin falsafar gurguzu. Mawlana Faizani da aka daure a cikin tsakiyar 70s, Mawlana Faizani ya bace a lokacin da khalqis suka hau mulki kuma ya ci gaba da ɓacewa har yau.
Mawdid al-Cheshti ne ya kafa ɗariƙarCheshtiya wanda aka haife shi a karni na sha biyu kuma daga baya ya koyar a Indiya. Ƴan uwantaka na Cheshtiya, waɗanda suka fi maida hankali a cikin kwarin Kogin Hari da ke kewayen Obe, Karukh da Chehst-i-Sharif, suna da ƙarfi sosai a cikin gida kuma suna kula da madrasas tare da kyawawan ɗakunan karatu. A al'adance Cheshtiya sun nisanta kansu daga siyasa, ko da yake sun kasance masu fafutuka sosai a lokacin da ake gwabzawa a cikin kungiyoyinsu da kuma yankunansu.
Herat da kewaye suna da mafi girma da adadi mafi girma da bambancin rassan Sufi, yawancinsu suna da alaƙa da kaburburan piri (ziarat). Ana samun sauran ƙungiyoyin Sufanci a duk faɗin arewa, tare da mahimman cibiyoyi a Maimana, Lardin Faryab, da Kunduz . 'Yan uwantaka a Kabul da kewayen Mazari Sharif galibi suna da alaka da Naqshbandiya. Ana samun Qadiriya galibi a cikin gabashin Pashtun na Wardak, Paktia da Nangarhar, gami da ƙungiyoyin makiyaya da yawa na Ghilzai . Sauran ƙananan ƙungiyoyi suna zaune a Kandahar da Shindand, Lardin Farah . Cheshtiya na tsakiya ne a cikin kwarin Kogin Hari. Babu daruruwan Sufaye na yau da kullun a cikin 'yan Shi'a a Hazarajat ta tsakiya, kodayake wasu ma'anoni suna da alaƙa da Sayyids zuriyar Mohammad, waɗanda aka fi sani da Shi'a.
Afganistan ta sha bamban da kasancewar rashin gaba tsakanin malamai (malaman addini) da darikun Sufaye . Da yawa daga cikin jagororin Sufaye ana ɗaukarsu a matsayin malamai, kuma da yawa daga cikin malamai suna da alaƙa da ƴan uwan Sufaye. Jama'a na ba wa Sufaye daraja ga koyan su da kuma mallakar karamatu, ikon ruhi da Allah ya ba su wanda ke baiwa pirs damar yin ayyukan karimci da ba da albarka (barakat). Saboda haka Sufanci wani karfi ne na jama'a. Bugu da kari, tun da shugabannin Sufaye suka nisanta kansu daga abubuwan da ba su dace ba, a wasu lokutan ake mayar da su a matsayin masu shiga tsakani da ba su da sha'awa a cikin rigingimun kabilanci a maimakon mullah wadanda ake kyautata zaton suna mayar da kananan al'amura na duniya zuwa ga sabani da ake yi a cikin maganganun Musulunci.
Duk da zaman lafiyar Sufawan Afganistan a cikin al'ummar Afganistan, shugabannin Sufaye na daga cikin wadanda aka kashe bayan juyin juya halin Saur, daga cikinsu akwai Baha'uddin Jan, Pir naqshbandi na Aimaq na gundumar Purchaman, Farah.
Nassoshi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ "Taliban's Opposition to Islamic Sects; Nadeem: "All Afghans Are Followers of the Hanafi Denomination"". 18 December 2023.
- ↑ Hayat, Bais (2023-12-17). "Taliban minister asserts sole dominance of Hanafi school in Afghanistan". Amu TV (in Turanci). Retrieved 2024-09-12.
- ↑ www.isas.nus.edu.sg https://www.isas.nus.edu.sg/papers/remaking-of-afghanistan-how-the-taliban-are-changing-afghanistans-laws-and-legal-institutions/. Retrieved 2024-09-12. Missing or empty
|title=(help) - ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 "Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation". The World’s Muslims: Unity and Diversity. Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project. August 9, 2012. Retrieved 4 September 2013. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "Pew" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ 5.0 5.1 "People and Society:: Afghanistan". The World Factbook. www.cia.gov. Retrieved 2017-05-22. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "Factbook" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ "Taliban's religious ideology – Deobandi Islam – has roots in colonial India". 25 August 2021.
- ↑ Agrawal, Soniya (2021-08-22). "We're Indians first, Taliban view of Islam not ours, say Deoband Islamic scholars, locals". ThePrint (in Turanci). Retrieved 2024-09-12.
- ↑ ""Ghaznavid Dynasty", History of Iran, Iran Chamber Society". Iranchamber.com. Archived from the original on 24 November 2010. Retrieved 14 November 2010.
- ↑ "Afghanistan – John Ford Shroder, University of Nebraska". Webcitation.org. Archived from the original on 31 October 2009. Retrieved 19 May 2012.
- ↑ "Masjid Jame, Kabul". 22 June 2010.
- ↑ "World View – Aga Khan". Archived from the original on 24 July 2011. Retrieved 15 September 2010.
- ↑ Morris, H. S. (1958). "The Divine Kingship of the Aga Khan: A Study of Theocracy in East Africa". Southwestern Journal of Anthropology. 14 (4): 454–472. doi:10.1086/soutjanth.14.4.3628938. JSTOR 3628938. S2CID 160596479.
- ↑ "The Aga Khan's Direct Descent From Prophet Muhammad: Historical Proof". Ismaili Gnosis Research Team. 9 July 2016. Retrieved 9 July 2016.
- ↑ "Warlord of Kayan (1989) Trailer". Journeyman Pictures. 19 October 2018. Retrieved 28 March 2024.
- ↑ "Warlord of Kayan (1989) - Full Documentary". Hassan bin Sabbah Youtube Channel. 28 January 2022. Retrieved 28 March 2024.
- ↑ Wafa, Abdul Waheed (August 2009). "Karzai Campaigns in Remote Afghan Valley". The New York Times. Retrieved 28 March 2024.