Mutanen Sakalava

Mutanen Sakalava

Jimlar yawan jama'a
1,200,000
Yankuna masu yawan jama'a
Madagaskar
Addini
Q13106282
Kabilu masu alaƙa
Malagasy people (en) da Austronesian peoples (en)

Sakalava ƙabilar Madagascar ce. Ana samun su a yankin yamma da arewa maso yammacin tsibirin, a cikin wani makada a bakin teku. Sakalava ya ƙunshi kusan kashi 6.2 na yawan jama'a, kusan 2,079,000 ne a cikin 2018. Sunan su yana nufin "mutanen dogayen kwari." Sun mamaye gefen yammacin tsibirin daga Toliara a kudu zuwa kogin Sambirano a arewa.

Asalin kabilanci

Sakalava suna wakiltar wasu ƙananan kabilu waɗanda a da suka ƙunshi daula, maimakon ƙabilar da ke cikin haƙƙinta. Asalin kalmar Sakalava ita kanta har yanzu tana cikin gardama, da kuma ainihin ma'anarta. Mafi yawan bayani shine fassarar Malagasy na zamani na Sakalava ma'ana dogayen kwazazzabai, wanda ke nuna yanayin ƙasa a yammacin Madagascar. Wata ka'idar ita ce, kalmar ta yiwu daga saqaliba na Larabci, wanda kuma ya samo asali ne daga Late Latin sclavus, ma'ana bawa.

Tarihi

Sarkin Sakalava Andriantsoly (1820-1824).

Ana ɗaukar Sakalavas a matsayin haɗakar mutanen Austronesians da Bantu . Mutanen Australiya sun fara zama a Madagascar tsakanin 400 zuwa 900 AZ. Sun iso ne da jiragen ruwa kuma sun fito ne daga kungiyoyin kudu maso gabashin Asiya da na Oceania daban-daban. Matsugunan da aka tabbatar na farko, akan Nosy Mangabe da kuma cikin kwarin Mananara, sun kasance a ƙarni na takwas. Manoman Bantu, waɗanda suka tashi daga Tsakiya da Gabashin Afirka, sun isa Madagascar a ƙarni na tara. A cewar Gwyn Campbell, "mafi daidaiton bayanan kwayoyin halitta ya nuna cewa kafuwar, a gabar tekun arewa maso yamma, ta ƙunshi gidaje 20, jimlar [sic] kusan mutane 500, ko dai gaurayewar kwayoyin halitta, ko rabin Austronesian da rabin Afirka." Daga baya, 'yan Afirka na Swahili, Larabawa da Indiyawa da Tamil ' yan kasuwa sun zo yankunan arewacin tsibirin. An kawo mutanen da ake bautar da su daga babban yankin Afirka zuwa tsibirin a cikin karuwar adadin tsakanin ƙarni na 15 zuwa na 18, musamman ga yankin da mutanen Sakalava ke zaune a yanzu. Wannan kwararowar mutane daban-daban ya haifar da ƙabilun Malagasy daban-daban a tsakiyar ƙarni na biyu. ’Yan kasuwan Portuguese su ne Turawa na farko da suka zo a karni na 15, sai kuma sauran kasashen Turai.

Wanda ya kafa gadon Sakalava shine Andriamisara. Zuriyarsa Andriandahifotsy ("Farin Yarima"), bayan 1610, sannan ya mika ikonsa zuwa arewa, bayan kogin Mangoky, taimakon makamai da aka samu a musayar cinikin bayi. 'Ya'yansa biyu, Andriamanetiarivo da Andriamandisoarivo (wanda aka fi sani da Tsimanatona ) sun kara samun nasarori har zuwa yankin Tsongay (yanzu Mahajanga ).

Shugabannin matsugunan matsugunan bakin teku daban-daban a tsibirin sun fara ba da ikon sarrafa kasuwanci. An kafa masarautun Sakalava na farko game da 1650s. [1] Sun mamaye yammacin yankunan arewa maso yammacin Madagascar a cikin shekarun 1700. [2] Sarakunan Sakalava na Menabe, sun kasance a cikin abin da aka fi sani da Andakabe, yanzu garin Morondava, a cikinsu. [2] Tasirin Sakalava ya mamaye yankunan da ke yanzu lardunan Antsiranana, Mahajanga da Toliara . Masarautar Sakalava ta kai kololuwar yanayinta tsakanin 1730 zuwa 1760, karkashin Sarki Andrianinevenarivo.

Bisa ga al'adar gida, wadanda suka kafa masarautar Sakalava sune Maroseraña (ko Maroseranana, "waɗanda suka mallaki tashar jiragen ruwa da yawa") sarakuna, daga Fiherenana (yanzu Toliara ). Suna iya zama zuriyar Zafiraminia ('ya'yan Ramini) daga yankin kudu maso yammacin tsibirin, watakila daga asalin Larabawa.Bukatar bayi daga larabawan Omani na farko wadanda ke kula da cinikin bayi na Zanzibar, daga baya kuma masu cinikin bayi na Turai, sun kai ga hare-haren bayi da kuma sarrafa iko a kan manyan a arewa da arewa maso yammacin yankin Madagascar. Da farko Larabawa sun keɓe makamai ga Sakalava a maimakon bayi. An samo waɗannan bayi daga hare-haren bayi zuwa Comoros da sauran yankunan bakin teku na Madagascar, da kuma daga jiragen ruwa na kasuwanci da suka taso daga gabar Swahili na Afirka. Masarautar Sakalava ta yi gaggawar mamaye yankunan da ke makwabtaka da yankin Mahafaly, ta fara daga kudancin kasar.

Ƙofa tare da sassaƙaƙƙun kada, wanda aka baje kolin a Baje kolin Duniya a Paris a 1900.

Tarihin baka na Merina da takardu a Comoros sun ambaci jerin balaguro na shekara-shekara da Sakalava masu kai hari kan kauyukansu a karshen karni na 18. Wadannan balaguro sun sami taimakon bindigogi da aka samu daga Larabawa, makamin da mutanen Comoros da Merina suka rasa. Mafi girma kuma ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun tashar jiragen ruwa don cinikin bayi a Madagascar shine garin Sakalava na bakin teku na Mahajanga . Sakalava na da mulkin mallaka a kan cinikin bayi a Madagascar har zuwa ƙarshen karni na 18. Ko da yake sun yi ƙanƙanta da yawan jama'a, makamansu sun ba su damar isa da iko, wanda ya ba su damar tilasta wa sauran kabilu masu yawan jama'a su yi musu haraji a ƙarni na sha takwas.

Sarkin Merina Radama I ya sayi bindigogi a karshen karni na 18, ya kaddamar da yaki da Sakalava, wanda ya kawo karshen mulkin masarautar Sakalava da hare-haren bayi. Daga nan ne Merina ya sauya bautar tarihi da mutanensu suka fuskanta, suka fara ba da bayi. Ko da yake Merina ba za su taɓa haɗa garuruwan Sakalava biyu na ƙarshe na Menabe da Boina ( Mahajanga ), Sakalava ba ta sake yin barazana ga tsaunukan tsakiya ba, wanda ya kasance ƙarƙashin ikon Merina har zuwa lokacin mulkin mallaka na Faransa na tsibirin, ƙarni daga baya, a cikin 1896.

Sarakuna da sarauniya

Daular Zafimbolamena Belihisafra .

• Andriandahifotsy (1600-1680)
• Andriamandisoarivo, Tsimanatatona, Mizana (tsakanin 1680 da 1712)
• Andriamboeniarivo, Andriantonkafo (tsakanin 1712 da 1722)

Bayan mulkin Andriantonkafo an raba masarautar gida biyu:

• Ɗayan ya yi sarauta ta Andramahatindriarivo (1722-1742) da ɗayan Andrianahevenarivo (1733- ?)

Andramahatindriarivo ya gaje shi

• Ndramanihatinarivo (1742-1749) da
• Ndramarofaly (1749-1780).
• Ravahiny ko Andriavahiny (1780-1808)
• Tsimaloma (1808-1822)
• Andriantsoly, Andriamanava-Karivo (1822-1824). Radama I ya ba shi a 1824 bayan faduwar Mahajanga, daga 1832 zuwa 1843 ya yi hijira kuma ya yi sarauta a Mayotte. Ya sanya hannu kan Haɗin Mayotte ta Faransa a cikin 1841.
• Oantitsy, 'yar'uwar Andriantsoly, ta zama sarauniya daga 1832 zuwa 1836
• Tsiomeko, 'yarta, ta biyo daga 1832 zuwa 1843 (a Nosy Be) amma dole ne ta nemi mafaka a Nosy Be a 1837.

A cikin 1841 tsibiran Nosy Be da Nosy Komba sun zama Kariyar Faransa.

• Andriamamalikiarivo (Fitahiana). Ta haifi ɗa tare da Dormoamy na Beramanja wanda shine firaministan ta, wanda ake kira:
• Rano, kuma mai suna Andriamanintrana
• Ndriananetry, wanda ya haifa
• Tandroka, Ndramamahagna, wanda daga baya ya zama gwamnan Analalava . Ya zama yara Soazara da Ndriantahira (ko Ambilahikely na Analalava). Lokacin da ya rasu, dansa 'Rano' yana karami; mulkin ya fada cikin rashin zaman lafiya.
• Safy Mozongo, daga baya ana kiransa Andriamandrambiarivo (1869–1879), ɗan uwan Tsiomeko . An binne ta a 1880 a Nosy Komba .
• Binao (1881-1923). A karkashin mulkinta Madagaskar ta zama turawan Faransa. Wani dan uwanta ne ya kore ta daga doany (fadar sarauta).
• Amada (1923-1968) amma a cikin layi daya kuma Andriamamatatrarivo, wanda ya yi mulki a lokaci guda, daga 1923 zuwa 1968.
• Fatoma, kuma ana kiranta Andriamanaitriarivo, ɗan'uwan Amada, ta hau gadon sarauta a 1970.
• Amady Andriantsoly (*18 Agusta 1933 Nosy-Be – †05 Mars 2011 a Nosy-Be), mai suna: Amada II, wanda aka rasa a 1993.
• Soulaimana Andriantsoly (1993-yanzu)

Alkaluma

Rarraba kabilun Malagasy

Tsarin kafa tarihi na masarautar Sakalava ya bayyana babban bambancin da ke tsakanin mazaunanta, waɗanda ke ci gaba da dawwamar al'adun yanki na musamman, na al'adu da na harshe. Game da ƙarshen, ainihin abin da ya haɗa da yarukan Sakalava daban-daban shine kasancewarsu gama gari zuwa rukunin yamma na harsunan Madagascar tare da tasiri mai ƙarfi daga Afirka, wanda ya bambanta su da harsunan tsakiya da gabas na tsibirin tsibirin, waɗanda galibi harsunan Austronesian (Malayo-Polynesian) ne.

An rarraba mutanen Sakalava a ko'ina, fiye da murabba'in kilomita 128,000 a cikin makada da ke bakin teku daga Kogin Onilahy a kudu maso yamma zuwa Nosy Be a arewa. Wadannan mutane kuma sun hada da shanun zebu irin wadanda ake samu a Afirka, wadanda ba su da yawa a wasu yankuna da cikin tsibirin.

Addini

Addinin gargajiya na mutanen Sakalava (60%), da ake kira Fomba Gasy, ya dogara ne akan bautar kakannin sarauta, taimakon zuriyar dady mai daraja wanda ya adana ragowar sarakunan da suka mutu. Dady firistoci za su gudanar da wani biki mai suna Tromba, inda suka duba ruhohin kakannin matattu da kuma sanar da maganarsu zuwa ga mutanen Sakalava.

Ahlus-Sunnah sun iso cikin mutanen Sakalava tare da Larabawa yan kasuwa. Sarakunan mutanen Sakalava ne suka karbe ta a karni na goma sha takwas, domin samun goyon bayan soja daga Omani da Zanzibar Sultanate, yayin da tasirin mutanen Merina da 'yan kasuwa na Turai ke karuwa. Kaso mai tsoka na Sakalava sun musulunta a lokacin mulkin Andriantsoly, yayin da suke ci gaba da ayyukan addininsu na gargajiya kamar bautar ruhi.

Taron Tromba a Madagascar.

Kiristanci (35%) ya isa tsakanin mutanen Sakalava tare da 'yan kasuwa na Turai. A farkon karni na 19, Sakalava ya nemi goyon bayan soja ga turawan mulkin mallaka don su sami damar isa ga masarautar Merina. Ƙarfin sojan Faransa karkashin jagorancin Kyaftin Passot ya isa tashar jiragen ruwa na Sakalava, tare da masu mishan na Kirista na Katolika na Jesuit. Garin tsibirin Nosy Be ya zama matsayinsu na manufa, kuma a farkon karni na 20, an gina cocin Katolika da yawa a yankin Sakalava. Furotesta ya yi ƙoƙari ya isa Sakalava, amma ƙiyayyar sarautar musulmi Sakalava ga sarakunan Merina waɗanda suka rigaya sun kasance Furotesta, da kuma kin Sakalava na watsi da al'adun su na al'ada irin su bautar ruhin sarauta, musamman na Tromba - al'ada, ya sa Sakalava ya ci gaba da Musulunci ko Katolika.

Al'umma da al'adu

Tromba ya kasance wani abin tarihi na mutanen Sakalava, kuma ya ta'allaka ne da bukukuwa da jerin gwano na ruhin masarautarsu da suka rasu. Muzaharar ba ta wuce na addini ba, a tarihi ta kasance wani nau'i ne na bukukuwan al'umma da kuma bikin tabbatar da asali. Har ila yau, ana samun Tromba a tsakanin sauran kabilu a wasu sassa na Madagaska, amma tare da Sakalava tana da dangantaka mai tsawo da goyon baya ga daular sarauta, wanda ya ci gaba da yin aiki tare da mahimmanci.

Social stratification

Al'ummar Sakalava sun zama masu ra'ayin jama'a, kamar sauran kabilu masu yawa, tare da fara bautar. Tsarin saɓani na Sakalava ya kasance bisa tsarin tsaftar da aka ɗauka na kowane ɓangarori. A cikin masarautar Sakalava, sassan sun haɗa da Ampanzaka, ko na sarauta, da kuma Makoa, ko kuma kalmar 'ya'yan bayi na Afirka.

Rayuwa

Matar Malagasy sanye da masonjoany, manna kayan kwalliya a ko'ina a tsakanin matan Sakalava.

Sakalava makiyaya ne da ke da manyan garken shanu na zebu, bisa ga al’adar an ba su damar yin kiwo cikin walwala a cikin ciyayi a yankinsu na arewa maso yamma. Ba kamar mutanen Merina da Betsileo na cikin gida waɗanda suka zama manoman shinkafa masu yawan gaske, yankin bakin teku da kwarin Sakalava a tarihi suna da ƙarancin noma. Koyaya, a Madagascar ta zamani, baƙi sun faɗaɗa gonaki da noma zuwa lardunan arewa maso yamma.

Sanannen Sakalava

• Jaojoby, mawaƙin da aka fi sani da Sarkin Salegy, ɗan Malagasy ne wanda ya fito daga ƙabilar Sakalava.

Litattafai

• Portions of this article were translated from fr:Sakalava
• Bradt, Hilary; Austin, Daniel (2007). Madagascar (9th ed.). Guilford, CT: The Globe Pequot Press Inc. pp. 113–115. ISBN 978-1-84162-197-5.
• Diagram Group (2013). Encyclopedia of African Peoples. San Francisco, CA: Routledge. ISBN 9781135963415.
• Ogot, Bethwell A. (1992). Africa from the Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Century. Paris: UNESCO. ISBN 9789231017117.
• Goedefroit, Sophie (1998). À l'ouest de Madagascar - les Sakalava du Menabe. IRD Editions. ISBN 2-7099-1386-0.