Mutanen Chamba
| Yankuna masu yawan jama'a | |
|---|---|
| Kameru da Najeriya |
Al’umar Chamba babbar ƙabila ce a arewa maso gabashin Najeriya. Chamba suna tsakanin Najeriya da Kamaru a yanzu. Makwabta mafi kusa da Chamba su ne Mumuye, da kuma mutanen Jukun da Kutep. A Kamaru, magadan Leko da masu magana da chamba sun kasu zuwa jihohi da yawa: Bali Nyonga, Bali Kumbat, Bali-Gham, Bali-Gangsin, da Bali-Gashu . Mutanen Basari na Togo da Ghana suma suna da suna Chamba, amma kuma suna da ƙabila daban-daban. Ana gano Chamba ta hanyar yarensu, imaninsu, al'adunsu, da kuma fasaharsu.
Harshe[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Mutanen Chamba, wanda aka fi sani da Samba, Tchamba, Tsamba, Daka da Chamba-Ndagan, ƙabilun Afirka ne da aka samo a cikin Jihar Gongola da ke gabashin tsakiyar Najeriya da wasu sassan maƙwabta na arewacin Kamaru . Suna magana da yarukan da suke da nasaba da juna: Chamba Leko, na yarukan Leko – Nimbari, da Chamba Daka, na yarukan Dakoid, dukkansu kuma yaren Nego-Congo ne.
Boyd ya ce “Masu magana da harshen Chamba Leko sun takaita ne a yankin gabashin yankin na tsakiya, galibi a kan yankin Kamaru na iyakar zamani. Ragowar Chamba masu magana ne da Daka ”. Masu magana a cikin Chamba har yanzu suna magana da wasu yarurruka daban-daban da suka bambanta daga wuri zuwa wuri. Yankin tsakiyar shi ne inda Chamba Daka (Sama Nnakenyare) ke zaune. Ana samun wannan yankin a Arewa maso gabashin Najeriya a kan iyakar Kamaru a jihar Adamawa .[ana buƙatar hujja]
Jamus ita ce asalin mulkin mallaka wanda ya hade da ƙasar Chamba, amma lokacin da Jamus ta sha kashi a yakin duniya na farko, kungiyar kasashen Afirka ta raba tsakanin wannan yankin na Afirka tsakanin Birtaniyya da Faransa.
Imani[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Mutanen Chamba suna da abubuwan da suka yi imani da shi na musamman. [1] Addinin gargajiya na Chamba ya kasance akan mahaliccin Allah (Su) mai hasken rana da ruhohin magabata waɗanda ke zaune tare da wannan mahaliccin. Allan rana ba ya ma'amala da rayayyun halittu, amma ruhohin magabatan suna yin hakan. Matattu ( wurumbu ) ana tsammanin suna ci gaba da rayuwa, amma suna rayuwa a ƙasa. Suna bin salo iri ɗaya da wayewa irin na mutane, amma ana ganin sun fi hikima kuma da ƙarfin ikon allahntaka. Mutane na musamman a cikin Chamba ana tsammanin suna iya yin hulɗa tare da waɗannan ruhohin kakanninsu kuma mutanen Chamba suna girmama su.
Mutanen Chamba suna daya daga cikin wadanda aka yiwa fadan Fulani faɗa a ƙarni na 18 da 19. An bautar da su, kuma da yawa sun yi ƙaura zuwa kudu zuwa cikin duwatsu. Sun rama ta hanyar zama gungun mayaƙa waɗanda suka afkawa bayi da kuma safarar motocin. [1] [2] 'Yan tsiraru, ko kuma kusan 15%, na mutanen Chamba suna bin addinin Islama .
Al'umma da Al'adu[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
A al'adance Chamba suna zaune ne a yankuna masu ciyayi, kayan abinci na hatsi, da albarkatun gona kamar koko da kofi. Babban amfanin gona wanda gonar Chamba shine masarar guinea . Chamba sun haɗu da dangi daban-daban waɗanda zasu iya samun nau'ikan salon sarauta. Wasu suna jagorancin mata, maza, ko duka biyun. Waɗannan dangin suna aiki ne bisa imanin gama gari game da "ikon mallakar ikon maza da mata."
Chamba suna zaune a ƙauyuka. A wajen ƙauyukan akwai yankin gandun daji da ba kowa a ciki wanda ake kira daji. Yankunan dajin da ke kusa da ƙauyen su ne wuraren da Chamba ke tattara abubuwa don kunna wuta, yin abubuwa masu amfani kamar kwanduna da tabarma, farauta, da tarawa. Wadannan yankuna daji suna samun damar maza da mata. Gashi na ciki ana ɗaukar shi mafi haɗari kuma yana da alaƙa da jinsi na namiji.
'Yan daba[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Wani nau'i na kulawar zamantakewar Chamba shine ta hanyar amfani da tsafi. Chamba Daka yana nufin kungiyoyin asiri kamar jup. Kowane juju yana da alaƙa da bala'i ko cuta. Wadannan kungiyoyin tsafin na iya sarrafa wadannan musibun da kuma warkar da cututtuka dangane da yadda membobin suke yin tsafi da biyan kudi. Kowane ju na zaman kansa daban kuma yana gudanar da shi ta musamman bisa ka'idoji da ayyukansu. Akwai ƙungiyoyin addinai na maza da na mata waɗanda mutum na iya samun memba kawai ta hanyar tsarin farawa. Ana sa ran membobin kungiyoyin asiri su kiyaye al'adu, al'adu, da ayyuka a asirce. Kasancewa cikin ƙungiyoyin asiri na iya ba da kariya da tsaro daga masifu da cututtuka.
Tsarin aiwatarwa ya banbanta ga al'adun kowane jinsi. Yin kaciya wani ɓangare ne na ƙaddamar da al'adun maza, ta hanyar da tsarin ke ba yara damar shiga cikin samari. Ga mata, alamarsu ta canzawa zuwa mace ba ta hanyar farawa bane amma aure. Sau da yawa, mata ba sa shiga kungiyoyin asiri sai sun yi aure. Don al'adun mata, wani lokacin fitar da hakori wani bangare ne na farawa. Koyaya, fitowar haƙori ba shi da cikakken amfani a yanzu kuma ya bambanta da yanki da yanki musamman.
Zane-zane[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Arewararrun masu fasaha ne waɗanda aka sani da tukwane, aikin karafa da sassaka sassaka. Bugu da kari, Chamba suna yin abin rufe fuska waɗanda ake yi a lokuta na musamman.
Al'adar yin Amawali[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Abin rufe baki ko Amawali da ke wakiltar daji yawanci an haɗa su da abin rufe katako da suturar da aka yi da dogon zare. Kammalallen kallon ya kamata ya ba da ruɗar ɗayan mahaɗan cikakke tare da abin rufe fuska, sutura, da mai yin ta zama rukuni ɗaya.
Wani nau'in maski na musamman da ake kira buffalo ko abin rufe fuska ba'a cowcow. Kowane dangi na Chamba yawanci yana da aƙalla maskin daji sau ɗaya. Waɗannan masks ɗin an fentin su launuka daban-daban don tantance ko mask ɗin namiji ne ko mace. Wasu dangi za su sami abin rufe fuska na mata da na maza. Abubuwan fasalin mask din sun haɗu da halayen dabbobi da na mutum. Horahonin maskin bushcow suna nufin "kakannin matan daji." Ana yawan kwatanta bakin da na kada. Wadannan masks yakamata su wakilci ikon daji. Masks suna aiki tare tare da al'amuran Chamba kamar kaciya, farawa shugabanni, da jana'iza. Ana rufe waɗannan masks a cikin daji. Lokacin da suke yi don lokuta na musamman, masks suna barin daji suka shiga ƙauyen. Yayin wasan kwaikwayon, masquerader zai yi rawa. Wasu suna kamanta salon rawa da na cajin bauna.
Gumaka[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Hotunan gumaka na siffa ne, galibi suna nuna namiji, mace, ko duka maza da mata. Lissafin yawanci suna bayyana a cikin tsari guda ɗaya ko nau'i biyu wanda aka haɗa siffofin biyu zuwa tushe. Wadannan gumakan galibi ana yin su ne da itace ko ƙarfe. Wadannan mutun-mutun an kasu gida biyu dangane da yadda suke gani. Ƙungiyar ta farko tana da halin girmanta. Waɗannan gumakan sau da yawa an sassaka su daga itace ɗaya. Hannun suna da lankwasa hannaye da kafafu kafafu. Hannun suna fitowa daga jiki. Bayyana ɗaya daga cikin fassarar waɗannan maganganun shine adadi na iya rawa. A cikin mutum-mutumi nau'i biyu mutum-mutumi, manyan jikin mutum biyu suna raba kafa biyu. Groupungiyar ta biyu tana da siffar fasalin ta. Hannun adon da ƙafafun suna haɗe da jiki.
Wasu daga cikin waɗannan mutum-mutumin an ɗauka cewa ana amfani da su wajen tsafi. Ba a san aikin waɗannan gumakan ba. Sannanan bayanan abin da aikin zai iya kasancewa sun fito ne daga logistsan masanan da yawa a lokacin mulkin mallaka.
Sananne mutane[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
- Gen. T Theophilus Y. Danjuma
- Mallam Musa Hassan El-wakil Dakka. .
Manazarta[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Chamba Religion
- ↑ RICHARD FARDON (1983), A CHRONOLOGY OF PRE-COLONIAL CHAMBA HISTORY, Paideuma: Mitteilungen zur Kulturkunde, Bd. 29 (1983), pages 67-92