Mutane Xhosa
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Mutanen xhosa
Mutanen Xhosa (/ ˈkɔːsə/ KAW-sə, / ˈkoʊsə/ KOH-sə; [1][2][3]Lafazin Xhosa: [kǁʰɔ́ːsa] ⓘ) ƙabila ce da ƙabila ta Bantu waɗanda suka samo asali daga Kudancin Afirka ko kuma suka yi ƙaura tsawon ƙarni zuwa Kudancin Afirka daga ƙarshe suka zauna a Afirka ta Kudu. Su ne ƙabila na biyu mafi girma a Afirka ta Kudu kuma masu magana da yaren isiXhosa ne.
Mutanen Xhosa zuriyar dangin Nguni ne da suka zauna a kudu maso gabashin Afirka ta Kudu inda suka kori mazaunan asali, Khoisan. Shaidun archaeological sun nuna cewa mutanen Xhosa sun zauna a yankin tun karni na 7. A halin yanzu, an rarraba sama da mutane miliyan goma masu magana da harshen Xhosa a Kudancin Afirka. A cikin 1994 an haɗa Bantustans masu cin gashin kansu na Transkei da Ciskei cikin Afirka ta Kudu, sun zama lardin Gabashin Cape.
Ya zuwa 2003, yawancin masu magana da harshen Xhosa, kusan miliyan 5.3, sun rayu a Gabashin Cape, sai Western Cape (kimanin miliyan 1), Gauteng (971,045), Jihar 'Yanci (546,192), KwaZulu-Natal (219,826), Arewa maso Yamma (214,45ga), 5 da Capelan (214,451), 5, 5, da Cape (51,228), da Limpopo (14,225)[4].Akwai ƙaramar al'umma mai magana da harshen Xhosa (Mfengu) a Zimbabwe, kuma harshensu, isiXhosa, an gane shi a matsayin yaren ƙasa na hukuma. Cecil John Rhodes ne ya kawo wannan al'umma don arha a ma'adinan Rhodesian a farkon karni na 20[5]
Tarihi
An gano wasu shaidun archaeological da ke nuna cewa masu magana da harshen Xhosa sun zauna a yankin Gabashin Cape tun aƙalla karni na 7.Xhosa na zamani mutanen Nguni ne, jarin Bantu
Asali
Mutanen Xhosa zuriyar kakannin Ngunis ne. Tarihin baka na Xhosa ya kuma ambaci wani yanki na tarihi da ake kira 'Eluhlangeni' wanda aka yi imanin ya kasance a Gabashin Afirka inda Ngunis suka zauna a ciki na ɗan lokaci kafin su ci gaba da ƙaura. Lokacin da suka tsallaka tsaunuka da koguna a Afirka ta Kudu, waɗannan manoma da makiyaya masu aikin gona suka kawo shanunsu da awakinsu tare da mamaye ƙungiyoyin San masu rauni a yankin. Sun kuma kawo makamai, musamman ma'aikatansu da garkuwarsu kuma za su kafa ƙungiyoyi ko sarakuna da masarautu musamman a yankin da ake kira Eastern Cape.
Mulki
Bisa ga al'adar baka, an kafa Masarautar Xhosa na zamani a wani wuri kafin karni na 15 ta Tshawe (wanda ake kira dangin sarauta na Xhosas) wanda ya hambarar da ɗan'uwansa Cirha (wanda ɗan'uwansa Jwarha ya taimaka) tare da taimakon dangin amaNgwevu na masarautar amaMpondomise. Daga nan sai Tshawe da sojojinsa suka shigar da dangin Nguni da suka kasance masu zaman kansu cikin masarautar Xhosa. An haɗa ƙabilun Khoekhoe, waɗanda suka haɗa da Inqua, da Giqwa, da amaNgqosini (dukkan su Khoi da Sotho). Ƙabilun da suka kasance masu zaman kansu (da yawa daga asalin Khoekhoe) da masarautu a yankin sun zama masu zaman kansu ga amaTshawe kuma suna magana isiXhosa a matsayin harshensu na farko. Mulkin Xhosa ya sami yunƙurin siyasa a kan mafi yawan Cape Khoe har zuwa iyakar Cape Peninsula.Tare da mazaunan Cape da Turawa suka yi a 1652, 'yan asalin ƙasar sun kasance suna tura su zuwa gabas har zuwa 1700s, iyakokin Cape Colony sun tura yawan jama'a zuwa gabas (tare da dangantaka tsakanin 'yan mulkin mallaka da 'yan ƙasa da mahimmanci) don haifar da mummunar yawan jama'a masu adawa don tsayayya da masu mulkin mallaka a Gabashin Cape. Wannan ya haifar da yakin iyakar Cape, wanda ke wakiltar wasu tsayin daka na soja ga mulkin mallaka.
Sakamakon ƙarshen tarihi zai kasance ƙunshe da babban yanki na ƴan ƙasar Cape zuwa gaɓoɓin ƴan ƙasa a Gabashin Gabashin Cape. Koyaya, waɗannan yawan jama'a kuma za su ci gaba da zama aiki a cikin Cape Colony. Za a sake sanya wa waɗannan ma'auni na asali "ƙasashen gida" a cikin karni na 20 kuma za a rushe su gaba ɗaya a cikin 1994, tare da yawan jama'a suna komawa cikin babban Cape.
A cikin ƙarni na 19, Xhosas sun yi yaƙi kuma suka kori ƙabilun da suka tsere daga Zulus a cikin Colony na Natal, wannan ya kasance a lokacin mfecane na tarihi. Wadanda aka yarda da su sun kasance cikin tsarin al'adun Xhosa kuma sun bi al'adun Xhosa. Har wala yau, zuriyar amaMfengu suna cikin mutanen Xhosa kuma suna jin isiXhosa kuma suna yin al'adun Xhosa.
Yunwa da rarrabuwar kawuna na siyasa da suka biyo bayan yunkurin kashe shanu na 1856-1858 ya yi rauni da hadin kan Xhosa da iyawar yaki da mulkin mallaka. Masana tarihi yanzu suna kallon wannan yunkuri a matsayin martani na karni na shekaru, duka biyu kai tsaye ga cutar huhu da ke yaduwa tsakanin shanun Xhosa a lokacin, kuma ba ta kai ga damuwa ga al'ummar Xhosa ba sakamakon ci gaba da asarar yankunansu da cin gashin kansu. Wasu masana tarihi sun yi iƙirarin cewa wannan farkon shiga cikin tattalin arziƙin albashi shine asalin asalin dogon tarihin zama membobin ƙungiyar kasuwanci da shugabancin siyasa a tsakanin mutanen Xhosa.
manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ Xhosa – Definition and pronunciation". Oxford Learner's Dictionaries. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 16 April 2014.
- ↑ "Xhosa – pronunciation of Xhosa". Macmillan Dictionary. Macmillan Publishers Limited. Retrieved 16 April2014.
- ↑ Bauer, Laurie (2007). The Linguistics Student's Handbook. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0-74862-759-2.
- ↑ SouthAfrica.info". SouthAfrica.info. 9 July 2003. Archived from the original on 22 May 2005. Retrieved 20 December 2011.
- ↑ Nombembe, Caciswa (2013). Music-making of the Xhosa diasporic community: a focus on the Umguyo tradition in Zimbabwe. Masters dissertation, School of Arts, Faculty of Humanities, University of the Witwatersrand (Masters thesis)