Mutanen Tai

Mutanen Tai

Harsuna
Tai (en)
Kabilu masu alaƙa
Kra–Dai-speaking peoples (en)

• 
  An gabatar da tsarin asalin harsunan Daic da alaƙarsu da harsunan Austronesian ( Blench, 2018)
• 
  Hanyar ƙaura Kra-Dai (Tai-Kadai) bisa ga James R. Chamberlain (2016).
• 
  Hanyar ƙaura ta Tai-Kadai bisa ga hasashen Matthias Gerner na Arewa maso Gabas zuwa Kudu maso Yamma .

 

Mutanen Tai su ne al'ummar da ke magana (ko kuma a da) harsunan Tai . Akwai jimillar mutane kimanin miliyan 93 daga zuriyar Tai a duk duniya, tare da manyan kabilun da suka fi yawa sune Dai, Thai, Isan, Lao, Shan, Ahom, Zhuang, Tày, Nùng, Táy, da kuma wasu al'ummomin Arewacin Thailand .

An rarraba kabilar Tai a yawancin Kudancin China da Babban yankin Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya, inda wasu ( misali Tai Ahom, Tai Khamti, Tai Phake, Tai Aiton) ke zaune a sassan Arewa maso Gabashin Indiya . Mutanen Tai suna da kama da juna a al'ada da kuma a fannin kwayoyin halitta, don haka galibi ana gane su ta hanyar yarensu.

Sunaye

Masu magana da harsuna da yawa a reshen Tai na dangin harsunan Tai-Kadai sun bazu a ƙasashe da yawa a Kudancin China, Indochina da Arewa maso Gabashin Indiya . Ba abin mamaki ba ne, akwai kalmomi da yawa da ake amfani da su don bayyana mutanen Tai na waɗannan yankuna.

A cewar Michel Ferlus, ƙabilun Tai/Thai (ko Tay/Thay) sun samo asali ne daga etymon *k(ə)ri: 'ɗan adam' ta hanyar sarkar mai zuwa: kəri: > kəli: > kədi:/kədaj ( -l- > -d- canji a cikin jerin kalmomi masu tsauri da yuwuwar diphthongization na -i: > -aj ). Wannan kuma ya canza zuwa di:/daj (ƙara presyllabic da yiwuwar diphthongization -i: > -aj ). Sannan zuwa *daj ^A (Proto-Southwestern Tai) > tʰaj ^A2 (a cikin Siamese da Lao) ko > taj ^A2 (a cikin sauran harsunan Kudu maso Yamma da Tsakiyar Tai ta Li Fangkuei ). Aikin Michel Ferlus ya dogara ne akan wasu ƙa'idodi masu sauƙi na canjin sauti wanda ake iya gani a cikin Sinosphere kuma William H. Baxter ya yi nazari a mafi yawan lokuta (1992).

Asalin ƙabila da ikon mallakar mutanen Lao (lǎo 獠) tare da ƙabila Gelao (Gēlǎo 仡佬), ƙabilar Kra da ta bazu daga Guìzhōu (China) zuwa Arewacin Vietnam, da kuma Sino-Vietnamese 'Jiao' kamar yadda yake a Jiaozhi (jiāo zhǐ 交趾), sunan Arewacin Vietnam da tsoffin Sinawa suka bayar, zai fito ne daga Austro-Asiatic *k(ə)ra:w 'ɗan adam'.

Tarihi

Asali

James R. Chamberlain (2016) ya gabatar da cewa an kafa dangin harsunan Tai-Kadai (Kra-Dai) tun farkon karni na 12 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa a tsakiyar kwarin Yangtze, wanda ya yi daidai da kafuwar jihar Chu da kuma farkon daular Zhou . Bayan hijirar kudu ta mutanen Kra da Hlai (Rei/Li) a kusan karni na 8 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa, mutanen Yue (Be-Tai) sun fara ballewa suka koma gabar gabashin lardin Zhejiang na yanzu, a karni na 6 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa, inda suka kafa jihar Yue suka kuma mamaye jihar Wu jim kadan bayan haka. A cewar Chamberlain, mutanen Yue (Be-Tai) sun fara ƙaura zuwa kudu tare da gabar gabashin kasar Sin zuwa abin da yanzu ake kira Guangxi, Guizhou da arewacin Vietnam, bayan da Chu ta mamaye Yue a kusa da shekara ta 333 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa. A can ne Yue (Be-Tai) ya kafa Luo Yue, wanda ya koma Lingnan da Annam sannan ya shiga yamma zuwa arewa maso gabashin Laos da Sip Song Chau Tai, daga baya kuma ya zama Tai ta Tsakiya-Kudu maso Yamma, sai Xi Ou, wanda ya zama Tai ta Arewa ).

Binciken harshe na kwatantawa da alama yana nuna cewa mutanen Tai al'ada ce ta masu magana da Proto-Tai-Kadai a kudancin China kuma sun bazu zuwa babban yankin kudu maso gabashin Asiya. Wasu masana harsuna sun ba da shawarar cewa harsunan Tai-Kadai na iya fitowa daga dangin harsunan Proto-Austronesia . Laurent Sagart (2004) ya yi hasashen cewa harsunan Tai-Kadai na iya samo asali ne daga tsibirin Taiwan, inda suke magana da yaren Proto-Austronesia ko ɗaya daga cikin harsunan da suka fito daga zuriyarsu. Ba kamar ƙungiyar Malayo-Polynesian waɗanda daga baya suka yi tafiya zuwa kudu zuwa Philippines da sauran sassan teku na Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya, kakannin mutanen Tai-Kadai na zamani sun yi tafiya zuwa yamma zuwa babban yankin China kuma wataƙila sun yi tafiya tare da Kogin Pearl, inda harshensu ya canza sosai daga sauran harsunan Austronesia ƙarƙashin tasirin haɗakar harshen Sino-Tibet da Hmong-Mien . Duk da haka, ba a gano wata shaidar tarihi da ta dace da faɗaɗa Daic (Tai-Kadai) a farkon matakansa ba. Baya ga shaidar harshe, ana iya samun alaƙar da ke tsakanin Austronesian da Tai-Kadai a wasu al'adu na yau da kullun. Roger Blench (2008) ya nuna cewa fitowar hakori, zane-zanen fuska, yin baƙi hakora da kuma bautar macizai suna tsakanin ' yan Austronesian na Taiwan da kuma mutanen Tai-Kadai na Kudancin China.

• 
  An gabatar da tsarin asalin harsunan Daic da alaƙarsu da harsunan Austronesian ( Blench, 2018)
• 
  Hanyar ƙaura Kra-Dai (Tai-Kadai) bisa ga James R. Chamberlain (2016).
• 
  Hanyar ƙaura ta Tai-Kadai bisa ga hasashen Matthias Gerner na Arewa maso Gabas zuwa Kudu maso Yamma .

Jihohin farko na birane a Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya

Tushen kayan yaƙin Siamese a Angkor Wat, wanda aka bayyana a matsayin Syāṃ kuk . Siamese sun sami mulkinsu a ƙarni na sha uku kuma suka zama babban abokin hamayya da Angkor.

'Yan gudun hijirar Tai sun haɗu suka yi aure da mutanen 'yan asalin Austroasiatic na Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya, ko kuma sun tura su zuwa yankunan da ba su da nisa, amma masarautar da Indiya ta yi tasiri a kansu ta dakatar da faɗaɗarsu, kodayake Khmer ne babban iko a Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya a lokacin ƙaurar Tai. Tai ta kafa ƙananan biranen da aka sani da mueang a ƙarƙashin Khmer suzerainty a gefen Daular Khmer, suna gina kayayyakin more rayuwa na ban ruwa da filayen noma don hanyoyin noman shinkafa na mutanen Tai. Tatsuniyoyin Tai na Khun Borom, waɗanda aka raba tsakanin al'ummomin Tai daban-daban na Kudu maso Yammacin Asiya, Babban Assam da Yunnan, sun shafi sarkin Meuang Thaen na farko, wanda zuriyarsa suka ci gaba da gano daular Tai da ta mallaki nau'ikan Tai mueang .

A hankali mutanen Tais daga arewa suka zauna a kwarin Chao Phraya tun daga ƙarni na goma zuwa gaba, a ƙasashen da al'adun Dvaravati suka samo asali, suka rungumi tsoffin mutanen Mon da Khmer, tare da haɗuwa da Daular Khmer. Mutanen Tais waɗanda suka zo yankin Thailand na yanzu sun shiga cikin addinin Buddha na Theravada na Litinin da al'adun Hindu-Khmer da fasahar gwamnati . Saboda haka, al'adun Thailand cakuda al'adun Tai ne tare da tasirin Indic, Litinin, da Khmer.

Babban iko na siyasa da Daular Khmer ta yi ba wai kawai ya shafi tsakiyar lardin Khmer ba, inda mafi yawan jama'ar Khmer ne, har ma da lardunan kan iyaka da ake kyautata zaton mutanen da ba 'yan Khmer ba ne ke zaune - ciki har da yankunan arewa da arewa maso gabashin Bangkok na zamani, ƙananan filayen tsakiya da kuma babban kogin Ping a yankin Lamphun - Chiang Mai . Mutanen Tai su ne ƙungiyoyin da ba na Khmer ba da suka fi yawa a yankunan tsakiyar Thailand waɗanda suka samar da yankin Daular Khmer. Wasu ƙungiyoyin Tai wataƙila sun shiga cikin al'ummar Khmer. Bayanan tarihi sun nuna cewa Tai ta ci gaba da bambanta al'adunsu, kodayake addininsu na arna ya ba da hanya ga addinin Buddha . Takardun tarihi na Tai sun lura cewa lokacin Daular Khmer ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan rikice-rikice na cikin gida. A ƙarni na 11 da 12, yankuna masu ƙarfi na Tai, kamar Lavo (a yanzu arewa-tsakiyar Thailand), sun yi tsayayya da ikon Khmer.

Yunnan ya yi ƙoƙarin farko na yin nasara a kan Ming (1369–1380)

Yarima Basalawarmi na Mongol ya yi mulkin Yunnan a ƙarƙashin daular Yuan daga babban birnin Kunming . Ya yi mulki a kaikaice kan tarin ƙananan hukumomi da hakimai daban-daban na ƙabilu daban-daban. Iyalan Duan ne suka fi iko a cikin waɗannan jihohin waɗanda suka mallaki yankin da ke kewaye da Dali .

Jaridar Ming Shi-lu ta ruwaito cewa an aika da jakadu don su umurci mazauna Yunnan a shekara ta 1371. A shekara ta 1372, shahararren masanin nan Wang Wei ya ba da wa'adin mika wuya ga Yunnan a matsayin jakada. An kashe wakilin Wang Wei a shekara ta 1374 kuma an aika wani aiki a shekara ta 1375. Wannan aikin ya sake gaza. An aika da wani aikin diflomasiyya zuwa Burma a shekara ta 1374, amma saboda Annam yana yaƙi da Champa, hanyoyi sun toshe kuma an dawo da aikin. A shekara ta 1380, Ming ba ta sake rubuta sakonnin ta ba kamar Yunnan wata ƙasa ce daban. Nan ba da jimawa ba, za a fara gabatar da sabbin shawarwari masu sauƙi da ƙarfin soja.

Sauran al'ummomin Tai da harsunansu

Taswirar filayen ƙasar Sin a farkon zamanin Yaƙin Duniya a ƙarni na 5 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa, wanda ke nuna wuraren da jihohin Chu da Wu suke.

Harsunan Tai da ake amfani da su a yau suna amfani da rubuce-rubuce daban-daban, daga haruffan Sinanci zuwa rubutun Abugida . Bambancin harsunan Kra-Dai a kudancin China wataƙila yana nuna asalin dangin harshen Kra-Dai a kudancin China. Reshen Tai ya koma kudu zuwa kudu maso gabashin Asiya kusan shekara ta 1000 AD. Kayan tarihin Sinanci daga rubuce-rubucen Chu suna nuna tasirin substrate a sarari galibi daga Tai-Kadai, da kuma wasu abubuwa kaɗan na asalin Austroasiatic da Hmong-Mien .

Halittar Halitta

Mutanen Tai suna da yawan mitoci na ƙungiyar haplogroup ta Y-DNA O-M95 (gami da ƙaramin rukuni na O-M88, wanda kuma aka gano yana da yawan mitoci a tsakanin mutanen Vietnam da kuma mutanen Kuy a Laos, inda aka kuma san su da Suy, Soai, ko Souei, da Cambodia ), matsakaicin mitoci na ƙungiyar haplogroup ta Y-DNA O-M122 (musamman ƙaramin rukuni na O-M117, kamar masu magana da harsunan Tibeto-Burman ), da matsakaicin mitoci na ƙungiyar haplogroup O-M119 . Ana kyautata zaton ƙungiyar haplogroup ta O-M119 Y-DNA tana da alaƙa da mutanen Austronesian da kuma mutanen Tai. Yaɗuwar Y-DNA haplogroup O-M175 tsakanin al'ummomin Austronesian da Tai yana nuna cewa asalin kakanninsu ɗaya ne da masu magana da harsunan Austroasiatic, Sino-Tibet, da Hmong-Mien kimanin shekaru 30,000 da suka gabata a China ( Haplogroup O (Y-DNA) ). Ana samun ƙungiyar haplog ta Y-DNA O-M95 a wurare da yawa a tsakanin yawancin mutanen Tai, wanda wata siffa ce da suke da ita tare da ƙabilun Austroasiatic da ke makwabtaka da su da kuma mutanen Austronesia a Babban yankin Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya ( misali Cham a Lardin Bình Thuận na Vietnam, Jarai a Lardin Ratanakiri na Cambodia, Giarai da Ede a yankin Tsakiyar tsaunuka na Vietnam ), Malaysia, Singapore, da yammacin Indonesia. Ƙungiyoyin haplog ta Y-DNA O-M95, O-M119, da O-M122 duk ƙananan rukuni ne na O-M175, wani maye gurbi na kwayoyin halitta wanda aka kiyasta ya samo asali kimanin shekaru 40,000 da suka gabata, a wani wuri a China.

Wani bincike na kwayoyin halitta da harshe na baya-bayan nan a shekarar 2015 ya nuna babban daidaito tsakanin mutanen da ke magana da Kra-Dai, wanda ke nuna cewa asalinsu ɗaya ne kuma babban maye gurbin tsoffin ƙungiyoyin da ba na Kra-Dai ba a kudu maso gabashin Asiya. Al'ummar Kra-Dai sun fi kusa da al'ummar kudancin China da Taiwan.

Ƙungiyar zamantakewa

'Yan Tai suna yin wani nau'in mulkin kama-karya wanda ya bambanta da na mutanen Han na China, kuma an daidaita shi musamman don kafa jihohi a cikin yanayin tsaunuka masu bambancin ƙabila da harshe waɗanda suka mai da hankali kan kwari masu dacewa da noman shinkafa mai danshi. Tsarin al'umma wani yanki ne mai rarrabuwar kawuna. 'Yan Tai suna zaune a kwaruruka na ƙasa da koguna na babban yankin kudu maso gabashin Asiya. Ƙungiyoyin ƙabilu da harsuna daban-daban suna zaune a tsaunuka. Ƙauyen Tai ya ƙunshi iyalan nukiliya waɗanda ke aiki a matsayin manoman shinkafa na rayuwa, suna zaune a ƙananan gidaje da aka ɗaga sama da ƙasa. Iyalai sun haɗu don kariya daga hare-haren waje da kuma raba nauyin gyare-gyare da kulawa na jama'a. A cikin ƙauyen, an ƙirƙiri majalisar dattawa don taimakawa wajen magance matsaloli, shirya bukukuwa da al'adu da kuma kula da ƙauyen. Ƙauyuka za su haɗu don samar da Mueang ( Thai ), ƙungiyar ƙauyuka da wani Chao ke mulki ( Thai ) (ubangiji).

Ƙungiyoyi da sunaye na Tai ta Kudu maso Yamma a China

Ga sunayen al'ummomin Tai da harsunan da ba a san su sosai ba.