Mutanen Miami

Mutanen Miami

Jimlar yawan jama'a
3,908
Harsuna
Algonquian (en)

Miami (Miami-Illinois: Myaamiaki) 'yan asalin ƙasar Amirka ne da ke magana da yaren Miami-Ill Illinois, ɗaya daga cikin yarukan Algonquian. Daga cikin mutanen da aka sani da kabilun Great Lakes, sun mamaye yankin da yanzu aka gano a matsayin arewa maso tsakiyar Indiya, kudu maso yammacin Michigan, da yammacin Ohio. Miami a tarihi ta ƙunshi manyan rukuni da yawa, gami da Piankeshaw, Wea, Pepikokia, Kilatika, Mengakonkia, da Atchakangouen. A zamanin yau, ana amfani da Miami musamman don komawa ga Atchakangouen. A shekara ta 1846, yawancin Miami sun yi hijira da karfi zuwa Yankin Indiya (da farko zuwa abin da ke yanzu Kansas, kuma daga baya zuwa abin da yanzu ke cikin Oklahoma). Ƙabilar Miami ta Oklahoma ita ce ƙabilar da aka amince da ita ta Indiyawan Miami a Amurka. Miami Nation of Indiana, wata kungiya mai zaman kanta ta zuriyar Miamis da aka keɓe daga cirewa, sun nemi karbuwa ta daban ba tare da nasara ba.

Sunan

Sunan Miami ya samo asali ne daga Myaamia (jama'a Myaamiaki), sunan ƙabilar (sunan kansu) a cikin yarensu na Algonquian na Miami-Illinois . Wannan ya bayyana cewa an samo shi ne daga tsohuwar kalmar da ke nufin "mutane masu laushi". Wasu malamai sun yi jayayya da Miami da ke kiran kansu Twightwee (kuma an rubuta su Twatwa), wanda ake zaton yana nufin tsuntsayen su mai tsarki, sandhill crane. Nazarin da aka yi kwanan nan ya nuna cewa Twightwee ya samo asali ne daga Harshen Delaware don Miamis, Tuwéhtuwe, sunan da ba a sani ba. Wasu Miami sun bayyana cewa wannan sunan ne kawai da wasu kabilun ke amfani da shi ga Miami, kuma ba sunayensu ba. Sun kuma kira kansu Mihtohseeniaki (mutane). Miami ta ci gaba da amfani da wannan sunan a yau.

Sunan	Tushen	Sunan	Tushen
Maiama		Maumee	daga baya Faransanci
Yankin da ake kira Meames		Bayyanawa	Faransanci
Metouseceprinioueks		Myamicks
		Al'ummar Crane	Faransanci
Omameeg		Omaumeg	Chippewa
Oumami (ko Oumiami)		Oumamik	Faransanci na farko
Piankashaw		Abubuwan da suka faru
Tawatawas		Titwa
Halitta		Twechtweys
Twightwees	Delaware	Wea	ƙungiyar

Tarihi

Tarihi na farko

  Ana ɗaukar mutanen Miami na farko a matsayin na al'adun Fisher na al'adar Mississippian. Al'ummomin Mississippian sun kasance suna da aikin gona na masara, ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa na shugabanci, cibiyoyin kasuwanci na yanki, tsarin daidaitawa, da sauran dalilai. Miami ta tarihi ta shiga farauta, kamar yadda sauran mutanen Mississippian suka yi.

Tarihin rubuce-rubuce na Miami ya samo asali ne daga masu wa'azi a ƙasashen waje da masu bincike waɗanda suka haɗu da su a cikin abin da ke yanzu Wisconsin, daga inda suka yi ƙaura zuwa kudu da gabas daga tsakiyar karni na 17 zuwa tsakiyar karni na 18, suka zauna a saman Kogin Wabash da Kogin Maumee a cikin abin yanzu arewa maso gabashin Indiana da arewa maso yammacin Ohio. Ta hanyar tarihin baki, wannan ƙaura ya kasance komawa yankin inda suka daɗe kafin Iroquois ya mamaye su a lokacin Yaƙe-yaƙe na Beaver. Masu mulkin mallaka na farko na Turai da 'yan kasuwa a Gabashin Gabas sun kara bukatar fata, kuma Iroquois - wanda ke zaune a tsakiya da yammacin New York - sun sami damar samun makamai na Turai ta hanyar kasuwanci kuma sun yi amfani da su don cin nasarar yankin Ohio Valley don amfani da su a matsayin wuraren farauta, wanda ya ragu na ɗan lokaci yayin da kabilun Algonquin suka tsere zuwa yamma a matsayin 'yan gudun hijira. Yaƙin da rikicewar zamantakewar da ta biyo baya - tare da yaduwar cututtukan Turai masu yaduwa kamar kyanda da kyanda wanda ba su da rigakafi - sun ba da gudummawa ga kawar da yawan 'yan asalin Amurka a cikin ciki.

Wuraren tarihi

Shekara	Wurin da yake
1658	Arewa maso gabashin Tafkin Winnebago, Wisconsin (Fr)
1667	Kwarin Mississippi na Wisconsin
1670	Shugaban Kogin Fox, Wisconsin; ƙauyen Chicago
1673	Garin St. Joseph River, Michigan (River of the Miamis) (Fr),
	Garin Kogin Kalamazoo, Michigan
1703	Ƙauyen Detroit, Michigan
1720–63	Wuraren Kogin Miami, Ohio
	Garin Scioto River (kusa da Columbus), Ohio
1764	Ƙauyukan Wabash River, Indiana
1831	Yankin Indiya (Oklahoma)

Tattaunawa da Turai

Lithograph na Little Turtle an san shi ne bisa ga wani hoton da Gilbert Stuart ya rasa, wanda aka lalata lokacin da Birtaniya ta ƙone Washington, DC a cikin 1814.

Shugaban Miami Pacanne

Lokacin da masu wa'azi na Faransa suka fara haɗuwa da Miami a tsakiyar karni na 17, suna samar da tarihin tarihi na farko na kabilar, 'yan asalin suna zaune a kusa da gabar yammacin Tafkin Michigan. A cewar al'adar baki ta Miami, sun koma can a 'yan ƙarni da suka gabata daga yankin da ke yanzu arewacin Indiana, kudancin Michigan, da arewa maso yammacin Ohio don tserewa daga matsin lamba daga jam'iyyun yaƙi na Iroquois da ke neman mamaye iko akan fata a cikin kwarin Ohio. Masu binciken Faransanci na farko sun lura da kamanceceniya da yawa na harshe da al'adu tsakanin ƙungiyoyin Miami da Illiniwek, ƙungiya mai sauƙi na mutanen da ke magana da Algonquian. Kalmar "Miami" tana da ma'ana mara kyau ga masana tarihi. A cikin ƙarni na 17 da 18, kalmar "Miami" gabaɗaya tana nufin duk waɗannan ƙungiyoyi a matsayin babbar kabila ɗaya. A cikin karni na 19, "Miami" ya zo musamman don komawa ga ƙungiyar Atchakangoen (Crane).