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Musulunci a Saudiyya

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Musulunci a Saudiyya
musulunci a wani yanki
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Musulunci addini ne na kasar Saudiyya, [1] fi sani da Masarautar Saudiyya a hukumance, wanda ke cikin yankin Larabawa .

Ita ce wurin da aka saukar da Alkur'ani (littafin musulmi) ga Annabi Muhammad, kuma a nan ne ya rayu kuma ya rasu. Saudi Arabia ita ce wurin aikin hajji (tafiya da mabiya addini suke yi) ga musulmin duniya. A nan ne garuruwa biyu masu tsarki na Musulunci suke da ake kira Makka da Madina .

Bayan wafatin Annabi Muhammadu daulolin Musulunci da dama sun yi sarauta a kan Larabawa, tun daga Khalifancin Umayyawa har zuwa Daular Usmaniyya .

A black and white photograph of King Abdulaziz bin Abdul Rahman Al Saud is sat down, holding a cane and wearing traditional Arabian clothing. He is wearing a keffiyeh - a traditional Arab scarf - and an agal - a rope traditionally made from horse hair - on his head.
Hoton Sarki Abdulaziz bin Abdul Rahman Al Saud

Sarki Abdulaziz Al-Saud ne ya ayyana hadewar Saudiyya a watan Satumba na shekara ta 1932. [2] Haɗin kan manyan sassan Larabawa guda biyu, Nejd da Hijaz, ya sami taimako ne ta hanyar kawancen siyasa tsakanin wani malamin Islama mai suna Muhammad bn Abd al-Wahhab da gidan Saud . Koyarwar Abd al-Wahhab har yanzu ita ce koyarwar Saudiyya a hukumance a yau. Sai dai kuma a kwanakin baya ne Yarima mai jiran gado Muhammad bin Salman Al-Saud ya yi yunkurin kawar da alaka tsakanin kasar Saudiyya da kungiyar addini. [3]

Kalubalen da ake fuskanta a kasar nan sun hada da manufar kawo sauyi da zamanantar da aikin Hajji, wanda shi ne aikin hajjin da ake bukatar dukkan musulmi ya yi a kalla sau daya a rayuwarsa, idan yana da karfin jiki da kudi. Waɗannan sun haɗa da gina tsarin metro don sauƙaƙe jigilar alhazai zuwa Madina. [4]

Mafi akasarin al'ummar Saudiyya Musulmi ne, kashi 94%. Kashi 85-90% na wadannan musulmi musulmin sunni ne. Kashi 10-12% na wadannan musulmin Shi'a ne. Sauran addinai kuma ana wakilta a cikin al'ummar Saudiyya, ciki har da Kirista da Hindu . [1]

Kundin tsarin mulkin Saudiyya ya ginu ne a kan shari’ar Shari’a (wadanda su ne dokoki da dokokin da Allah ya ba wa musulmi) da Sunna (hadisai da suka ginu a kan salon rayuwar Annabi Muhammad). [5]

Haihuwar Musulunci

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Wahayin Alqur'ani Na Farko

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

An haifi Annabi Muhammad a Makka a shekara ta 570 miladiyya [6] Ya rayu a kasar da ake kira Saudiyya a yanzu. Shekara ta farko ta kalandar Larabci ta fara ne a shekara ta 622 miladiyya, lokacin da Muhammadu ya tashi (a cikin Larabci, hijra) daga Makka zuwa Madina . Garuruwan nan guda biyu masu tsarki a Musulunci, wadanda suke a kasar Saudiyya. Sunan Madina kafin zuwan Musulunci shi ne Yathrib. Wannan ita ce kalmar da Annabi Muhammad yayi amfani da ita.

Bisa al'adar Musulunci, an saukar da Alkur'ani ga Muhammadu sama da shekaru 23. Sun fara ne tun yana dan shekara 40 har zuwa rasuwarsa yana da shekaru 63. Farkon wahayi ya faru ne a cikin watan da ake kira Ramadan. Mala'ika Jibrilu ne ya zo da wahayin, ya ce masa ya maimaita kalmar Allah (da harshen larabci, Allah ). [7]

“Ka yi karatu da sunan Ubangijinka, wanda ya yi halitta
An halitta mutum daga wani abu mai ɗaure.
Ka yi karatu, kuma Ubangijinka ne Mafi karimci.
Wanda ya koyar da alkalami.
Ya sanar da mutum abin da bai sani ba. "

Bayan wafatin Annabi Muhammad

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Map showing the Rashidun Caliphate, which included the Arabian peninsula, North Africa (Mahgreb), Persia, and the Levant. It is surrounded by the Roman Empire.
Halifa Rashidun a lokacin mulkin halifa Usman a shekara ta 653 miladiyya

Bayan wafatin Annabi Muhammad, yankin Larabawa ya hade kan al'ummar musulmi guda daya saboda yakin da ya yi na soja. An yi haka ta hanyar cin galaba a kan kabilun Larabawa da yawa, da suka hada da kabilar Kuraishawa (kabilar da Annabi ya ke ), da kabilar Aws, da sauran kananan al'ummomin Yahudawa .

Mazaje hudu na farko da suka jagoranci al'ummar musulmi bayan wafatin Annabi Muhammad ana kiransu da Rashidun, wanda ke nufin shiryayyu a larabci. Wadannan Khalifofi guda hudu (wanda ke nufin 'majibin Muhammadu' a larabci ) su ne Abubakar da Umar da Usman da Ali . Musulmai da yawa sun yi imanin cewa wannan shi ne ƙarni na ƙarshe na shugabannin musulmi na gaskiya, shi ya sa ake kira Rashidun.

Musulunci a Larabawa Medieval

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Harkar Sunna

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A zamanin da, yankin Larabawa ya hade a karkashin daulolin Musulunci da yawa, wadanda ake kira Halifanci . Wadannan masarautu galibinsu daulolin Sunna ne. Sunna daya ce daga cikin rassa biyu na Musulunci. Musulman Sunna sun yi imani da halaccin shuwagabannin musulmi ya zo ne daga matakin riko da dabi’un musulmi, kamar gudanar da aikin Hajji, yin jihadi, da yin hukunci da shari’ar Musulunci. Addinin Sunna shi ne reshen Musulunci wanda har yanzu ya fi yawa a kasar Saudiyya. [1]

Sunni Empires
Empire (Caliphate) Kings (Caliphs) Period Map
Umayyad Caliphate 14 Caliphs, including Muawiya I ibn Abu

Sufyan (first Caliph) and Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz, who is credited with making the empire more efficient.[8]

661-750 A.D
Map of the Umayyad caliphate, which included Spain, North Africa, the Arabian Peninsula, and Persia.
Umayyad caliphate in 720 A.D
Abbasid Caliphate 37 Caliphs, including al-Saffāḥ (the first Caliph, and relative of Prophet Muhammad's uncle) and al-Manṣūr (who founded the city of Baghdad[9]). 750 -1258 A.D
Map of the Abbasid Caliphate at largest and most powerful in 744. It includes Persia, the Arabian Peninsula, North Africa, and south Spain.
Abbasid Caliphate in 744 A.D
Ayyubid Empire (or Sultanate) 9 Sultans (rulers), including the founder Saladin, who fought against French, English and Holy Roman forces in the Third Crusade.[10] 1171–1260 A.D
Map of the Ayyubid empire under the leadership of Saladin. It included parts of Eygpt and North Africa, the Hejaz region of the Arabian Peninsula and greater Syria.
The Ayyubid Empire under the leadership of Saladin
Mamluk Empire

(or Sultanate)

53 Sultans, including Tumanbay II (the last Sultan). 1250 - 1517 A.D
Map of the Mamluk Sultanate. It mainly covers Egypt, and includes the Hejaz region of Arabia.
Mamluk Sultanate
Ottoman Empire 36 Sultans,[11] including Osman I (founder), and Mehmed II (conquered Constantinople). 1299 - 1922 A.D
Map of the Ottoman Empire at its height in 1590. It includes North Africa, most of Arabia, the Balkans, Turkey and the Levant region.
Ottoman Empire in 1590 A.D

Harkar Shi'ah

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Babban reshe na biyu na Musulunci ana kiransa Shi'anci . Akwai ‘yan Shi’a a duniya sun fi musulmi ‘yan Sunna. [12] Daulolin Shi'a ba su da yawa fiye da daulolin Sunna a Larabawa. Sun fi karfi a Farisa (Iran), inda suka yi mulki tun shekara ta 791 miladiyya Shi’a, ba kamar Musulmin Sunna ba, sun yi imanin cewa shugabanni su kasance da alaka da Annabi Muhammad da kuma Halifa Rashidun na hudu, Ali .

Daulolin Shi'a
Halifanci Halifofi Lokaci Taswira
Fatimid Empire Khalifofi 14, ciki har da al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah

(wanda ya ga yawan tuban Kiristoci da Yahudawa da yawa a Masar).

909 - 1171 AD
Map of the Fatimid Caliphate. It includes North Africa, Sicily, and the Hejaz.
Khalifan Fatimah

Daulolin Musulunci sun yi mulkin yankin Larabawa da ake kira Hejaz (bangaren da Makka da Madina suke) tun daga farkon Halifancin Rashidun. Yawancin dauloli daga baya, kamar Fatimidawa da Mamluk sun mallaki wannan yanki na Larabawa ne kawai saboda mahimmancin addini.

Musulunci da Gidan Saudat

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Muhammad bin Abdulwahab

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Muhammad ibn Abd-al Wahhab (Larabci: مُحَمَّد بْن عَبْد ٱلْوَهَّاب بْن سُلَيْمَان ٱلتَّمِيمِيّ) masanin addinin Musulunci ne kuma mai tunani wanda ya rayu a karni na 18 a kasar Larabawa. Ya yi imani da cewa zamani, yammacin duniya sun sanya musulmi rashin aminci ga addininsu saboda ayyuka kamar bautar gumaka (a cikin harshen Larabci, shirka, wanda aka haramta a cikin Musulunci ). Ibn-Wahhab ya kafa hujja da cewa dole ne musulmi su daina amfani da hadisai da tunani na zamanin da. A maimakon haka, kai tsaye su yi amfani da Alkur'ani da hadisi ( rubuce-rubucen da suka shafi rayuwar Annabi Muhammad ) wajen yin riko da shari'ar Musulunci.

Abd-al Wahhab ya kulla kawance da Muhammad ibn-Saud, wanda shi ne shugaban kabilanci a yankin Nejd na Larabawa. Wannan kawance yana nufin cewa Wahabiyanci (sunan da aka ba tarin akidar Muhammad ibn Abd-al Wahhab) da kuma kasar Saudiyya a nan gaba ta zama ba za a iya raba su ba.

Wahabiyanci

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Wahabiyanci shine babban nau'in Musulunci da ake yi a kasar Saudiyya a yau. Haka kuma shi ne tsarin Musulunci a hukumance. Ana ganin ci gaba da kawance tsakanin akidar addini da masarautar Saudiyya a lokacin da malamai (malaman addini) suka fitar da fatawoyi (hukunce-hukuncen addini) na goyon bayan manufofin siyasa na gwamnati. Misali, a cikin 1990 lokacin da malamai suka amince da kasancewar sojojin Amurka a Saudiyya a lokacin yakin Gulf na farko, [13] da 1993 lokacin da ta amince da zaman lafiya da Isra'ila. Akwai fatawowi guda biyu da suka jawo cece-kuce wadanda suka bata kungiyar wahabiyawa da yawa daga Saudiyya.

Wahabiyanci karkashin Mohammad bin Salman al Saud

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A shekarun baya-bayan nan, Yarima mai jiran gado, Mohammad bin Salman Al Saud, ya yi niyyar karya alaka tsakanin Saudiyya da akidar wahabiyanci ta hanyar yin gyare-gyare a al'adu da siyasa. [14] Mafi shahara, waɗannan sun haɗa da ƙyale mata su tuka motoci, wanda aka kafa doka a cikin 2018, da kuma maraba da bukukuwan kiɗa, kamar MDLBEAST Soundstorm. Haka nan kai tsaye ya yi suka ga malaman Wahabiyawa da ayyukansu. Misali, ya soki yadda ake amfani da hadisi wajen tabbatar da hukuncin kisa a kan laifuffukan addini, kamar yadda aka zayyana a Basic Law of Governance na 1932. [15]

A karkashin mulkin Mohammad bin Salman, ranar da masarautar Saudiyya ta samu ‘yancin kai daga shekara ta 1745 miladiyya (shekarar da kawancen majalisar Saudiyya ya yi kawance da malamin Sunna Mohammad ibn Adb-al Wahhab) zuwa shekara ta 1727 miladiyya (shekarar da sarkin Saudiyya na farko ya kafa kansa a matsayin shugaban kabila a Nejd). Wannan sauyin dai ya bayyana manufar Mohammad bin Salman na kawar da alaka tsakanin akidar wahabiyanci da masarautar Saudiyya. [16]

Hajji

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
A large cubic monument covered in black silk (the Kaaba) is being circled by hundreds of Muslims dressed in white robes and shaven heads.
Musulmi suna yawo a Dakin Ka'aba a lokacin aikin Hajji

Aikin hajjin ka'aba ne, wani abin tarihi na dutse wanda aka lullube da bakin siliki. A Makka yake. Aikin Hajji ya fara ne a matsayin aikin hajji a karni na bakwai, lokacin da Annabi Muhammad yake raye. [17] Hajji daya ne daga cikin rukunan Musulunci guda biyar . Wannan yana nufin yana daga cikin ibadu da ya wajaba akan musulmi. Haka kuma aikin hajji ya haxa da wasu ladubba masu yawa a cikin shagulgulan kwana arba’in. Wadannan sun hada da yin dawafi a dakin Ka'aba (a cikin Larabci, tawafi) da yin tafiya tsakanin tsaunukan Safa da Mawra sau 7. [18]

Miliyoyin Musulmai ne ke tafiya aikin Hajjin kowace shekara. A kakar 2023, adadin masu ziyarar aikin Hajji ya kai kimanin miliyan 1.8, yawancinsu maza ne. [19] Adadin matan da ke gudanar da aikin Hajji ya karu daga kashi daya bisa uku zuwa kusan rabi a cikin shekaru 40 da suka gabata.

Aikin Hajji

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Kongsi Tiga poster

Wannan zamani na zamani ya haɗa da gina sabbin layukan jirgin ƙasa, tare da layin metro mai tsawon kilomita 450 wanda ya haɗa Makka zuwa Madina . [4] Zamantakewar hanyar aikin Hajji ya janyo rugujewar gine-ginen tarihi sama da 300 a cikin shekaru sittin da suka gabata. [20]

Kungiyar Saudi Federation for Cybersecurity, Programming and Drones (SAFCSP) ta shirya wani "Hackathon Hajj" a Jeddah . Dole ne injiniyoyi su bullo da sabbin fasahohi don saukaka kwarewar mahajjata a Saudiyya. [21] An kirkiri wannan gasa ne da nufin nemo hanyoyin dakile munanan hadura da bala’o’in da suka shafi aikin Hajji a baya.

Kasashen Turai sun yi kokarin shiga aikin Hajji saboda dalilai na tattalin arziki. Wata kungiyar sufurin jiragen ruwa ta kasar Holland mai suna Kongsi Tiga ta jigilar maniyyata zuwa kasar Saudiyya daga yankin yammacin kasar Holand. [22]

A cikin 1986, Sarki Fahd ya faɗaɗa sunansa na "Mai martaba" zuwa "Mai kula da masallatai masu tsarki guda biyu" ( romanised : Khadim Al-Haramain Al-Sharifain. A cikin Larabci: خَادِمُ ٱلْحَرَمَيْنِٱلشَّرِيفَيْنِ). Domin aikewa da sakon cewa Makka ta Sarkin Saudiyya ce. [23] Tun daga lokacin kowane Sarki ke amfani da shi.

Yawan jama'a da alƙaluma

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

An kiyasta yawan mutanen Saudiyya miliyan 35.4 a shekarar 2022. Kimanin miliyan 21 (kashi 85 zuwa 90%) na Saudiya musulmin sunni ne. Musulman Shi'a su ne kashi 10 zuwa 12% na al'ummar Saudiyya. [24] An fi samun su a gabashin kasar, kusa da Qatar da Bahrain . [25] Ita ma Saudiyya tana da al'ummar da ba musulmi ba. Akwai kiristoci kimanin miliyan biyu da mabiya addinin Hindu 700,000 da ke zaune a kasar Saudiyya. [1] Biranen Saudi Arabiya (manyan manyan biyu sune Riyadh da Jeddah) suna da kashi 82.1% na yawan jama'a. Kusan kashi 17.9% na al'ummar kasar ne ke zaune a yankunan karkara. [26]

Alkaluman Saudiyya (Ta hanyar addini a 2023) [27]
Musulunci Miliyan 34.85 93%
Kiristanci Miliyan 1.65 4.4%
Hindu Miliyan 0.41 1.1%
Ban da addini Miliyan 0.26 0.7%
Addinin jama'a ko na gargajiya Miliyan 0.11 0.3%
addinin Buddha Miliyan 0.11 0.3%
Wasu Miliyan 0.07 0.2%

Tsarin doka

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Addinin kasar a hukumance shi ne Musulunci . Kundin tsarin mulki ya ginu ne a kan Alkur'ani da Sunna [5] (sharudda da suka ginu a kan rayuwar Annabi Muhammadu). Tsarin shari’a ya ginu ne a kan shari’ar shari’a, wadda Allah ya bayar, kuma malaman addini suka fassara ta. An bayyana fasalin gwamnatin Saudiyya da tsarin shari'a a cikin Tsarin Mulki na 1992. Ya bayyana muhimmancin hadin kan kasa da ilimi, iyali, kyawawan halaye da Musulunci ga al'ummar Saudiyya. [28]

Babban Dokar Mulki ta faɗi laifukan addini da yawa waɗanda ke da hukuncin kisa. Misali, tuhumar ridda (a Larabci, ridda, ma’ana musulmi ya canza addininsa) hukuncin kisa ne. Wannan bai faru ba a cikin 'yan shekarun nan. Har ila yau, dokokin yaki da ta'addanci sun bayyana cewa laifi ne a yi tambaya kan tushen Musulunci, ko inganta tunanin zindikanci (wanda ba na addini ba). Wasu daga kasashen waje wadanda ba musulmi ba da suke son samun zama dan kasa dole ne su nuna cewa sun musulunta.

Nassoshi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Office of International Religious Freedom (2022). "Saudi Arabia 2022 International Religious Freedom Report". 2022 Report on International Religious Freedom: Saudi Arabia.
  2. ↑ "History | The Embassy of The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia". www.saudiembassy.net. Archived from the original on 2018-12-26. Retrieved 2024-05-21.
  3. ↑ Barmin, Yury. "Can Mohammed bin Salman break the Saudi-Wahhabi pact?". Al Jazeera (in Turanci). Retrieved 2024-05-23.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 "How Saudi Arabia's high-speed railway allows Hajj pilgrims to travel in comfort and style". Arab News (in Turanci). 2023-06-30. Retrieved 2024-04-21.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Al-Atawneh, Muhammad (2009). "Is Saudi Arabia a Theocracy? Religion and Governance in Contemporary Saudi Arabia". Middle Eastern Studies. 45 (5): 721–737. doi:10.1080/00263200802586105. ISSN 0026-3206. JSTOR 40647150.
  6. ↑ The Pluralism Project (2020). "Muhammad: The Messenger of God" (PDF).
  7. ↑ "Teachers Guide - Muslims | Teacher Center | FRONTLINE | PBS". www.pbs.org. Retrieved 2024-04-16.
  8. ↑ "Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz". Oxford Reference (in Turanci). Retrieved 2024-05-03.
  9. ↑ "Al-Manṣūr | ʿAbbāsid Caliph & Founder of Baghdad | Britannica". www.britannica.com (in Turanci). 2024-03-25. Retrieved 2024-05-03.
  10. ↑ Cartwhite, Mark (27/08/2018). "Third Crusade". World History Encyclopedia. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  11. ↑ "Ottoman Empire - WWI, Decline & Definition". HISTORY (in Turanci). 2020-02-28. Retrieved 2024-05-03.
  12. ↑ "Mapping the Global Muslim Population". Pew Research Center (in Turanci). 2009-10-07. Retrieved 2024-05-05.
  13. ↑ Kurzman, Charles (2003). "Pro-U.S Fatwas" (PDF). Middle East Policy. 10 (3): 155–166. doi:10.1111/1475-4967.00124 – via Gale Academic OneFile.
  14. ↑ "Saudi Crown Prince Lambasts His Kingdom's Wahhabi Establishment | Wilson Center". www.wilsoncenter.org (in Turanci). Retrieved 2024-05-09.
  15. ↑ "Saudi Crown Prince Lambasts His Kingdom's Wahhabi Establishment | Wilson Center". www.wilsoncenter.org (in Turanci). Retrieved 2024-05-09.
  16. ↑ "Saudi Arabia Adjusts Its History, Diminishing the Role of Wahhabism | The Washington Institute". www.washingtoninstitute.org (in Turanci). Retrieved 2024-05-09.
  17. ↑ "Hajj | Definition, Importance, & Facts | Britannica". www.britannica.com (in Turanci). 2024-03-29. Retrieved 2024-05-05.
  18. ↑ "What is Hajj? A step-by-step guide to the Muslim pilgrimage". Al Jazeera (in Turanci). Retrieved 2024-04-18.
  19. ↑ "'Largest Hajj pilgrimage in history' begins in Saudi Arabia". Al Jazeera (in Turanci). Retrieved 2024-04-18.
  20. ↑ Amanullah, Shahed (2009). ""Hajj 2.0: Technology's Impact on the Muslim Pilgrimage"". Georgetown Journal of International Affairs.: 75–82 – via JSTOR.
  21. ↑ "Saudi Arabia looks to technology to make hajj safer". www.ft.com. Retrieved 2024-04-21.
  22. ↑ Miller, Michael B. (2006). "Pilgrims' Progress: The Business of the Hajj". Past & Present (191): 189–228. doi:10.1093/pastj/gtj009. ISSN 0031-2746. JSTOR 4125193.
  23. ↑ "Story behind the king's title". Arab News (in Turanci). 2015-01-27. Retrieved 2024-05-10.
  24. ↑ Department of State, U.S (2022). "Report on International Religious Freedom : Saudi Arabia, sections I and II". U.S Department of State.
  25. ↑ Rigoulet-Roze, David (2009-06-09). "The Shias of the Saudi Province of Al-Ahsa: A Few "National" Strategic Issues at the Heart of Regional Ethno-Confessional Challenges". Herodote (in Faransanci). 133 (2): 108–135. doi:10.3917/her.133.0108. ISSN 0338-487X.
  26. ↑ UN Habitat (2016). "Country Profile: Saudi Arabia" (PDF). UN Habitat.
  27. ↑ "Saudi Arabia (KSA) Population Statistics 2024 [Infographics]". Official GMI Blog (in Turanci). 2024-03-01. Retrieved 2024-05-08.
  28. ↑ "Basic Law of Governance | The Embassy of The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia". www.saudiembassy.net. Archived from the original on 2021-12-09. Retrieved 2024-05-01.
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