Mutanen Nama
| Yankuna masu yawan jama'a | |
|---|---|
German South-West Africa (en)  , Afirka ta kudu da Namibiya | |
| Kabilu masu alaƙa | |
| Khoekhoe |
Nama (a cikin tsofaffin kafofin kuma ana kiranta Namaqua) ƙabilar Afirka ce ta Afirka ta Kudu, Namibiya da Botswana. A al'adance suna magana da yaren Nama na dangin harshen Khoe-Kwadi, kodayake yawancin Nama suna jin Afirkaans. Mutanen Nama (ko mutanen Nama-Khoe) su ne rukuni mafi girma na mutanen Khoekhoe, waɗanda yawancinsu sun ɓace a matsayin ƙungiya. Yawancin dangin Nama suna zaune a Namibiya ta Tsakiya kuma sauran ƙananan ƙungiyoyi suna zaune a Namaqualand, wanda a yau ya ke kan iyakar Namibiya da Afirka ta Kudu.[1]
Tarihi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Al'ummar Khoisan na Afirka ta Kudu da kudancin Namibiya sun ci gaba da rayuwa ta makiyaya tun a tarihi. Khoekhoe makiyaya ne kuma mutanen San sun rayu a matsayin mafarauta. Nama ƙungiyar Khoekhoe ce. Tun asali suna zaune a kogin Orange a kudancin Namibiya da arewacin Afirka ta Kudu. Turawan mulkin mallaka na farko suna kiran su da Hottentots. Madadin sunansu na tarihi, “Namaqua”, ya samo asali ne daga ƙari na ƙarar harshen Khoekhoe "-qua/kwa", ma'ana "wurin" (wanda aka samo a cikin sunayen wasu ƙasashen Kudancin Afirka kamar Griqua), zuwa sunan harshe.
Zuriyar mutanen Khoekhoe a cikin Cape Colony
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A cikin Afrilu 1652, Jan van Riebeeck, wani jami'in Kamfanin Dutch Gabashin Indiya, ya isa Cape of Good Hope tare da mutane 90 don fara sasantawa na Dutch bisa ga buƙatar kamfanin. Sun sami 'yan asalin ƙasar da ake kira Khoekhoe, a can, waɗanda suka zauna a yankin Cape aƙalla shekaru dubu kafin zuwan Dutch.[2]
Khoekhoe a Cape sun yi aikin kiwo; su ne farkon makiyaya a kudancin Afirka. Sun zauna kusa da mutanen San, waɗanda mafarauta ne. Khoekhoe na da shanun Nguni da yawa da ƙananan dabbobi waɗanda suke kiwo a kusa da Cape. Yankin ya dace da rayuwarsu a matsayinsu na makiyaya domin ya samar musu da isasshen ruwan sha da dabbobinsu.
Da farko, lokacin da Dutch ɗin suka tsaya a Cape of Good Hope, suna kan hanyarsu ta zuwa tsibiran Indonesiya Yayin da suke wurin, Dutch ɗin sun damu da samun sabon amfanin gona da ruwa ga kansu.[4] A Cape, Van Riebeeck da farko ya yi ƙoƙarin samun shanu, filaye, da kuma aiki daga mutanen Khoekhoe ta hanyar yin shawarwari. Duk da haka, lokacin da waɗannan shawarwarin suka gaza, rikici ya fara faruwa. Mazaunan Holland sun yi yaƙi da Khoekhoe, sun kwace filayensu don gina gonakin alkama da sauran amfanin gona, kuma sun tilasta wa mutanen Khoekhoe da yawa yin aikin ƙwadago. An kuma kwashe dabbobinsu kuma an hana su samun kiwo da albarkatun ruwa sai dai idan sun yi aiki ga mazauna Holland.[3]
A cikin karni na 18 da na 19, yayin da rikice-rikice suka tsananta kuma matsugunan Dutch suna faɗaɗa, suna ɗaukar sararin samaniya a cikin mulkin mallaka, faɗaɗa iyakar mulkin mallaka ya tura Khoekhoe zuwa gabas zuwa Gabashin Cape, sannan daga ƙarshe "rufe kan iyaka" na asali na asali, Transkei da Ciskei. Wajen Arewa, a kan abin da ake kira "bude iyaka"; Arewacin Cape da Afirka ta Kudu maso Yamma, aka sake masa suna zuwa Namibiya a cikin 1968. Wasu zuriyar al'ummomin Khoekhoe na farko, ciki har da Nama, sun gudu daga arewacin mulkin mallaka suka ketare kogin Orange zuwa Jamus ta Kudu maso Yammacin Afirka (Namibiya ta yanzu).
A cikin 1991, wani yanki na Namaqualand (gidan Nama kuma ɗayan wuraren jeji na ƙarshe na Afirka ta Kudu) an kira shi filin shakatawa na Richtersveld. A cikin Disamba 2002, an mayar da filayen kakanni, ciki har da wurin shakatawa, don mallakar al'umma kuma gwamnatocin Afirka ta Kudu da Namibiya sun fara samar da wani wurin shakatawa mai wuce gona da iri daga yammacin gabar tekun kudancin Afirka zuwa cikin hamada, tare da mamaye dajin Richtersveld. A yau, dajin na Richtersveld na ɗaya daga cikin ƴan wurare da ainihin al'adun Nama suka tsira. A can, Nama suna motsawa tare da yanayi kuma suna magana da yarensu. Gidan gargajiya na Nama - | haru oms, ko kuma šaukuwa tabarmar rufaffiyar bukka - yana ba da kariya daga zafin rana, kuma yana da sauƙin motsawa lokacin da kiwo ya yi karanci.
Mutanen Nama a Afirka ta Kudu Mallaka
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Wasu kungiyoyin Khoekhoe da suka hada da Nama karkashin jagorancin David Witbooi (kakan Hendrik Witbooi) sun ketare kogin Orange zuwa Kudu maso Yammacin Afirka. David Witbooi shine shugaban Khoekhoe na farko da ya kafa yankin Nama na dindindin a arewacin Kogin Orange tun daga tsakiyar 1840s. A cikin 1863, daga ƙarshe ya jagoranci mutanensa zuwa Gibeon (kudu-ta-tsakiyar Namibiya) inda ya haɓaka al'umma mai ra'ayin gurguzu da ta shafi shanu, kasuwanci da Kiristanci. Bayan mutuwarsa a 1875 Musa Witbooi (mahaifin Hendrik Witbooi) ya zama sarauta kuma ya ci gaba da kasancewa a wannan matsayi har zuwa 1883. Kamar mahaifinsa Musa ya bi ayyukan Kirista kuma ya yi aiki tare da Johannes Olpp, wani ɗan mishan na Furotesta da ke da alaƙa da Rheinische Missionsgesellschaft (Rhenish Mission Society, RMG) wanda ya goyi bayan ƙoƙarin gina cocin Olbe8s na Olbe8s. da tashar mishan, sannan kuma sun taimaka wajen samun makarantar RMG a wurin.[4]
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ "La hutte du peuple Nama". 15 February 2017
- ↑ History of slavery and early colonisation in South Africa | South African History Online". www.sahistory.org.za. Retrieved 15 May 2021
- ↑ Green, Erik (April 2014). "The Economics of Slavery in the Eighteenth-Century Cape Colony: Revising the Nieboer-Domar Hypothesis". International Review of Social History. 1: 39–70. doi:10.1017/S0020859013000667. S2CID 20909315. ProQuest 1512636852
- ↑ Blacker, Adam A. (December 2017). "From Boondoggle to Settlement Colony: Hendrik Witbooi and the Evolution of Germany's Imperial Project in Southwest Africa, 1884-1894". Central European History. 50: 22. ProQuest 1981675449.