Mutanen Ababda
Ababda (Larabci: العبابدة, romanized: al-ʿabābdah ko Larabci: عبّادي, romanized: ʿabbādī) ƙabilar Larabawa ce ko Beja a gabashin Masar da Sudan. A tarihi, yawancin Badawiyya ne da ke zaune a yankin da ke tsakanin kogin Nilu da Bahar Maliya, inda wasu suka zauna a kan hanyar kasuwanci da ta danganta Korosko da Abu Hamad. Yawancin matafiya daga ƙarni na sha tara sun ruwaito cewa wasu Ababda a lokacin har yanzu suna jin Beja ko yaren nasu, don haka yawancin majiyoyi na sakandare suna ɗaukar Ababda a matsayin ƙabilar Beja. Yawancin Ababda yanzu suna jin Larabci kuma sun bayyana a matsayin kabilar Larabawa daga Hijaz. Ababda tana da jimillar mutane sama da 250,000.
Asalin da tarihi
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Labaran asalin kabilar Ababda sun nuna su a matsayin Larabawa daga Hijaz, sun fito ne daga Zubayr ibn al-Awwam (watakila ta hanyar ɗansa Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr) bayan Nasarar Musulmi a Masar.
Yawancin kafofin da aka buga a cikin yarukan Yammacin Turai sun nuna Ababda a matsayin ƙabilar Beja, ko kuma a matsayin zuriyar masu magana da harshen Cushitic.[1]
Harshe
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Larabci
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A yau, kusan dukkanin al'ummomin Ababda suna magana da Larabci. Babu wata al'adar baki ta yin magana da wani harshe kafin Larabci, daidai da labarun asalin Larabci.
A cikin binciken da aka yi a shekara ta 1996, Rudolf de Jong ya gano cewa yaren Ababda na Larabci yayi kama da na Mutanen Shukriya na Sudan, kuma ya kammala cewa fadada yankin yaren Sudan na arewacin ne.[2]
Alfred von Kremer ya ba da rahoton a 1863 cewa Ababda sun haɓaka wani ɓarayi na Larabci wanda kawai suka fahimta.
Ababda ko Harshen Beja
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Akwai shaidu masu yawa da ke tabbatar da cewa a ƙarshen rabin karni na 19 Ababda suna da harsuna biyu a cikin Larabci da Harshen Beja wanda ko dai yayi kama ko kuma yana da alaƙa da Bisharin.[3] Wani yare daban da Ababda ke magana ya bayar da rahoton matafiya da yawa na farko, ko dai an gano su a matsayin Beja ko kuma sun bar ba tare da ƙarin bayani ba. A cikin shekara ta 1770 matafiyi na Scotland James Bruce ya yi iƙirarin cewa suna magana da harshen "Barabra", Nubian. A farkon karni na 19, a lokacin Yakin Faransa a Misira da Siriya, injiniya Dubois-Aymé ya rubuta cewa Ababda sun fahimci Larabci, amma har yanzu suna magana da nasu harshe. A cikin shekarun 1820 Eduard Rüppell ya bayyana a takaice cewa Ababda suna magana da nasu, wanda ba harshen Larabci ba. Pierre Trémaux ya rubuta irin wannan ra'ayi bayan tafiyarsa a Sudan a ƙarshen shekarun 1840.
John Lewis Burckhardt ya ba da rahoton cewa a cikin 1813 waɗancan Ababda waɗanda suka zauna tare da Ƙabilar Bishari sun yi magana da Beja. Alfred von Kremer ya yi imanin cewa su 'yan asalin Beja ne kuma an gaya masa cewa Ababda suna da harsuna biyu a Larabci, wanda suka yi magana da babbar murya. Wadanda ke zaune tare da Nubians suna magana da Kenzi. Robert Hartmann, wanda ya ziyarci kasar a 1859/60, ya lura cewa yawancin Ababda yanzu suna magana da Larabci. Koyaya, a baya suna magana da yaren Beja wanda yanzu, kamar yadda aka gaya masa, an ƙuntata shi ne kawai ga 'yan iyalai masu ƙaura da ke yawo a Gabashin Gabas. Ya yi imanin cewa sun watsar da yarensu don goyon bayan Larabci saboda kusanci da sauran kabilun da ke magana da Larabci. Masanin harshe na Sweden Herman Almkvist, a rubuce a 1881, ya ƙidaya Ababda zuwa Beja kuma ya lura cewa yawancin sun watsar da yaren Beja, wanda ake zaton ya yi daidai da yaren Bishari, don goyon bayan Larabci, kodayake "da yawa" har yanzu suna iya fahimtar har ma da magana da Beja. Masu ba da labari na Bishari sun gaya masa cewa a baya, Bishari da Ababda mutane ɗaya ne. Joseph Russegger, wanda ya ziyarci kasar a kusa da 1840, ya lura cewa Ababda suna magana da yarensu, kodayake ya kara da cewa an gauraye shi da Larabci sosai. Ya yi imanin cewa yaren "Nubian Bedouin" ne kuma ya nuna cewa wannan yaren, da al'adun Ababda da bayyanar gabaɗaya, suna kama da na Bishari. Matafiyi Bayard Taylor ya rubuta a shekara ta 1856 cewa Ababda suna magana da harshe daban da na Bishari, kodayake "watakila ya fito ne daga wannan asalin asali". Masanin Gabas na Faransa Eusèbe de Salle ya kammala a 1840, bayan sun halarci tattaunawar Beja tsakanin Ababda da Bishari. Likita Carl Benjamin Klunzinger ya rubuta a 1878 cewa Ababda koyaushe za su yi magana da Larabci yayin da suke magana da baƙi, suna guje wa yin magana da yarensu wanda ya yi tunanin cakuda Larabci ne da Beja.
Dubi kuma
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- Zubayrids
- Mutanen Beja
- Halaib Triangle
- Bir Tawil