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Mutum Mai cutar metapneumovirus

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Mutum Mai cutar metapneumovirus
Scientific classification
KingdomOrthornavirae (mul) Orthornavirae
PhylumNegarnaviricota (mul) Negarnaviricota
ClassMonjiviricetes (mul) Monjiviricetes
OrderMononegavirales (mul) Mononegavirales
DangiParamyxoviridae (mul) Paramyxoviridae
GenusMetapneumovirus (mul) Metapneumovirus
jinsi Human metapneumovirus
,
General information
Rashin lafiya metapneumovirus infection (en) Fassara

Human metapneumovirus ('hMPV' ko hMPV) kwayar cuta ce mai ma'ana guda ɗaya da RNA ta dangin Pneumoviridae kuma tana da alaƙa da da C ta tsuntsaye (AMPV). [1] An ware shi a karo na farko a cikin 2001 a cikin Netherlands ta amfani da dabarar RAP-PCR (RNA da aka ƙaddamar da PCR) don gano ƙwayoyin cuta da ba a sani ba da ke girma a cikin ƙwayoyin halitta. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2016, ita ce sanarwa ta biyu mafi yawanci - bayan kwayar cutar syncytial (RSV) - na cututtukan numfashi mai tsanani a cikin yara masu lafiya a ƙarƙashin shekaru 5 a cikin babban asibitin marasa lafiya na Amurka.[2]

Mafi girman shekarun asibiti ga jarirai tare da HMPV yana tsakanin watanni 6 zuwa 12, dan kadan ya fi girma fiye da mafi girma na RSV, wanda ke kusa da watanni 2 zuwa 3. Abubuwan asibiti da tsananin HMPV suna kama da na RSV. HMPV kuma muhimmiyar sanadin cutar ce a cikin tsofaffi da jarirai.

Tarihin lissafi

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Genus Metapneumovirus: jinsuna da ƙwayoyin cuta [3]
Halitta Nau'o'in Kwayar cuta (abbreviation) NCBI taxonomy ID
Metapneumovirus Ra'ayi na Metapneumovirus kwayar cutar metapneumovirus ta tsuntsaye (AMPV) 38525
Metapneumovirus hominis kwayar cutar metapneumovirus ta mutum (HMPV) 162145

Bincike da suna

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An fara gano kwayar cutar metapneumovirus (HMPV) a cikin 2001 a cikin Netherlands ta hanyar Bernadette G. van den Hoogen da abokan aikinta.[4][5][6][7] An fara gano HMPV a cikin asirin numfashi na yara 28 a cikin Netherlands kuma da farko sun fito ne daga wasu ƙwayoyin cuta na numfashi na yau da kullun saboda hanyoyin gwajin van den Hoogen da abokan aikinta sun yi ƙoƙari su yi amfani da - gwajin rigakafin ta amfani da takamaiman ƙwayoyin rigakafin ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin halitta da hanyoyin PCR ta amfani da ƙwayoyin cutar ƙwayoyin halittar ƙwayoyin jini - sun sami damar gwada kawai don ƙwayoyin cututtukanƙarar ƙwayoyin da aka sani kuma, sabili da haka, ba su iya gano sabon kwayar cuta ba.[4]

Lokacin da masu bincike suka fara amfani da dabarun ilmin halitta, ana iya gano halaye na kwayoyin halitta da ɓangarorin jerin kwayoyin halitta na kwayar cutar. Wadannan dabarun sun hada da dabarar PCR da aka tsara ba zato ba tsammani, wanda ya sami iyakantaccen jerin bayanai da ake buƙata don bayyana kyakkyawar dangantaka tsakanin wannan sabon kwayar cutar da cutar huhu ta tsuntsaye.[4] Sabon kwayar cutar, metapneumovirus na mutum, an sanya masa suna ne saboda dangantakarsa ta kusa da AMPV, yana nuna asalinsa a matsayin metapneusovirus da mai masaukin mutum.[4]

Yaduwar cututtuka

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HMPV tana da alhakin kashi 12% na cututtukan cututtuken numfashi a cikin yara masu lafiya a asibitin asibiti na Amurka [2] da kashi 15% da 8% na shari'o'in (bisa ga haka) na cutar huhu da aka samu a cikin al'umma wanda ke buƙatar asibiti a cikin yara a ƙarƙashin shekaru 5 a Amurka a cikin 2010-2012.[8] Ana rarraba kwayar cutar a duk duniya kuma, a yankuna masu matsakaici, tana da rarrabawar yanayi gabaɗaya bayan RSV da ƙwayoyin cuta na mura a ƙarshen hunturu da bazara. [2] [9] Nazarin Serologic ya nuna cewa tun yana da shekaru biyar, kusan dukkanin yara a duk duniya sun fallasa kwayar cutar. [1][10][11][12] Duk da kusan kamuwa da cuta a duniya a lokacin farkon rayuwa, sake kamuwa da cutar ya zama ruwan dare a cikin tsofaffi yara da manya. [2] [13][11][14]

HMPV may cause mild upper respiratory tract infection (e.g., the common cold). However, premature infants,[15] immunocompromised persons,[16][17][18][19] and older adults >65 years [14][20][21] are at risk for severe disease and hospitalization. In some studies of hospitalizations and emergency room visits, HMPV is nearly as common and severe as influenza in older adults.[14][20][21][22] HMPV is associated with more severe disease in people with asthma[23][24][25][26] and adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).[27][28][29] Numerous outbreaks of HMPV have been reported in long-term care facilities for children and adults, causing fatalities.[30][31][32][33][34]

Tsarin samfurin da sunadarai da aka tsara ta hanyar Human Metapneumovirus (hMPV). (a) tsarin samfurin hMPV wanda ke nuna sunadarai na kwayar cuta wanda (b) kwayar cutaa ta tsara.

Ƙungiyar genomic ta HMPV tana kama da RSV;  duk da haka, HMPV ba ta da kwayoyin halitta marasa tsari, NS1 da NS2, kuma HMPV antisense RNA genome ya ƙunshi firam ɗin karantawa guda takwas a cikin tsarin jinsin ɗan adam daban-daban fiye da RSV (wato 3'-N-P-M-F-M2-SH-G-L-5').  HMPV yana da kama da kwayoyin metapneumoviruses na Avian A, B kuma musamman nau'in C. Binciken phylogenetic na HMPV ya nuna wanzuwar manyan layin kwayoyin halitta guda biyu da ake kira subtype A da B dauke da su a cikin ƙananan ƙungiyoyi A1/A2 da B1/B2 bi da bi.  Genotyping dangane da jerin kwayoyin halittar F da G sun nuna cewa subtype B yana da alaƙa da ƙara tsawon lokacin tari da haɓaka tsarin numfashi na gabaɗaya idan aka kwatanta da HMPV-A.[35]

Tsarin rayuwa da haifuwa

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hMPV an kiyasta yana da lokacin shiryawa na kwanaki 3-6 kuma galibi yana aiki sosai a lokacin hunturu da lokacin bazara a cikin yanayin yanayi mai zafi, tare da yanayin RSV da mura kuma yana iya ba da damar kamuwa da cuta maimaituwa.  Tun daga 2012 [sabuntawa], hMPV da sake zagayowar sa ba a fahimta sosai ba.  An yi nazarin wasu daga cikin manyan matakai na sake zagayowar hMPV tare da gwaje-gwajen da suka danganta da yanayin yanayin rayuwa na hoto ko bidiyo mai zagaya yanar gizo da sauri da kuma matakan haifuwa na sauran dangin Paramyxoviridae..[36]

Mataki na farko na sake zagayowar hMPV shine haɗewa da tantanin halitta, musamman Kwayoyin epithelial na hanyar numfashi, ta amfani da furotin G.[7][36] Wannan furotin G yana ƙunshe da yankin hydrophobic wanda ke aiki a matsayin peptide na siginar da ba a rufe shi ba da kuma membrane anchor don sauƙaƙe ɗaurewa; duk da haka, saboda Kwayoyin cuta masu haɗuwa waɗanda ba su da furotin G har yanzu suna iya maimaitawa a cikin vitro da in vivo, da alama cewa haɗewa ta hanyar furotin G ba a buƙata don sauran sake zagayowar maimaitawa.[7]

Na gaba a cikin sake zagayowar shine haɗuwa da kwayar cuta da membrane wanda mai yiwuwa furotin F ne ke shiga tsakani.[7][36] Kodayake tsarin haɗuwa yayi kama da na sauran dangin Paramyxoviridae kuma ya haɗa da canje-canje na furotin F, tsarin hMPV ba ya dogara da furotin G don haɗuwa kamar membobinta na iyali, yana nuna daidaituwa tare da ra'ayin da aka ambata a baya cewa furotin G ba lallai ba ne don matakai na gaba na sake zagayowar hMPV.[7][36] An tabbatar da aikin haɗuwa na furotin F ta hanyar ikonsa na ɗaurewa ga ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin ta hanyar integrin αvβ1 ta amfani da Arginine-Glycine-Aspartate (RGD), wanda aka yi hasashen shine abin da ke haifar da abubuwan haɗakar membrane.[7]

Babban bambanci tsakanin hMPV da sauran hanyoyin haɗin ƙwayoyin cuta na Paramyxoviridae ko da yake shi ne cewa hMPV's fusion events faruwa a acidic pH matakan yayin da sauran ƙwayoyin cuta 'fusion events faruwa a tsaka tsaki pH matakan;  duk da haka, ana buƙatar ƙarin bincike a wannan yanki don samun ƙarin fahimtar abin da ya bambanta game da tsarin haɗin hMPV da kuma dalilin da ya sa.  Ko da yake takamaiman aikinsa ba shi da tabbas, kasancewar SH glycoprotein ba ya bayyana yana da wani tasiri akan kwafin motsin motsa jiki, tasirin cytopathic, ko samuwar hMPV..[36]

Mataki na ƙarshe a cikin tsarin kwafi na hMPV wanda yake da tabbas tabbas shine tafiya na ambulan glycoproteins (F, G, da SH) zuwa yankuna na tarawar membranous ta hanyar kayan aikin Golgi da za a fallasa su a saman ƙwayoyin cutar.  RNA da haɗin sunadaran ƙwayoyin cuta ba su da tabbas kuma suna buƙatar ƙarin bincike..[7]

Kwayar cuta

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HMPV yana kamuwa da ƙwayoyin epithelial na iska a cikin hanci da huhu. Ana tunanin HMPV yana haɗe da tantanin halitta ta hanyar glycoprotein (G) furotin hulɗa tare da heparan sulfate da sauran glycosaminoglycans. HMPV fusion (F) furotin yana ƙunshe da RGD (Arg-Gly-Asp) wanda ke shiga RGD-binding integrins a matsayin masu karɓar sel, [37] [38] [39] sannan ya shiga tsakani da haɗuwa da membrane na tantanin halitta da ambulaf ɗin kwayar cuta a cikin salon pH mai zaman kansa, mai yiwuwa a cikin endosomes.[40][41][42] HMPV sa'an nan kuma yana haifar da martani na chemokines da cytokines kamar IL-6, IFN-alpha, TNF-alpha، IL-2, da kuma sunadarai masu kumburi na macrophage, wanda hakan ke haifar da peribronchiolar da perivascular infiltration da kumburi.

Binciken

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Hoton radiyo na kirji na mutum mai shekaru 47 tare da kwayar cutar metapneumovirus mai alaƙa da encephalitis. Ƙarfafawa a cikin tsakiya na tsakiya na dama (zagaye) yana nuna cutar huhu.

Gano HMPV ya dogara da fasahar sake fasalin polymerase (RT-PCR) don fadada kai tsaye daga RNA da aka cire daga samfurori na numfashi. An yi amfani da wasu hanyoyin da suka fi dacewa don gano HMPV ta hanyar hanyoyin da suka shafi nucleic acid kuma waɗannan sun haɗa da:

  1. gano antigen na hMPV a cikin ɓoyewar nasopharyngeal ta hanyar gwajin rigakafin rigakafi
  2. amfani da immunofluorescence staining tare da monoclonal antibodies don gano HMPV a cikin nasopharyngeal secretions da shell vial al'adu
  3. Gwaje-gwaje na immunofluorescence don gano takamaiman magungunan rigakafi na hMPV
  4. amfani da Magungunan rigakafi na polyclonal da keɓewa kai tsaye a cikin ƙwayoyin halitta.

Kodayake an fara gano hMPV kuma an gano shi a cikin shekara ta 2001, binciken serological ya nuna cewa hMPV, ko dangi na kusa da shi, ya riga ya bazu aƙalla shekaru 50.[4][43] Daga wannan bayanin, a bayyane yake cewa kwayar cutar ba kawai ta "tsalle" daga tsuntsaye ba, ko wasu tankunan dabbobi, zuwa mutane jim kadan kafin gano ta.[4]

Ya zuwa 2022, kamuwa da cuta mafi girma daga hMPV a arewacin arewacin yana cikin ƙarshen hunturu da farkon bazara, amma ana iya samun sa a duniya a duk faɗin nahiyoyi [43] kuma rarraba sa yana da rikitarwa sosai kuma yana da ƙarfi. [4] Masu bincike sun gano cewa hMPV galibi yana cikin gida kuma yana iya bambanta sosai daga al'umma zuwa al'umma, yana ba da damar yiwuwar damuwa a wuri ɗaya shekara guda ya zama mafi kama da damuwa a wani wuri daban a shekara mai zuwa.[4]

An rubuta wannan sabon abu tare da kwayar cutar a Ostiraliya a cikin 2001; a Faransa a cikin 2000 da 2002; a Kanada a cikin 1999, 2000, 2001, da 2002; A Isra'ila a cikin 2002; kuma a cikin Netherlands a cikin 2001 duk suna da alaƙa sosai bisa ga jerin kwayar F.[4] Akwai akalla manyan nau'ikan halittar hMPV guda biyu (A da B) waɗanda ke yawo a lokacin barkewar al'umma kuma kowane nau'in halittar yana da nasa biyu, [4] amma a yanzu, da alama babu wani nau'in da ya fi rinjaye wasu kuma babu wani daga cikinsu da aka sani da haifar da matakan tsananin tsanani. [43]

HMPV yana yiwuwa yaduwa daga masu kamuwa da cuta zuwa wasu ta hanyar 1. ɓoye daga tari da atishawa, 2. kusancin mutum (misali tabawa, girgiza hannu, da dai sauransu), da 3. taɓa abubuwa da ƙwayoyin cuta a kansu sannan kuma taɓa bakinka, hanci, ko idanu.  A wasu gwaje-gwajen alluran rigakafin, masu bincike sun lura da yadda kwayar cutar parainfluenza na mutum mai raye-raye wacce ke dauke da kwayoyin hMPV F na iya haifar da takamaiman rigakafin hMPV kuma yana iya kare dabbobin gwaji daga hMPV..[4]

Another similar study demonstrated how a chimeric bovine/human parainfluenza virus 3 expressing the hMPV F gene allows for neutralizing antibodies against both parainfluenza and hMPV.[4] These experiments have several limitations, including their small-population animal models.[4] Overall, while vaccines and antiviral therapy treatments are in the works, the biggest difficulty that researchers face As of 2006 is the limited data available about the development of hMPV in the natural host.[4]

Rarraba

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Wataƙila yaduwar tana faruwa ne ta hanyar hulɗa da ɓoyayyun ɓoyayyen da aka gurbata, ta hanyar droplet, aerosol, ko fomite vectors.[44] An bayar da rahoton kamuwa da cututtukan asibiti tare da metapneumovirus na mutum.[45] An nuna cewa HMPV yana zagayawa a lokacin faduwa da watanni na hunturu tare da sauyawa na nau'i ɗaya a kowace shekara.[35]

Magani

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Babu wani magani ga mutane da aka sani tun daga shekara ta 2008. [46] Ribavirin, magani da aka yi amfani da shi don magance RSV, ya nuna tasiri a cikin samfurin dabba.[47]

Kamfanin samar da magunguna na Amurka Moderna ya gudanar da gwajin asibiti don rigakafin modRNA na dan takarar rigakafin metapneumovirus. Ya zuwa watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2019, dan takarar rigakafin ya wuce matakin I, tare da rahotanni cewa rigakafin yana da haƙuri sosai a duk matakan sashi a cikin watanni biyu, kuma yana haifar da amsawar rigakafi wanda ke haɓaka samar da Magungunan rigakafi.[48]

Juyin Halitta

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An fara bayar da rahoton metapneumovirus na mutum a cikin 2001 da kuma metapneusovirus na tsuntsaye a cikin shekarun 1970. Akwai akalla zuriya huɗu na metapneumovirus na mutum - A1, A2, B1 da B2. An raba kwayar cutar metapneumovirus ta Avian zuwa rukuni huɗu - A, B, C da D. Kimanin Bayesian ya nuna cewa kwayar cutar ta mutum ta fito ne tsakanin 1875 da 1889 kuma ta rabu da kwayar cutar avian a kusa da 1800. [49]

barkewar cutar ta 2024-2025

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 van den Hoogen, Bernadette G.; Jong, Jan C. de; Groen, Jan; Kuiken, Thijs; Groot, Ronald de; Fouchier, Ron A.M.; Osterhaus, Albert D.M.E. (2001). "A newly discovered human pneumovirus isolated from young children with respiratory tract disease". Nature Medicine. 7 (6): 719–724. doi:10.1038/89098. PMC 7095854. PMID 11385510.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Williams, John V.; Harris, Paul A.; Tollefson, Sharon J.; Halburnt-Rush, Lisa L.; Pingsterhaus, Joyce M.; Edwards, Kathryn M.; Wright, Peter F.; Crowe, James E. Jr. (2004-01-29). "Human Metapneumovirus and Lower Respiratory Tract Disease in Otherwise Healthy Infants and Children". New England Journal of Medicine. 350 (5): 443–450. doi:10.1056/nejmoa025472. ISSN 0028-4793. PMC 1831873. PMID 14749452.
  3. ↑ International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (n.d.). "Genus: Metapneumovirus". Archived from the original on 2025-01-10. Retrieved 2025-01-10.
  4. ↑ 4.00 4.01 4.02 4.03 4.04 4.05 4.06 4.07 4.08 4.09 4.10 4.11 4.12 4.13 Kahn, Jeffrey S. (July 2006). "Epidemiology of Human Metapneumovirus". Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 19 (3): 546–557. doi:10.1128/cmr.00014-06. PMC 1539100. PMID 16847085.
  5. ↑ "Human Metapneumovirus". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 13 April 2023.
  6. ↑ "Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV): Causes & Treatment". Cleveland Clinic.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 Schildgen, Verena; Van Den Hoogen, Bernadette; Fouchier, Ron; Tripp, Ralph A.; Alvarez, Rene; Manoha, Catherine; Williams, John; Schildgen, Oliver (Oct 2011). "Human Metapneumovirus: Lessons Learned over the First Decade". Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 24 (4): 734–754. doi:10.1128/cmr.00015-11. PMC 3194831. PMID 21976607.
  8. ↑ Jain, Seema; Williams, Derek J.; Arnold, Sandra R.; Ampofo, Krow; Bramley, Anna M.; Reed, Carrie; Stockmann, Chris; Anderson, Evan J.; Grijalva, Carlos G. (2015-02-25). "Community-Acquired Pneumonia Requiring Hospitalization among U.S. Children". New England Journal of Medicine (in Turanci). 372 (9): 835–845. doi:10.1056/nejmoa1405870. PMC 4697461. PMID 25714161.
  9. ↑ Williams, John V.; Wang, Chiaoyin K.; Yang, Chin-Fen; Tollefson, Sharon J.; House, Frances S.; Heck, Josh M.; Chu, Marla; Brown, Jennifer B.; Lintao, Linda D. (2006-02-01). "The Role of Human Metapneumovirus in Upper Respiratory Tract Infections in Children: A 20-Year Experience". The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 193 (3): 387–395. doi:10.1086/499274. ISSN 0022-1899. PMC 1586246. PMID 16388486.
  10. ↑ Leung, Jessica; Esper, Frank; Weibel, Carla; Kahn, Jeffrey S. (2005-03-01). "Seroepidemiology of Human Metapneumovirus (hMPV) on the Basis of a Novel Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay Utilizing hMPV Fusion Protein Expressed in Recombinant Vesicular Stomatitis Virus". Journal of Clinical Microbiology (in Turanci). 43 (3): 1213–1219. doi:10.1128/jcm.43.3.1213-1219.2005. ISSN 0095-1137. PMC 1081231. PMID 15750086.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Pavlin, Julie A.; Hickey, Andrew C.; Ulbrandt, Nancy; Chan, Yee-Peng; Endy, Timothy P.; Boukhvalova, Marina S.; Chunsuttiwat, Supamit; Nisalak, Ananda; Libraty, Daniel H. (2008-09-15). "Human Metapneumovirus Reinfection among Children in Thailand Determined by ELISA Using Purified Soluble Fusion Protein". The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 198 (6): 836–842. doi:10.1086/591186. ISSN 0022-1899. PMC 2648801. PMID 18680407.
  12. ↑ Dunn, Sarah R.; Ryder, Alex B.; Tollefson, Sharon J.; Xu, Meng; Saville, Benjamin R.; Williams, John V. (2013-10-01). "Seroepidemiologies of Human Metapneumovirus and Respiratory Syncytial Virus in Young Children, Determined with a New Recombinant Fusion Protein Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay". Clinical and Vaccine Immunology (in Turanci). 20 (10): 1654–1656. doi:10.1128/cvi.00750-12. ISSN 1556-6811. PMC 3807191. PMID 23945161.
  13. ↑ Howard, Leigh M.; Edwards, Kathryn M.; Zhu, Yuwei; Griffin, Marie R.; Weinberg, Geoffrey A.; Szilagyi, Peter G.; Staat, Mary A.; Payne, Daniel C.; Williams, John V. (2017). "Clinical Features of Human Metapneumovirus Infection in Ambulatory Children Aged 5–13 Years". Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society. 7 (2): 165–168. doi:10.1093/jpids/pix012. PMC 5954304. PMID 28369564.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 Falsey, Ann R.; Erdman, Dean; Anderson, Larry J.; Walsh, Edward E. (2003-03-01). "Human Metapneumovirus Infections in Young and Elderly Adults". The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 187 (5): 785–790. doi:10.1086/367901. ISSN 0022-1899. PMID 12599052.
  15. ↑ Williams, John V.; Maitre, Nathalie (2016-07-28). "Human metapneumovirus in the preterm neonate: current perspectives". Research and Reports in Neonatology (in English). 6: 41–49. doi:10.2147/rrn.s76270. PMC 5120728. PMID 27891060.CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  16. ↑ Shahda, S.; Carlos, W.g.; Kiel, P.j.; Khan, B.a.; Hage, C.a. (2011-06-01). "The human metapneumovirus: a case series and review of the literature". Transplant Infectious Disease (in Turanci). 13 (3): 324–328. doi:10.1111/j.1399-3062.2010.00575.x. ISSN 1399-3062. PMC 3107511. PMID 21631655.
  17. ↑ Chu, Helen Y.; Renaud, Christian; Ficken, Elle; Thomson, Blythe; Kuypers, Jane; Englund, Janet A. (2014-12-01). "Respiratory Tract Infections Due to Human Metapneumovirus in Immunocompromised Children". Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society. 3 (4): 286–293. doi:10.1093/jpids/piu100. ISSN 2048-7193. PMC 4240341. PMID 25419459.
  18. ↑ Seo, Sachiko; Gooley, Ted A.; Kuypers, Jane M.; Stednick, Zachary; Jerome, Keith R.; Englund, Janet A.; Boeckh, Michael (2016-07-15). "Human Metapneumovirus Infections Following Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation: Factors Associated With Disease Progression". Clinical Infectious Diseases. 63 (2): 178–185. doi:10.1093/cid/ciw284. ISSN 1058-4838. PMC 4928387. PMID 27143659.
  19. ↑ Shah, Dimpy P.; Shah, Pankil K.; Azzi, Jacques M.; Chaer, Firas El; Chemaly, Roy F. (2016). "Human metapneumovirus infections in hematopoietic cell transplant recipients and hematologic malignancy patients: A systematic review". Cancer Letters. 379 (1): 100–106. doi:10.1016/j.canlet.2016.05.035. PMC 4935561. PMID 27260872.
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Walsh, Edward E.; Peterson, Derick R.; Falsey, Ann R. (2008-12-08). "Human Metapneumovirus Infections in Adults: Another Piece of the Puzzle". Archives of Internal Medicine. 168 (22): 2489–2496. doi:10.1001/archinte.168.22.2489. ISSN 0003-9926. PMC 2783624. PMID 19064834.
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 Widmer, Kyle; Zhu, Yuwei; Williams, John V.; Griffin, Marie R.; Edwards, Kathryn M.; Talbot, H. Keipp (2012-07-01). "Rates of Hospitalizations for Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human Metapneumovirus, and Influenza Virus in Older Adults". The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 206 (1): 56–62. doi:10.1093/infdis/jis309. ISSN 0022-1899. PMC 3415933. PMID 22529314.
  22. ↑ Widmer, Kyle; Griffin, Marie R.; Zhu, Yuwei; Williams, John V.; Talbot, H. Keipp (2014-05-01). "Respiratory syncytial virus- and human metapneumovirus-associated emergency department and hospital burden in adults". Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses (in Turanci). 8 (3): 347–352. doi:10.1111/irv.12234. ISSN 1750-2659. PMC 3984605. PMID 24512531.
  23. ↑ Williams, John V.; Crowe, James E.; Enriquez, Rachel; Minton, Patricia; Peebles, R. Stokes; Hamilton, Robert G.; Higgins, Stanley; Griffin, Marie; Hartert, Tina V. (2005-10-01). "Human Metapneumovirus Infection Plays an Etiologic Role in Acute Asthma Exacerbations Requiring Hospitalization in Adults". The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 192 (7): 1149–1153. doi:10.1086/444392. ISSN 0022-1899. PMC 1476781. PMID 16136455.
  24. ↑ Williams, John V.; Tollefson, Sharon J.; Heymann, Peter W.; Carper, Holliday T.; Patrie, James; Crowe Jr., James E. (2005). "Human metapneumovirus infection in children hospitalized for wheezing". Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 115 (6): 1311–1312. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2005.02.001. PMC 1476700. PMID 15940152.
  25. ↑ García-García, M.l.; Calvo, C.; Casas, I.; Bracamonte, T.; Rellán, A.; Gozalo, F.; Tenorio, T.; Pérez-Breña, P. (2007-05-01). "Human metapneumovirus bronchiolitis in infancy is an important risk factor for asthma at age 5". Pediatric Pulmonology (in Turanci). 42 (5): 458–464. doi:10.1002/ppul.20597. ISSN 1099-0496. PMID 17427899. S2CID 2395811.
  26. ↑ Khetsuriani, Nino; Kazerouni, N. Neely; Erdman, Dean D.; Lu, Xiaoyan; Redd, Stephen C.; Anderson, Larry J.; Teague, W. Gerald (2007). "Prevalence of viral respiratory tract infections in children with asthma". Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 119 (2): 314–321. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2006.08.041. PMC 7112359. PMID 17140648.
  27. ↑ Vicente, Diego; Montes, Milagrosa; Cilla, Gustavo; Pérez-Trallero, Emilio (July 2004). "Human Metapneumovirus and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 10 (7): 1338–1339. doi:10.3201/eid1007.030633. ISSN 1080-6040. PMC 3323314. PMID 15338546.
  28. ↑ Martinello, Richard A.; Esper, Frank; Weibel, Carla; Ferguson, David; Landry, Marie L.; Kahn, Jeffrey S. (2006). "Human metapneumovirus and exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease". Journal of Infection. 53 (4): 248–254. doi:10.1016/j.jinf.2005.11.010. PMC 7112509. PMID 16412516.
  29. ↑ Kan-o, Keiko; Ramirez, Ruben; MacDonald, Martin I.; Rolph, Michael; Rudd, Penny A.; Spann, Kirsten M.; Mahalingam, Suresh; Bardin, Philip G.; Thomas, Belinda J. (2017-05-15). "Human Metapneumovirus Infection in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Impact of Glucocorticosteroids and Interferon". The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 215 (10): 1536–1545. doi:10.1093/infdis/jix167. ISSN 0022-1899. PMID 28379462.
  30. ↑ Boivin, Guy; Serres, Gaston De; Hamelin, Marie-Eve; Côté, Stéphanie; Argouin, Marco; Tremblay, Geneviève; Maranda-Aubut, Renée; Sauvageau, Chantal; Ouakki, Manale (2007-05-01). "An Outbreak of Severe Respiratory Tract Infection Due to Human Metapneumovirus in a Long-Term Care Facility". Clinical Infectious Diseases. 44 (9): 1152–1158. doi:10.1086/513204. ISSN 1058-4838. PMID 17407031.
  31. ↑ Louie, Janice K.; Schnurr, David P.; Pan, Chao-Yang; Kiang, David; Carter, Connie; Tougaw, Sandra; Ventura, Jean; Norman, Agnes; Belmusto, Vivian (2007-09-01). "A Summer Outbreak of Human Metapneumovirus Infection in a Long-Term-Care Facility". The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 196 (5): 705–708. doi:10.1086/519846. ISSN 0022-1899. PMID 17674312.
  32. ↑ Neu, Natalie; Plaskett, Theresa; Hutcheon, Gordon; Murray, Meghan; Southwick, Karen L.; Saiman, Lisa (June 2012). "Epidemiology of Human Metapneumovirus in a Pediatric Long-Term Care Facility". Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology. 33 (6): 545–550. doi:10.1086/665727. ISSN 0899-823X. PMID 22561708. S2CID 2132679.
  33. ↑ "Outbreaks of Human Metapneumovirus in Two Skilled Nursing Facilities — West Virginia and Idaho, 2011–2012". www.cdc.gov (in Turanci). Retrieved 2017-09-16.
  34. ↑ Yang, Zifeng; Suzuki, Akira; Watanabe, Oshi; Okamoto, Michiko; Ohmi, Akira; Huang, Wenbo; Nishimura, Hidekazu (2014). "Outbreak of human metapneumovirus infection in a severe motor-and-intellectual disabilities ward in Japan". Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases. 67 (4): 318–321. doi:10.7883/yoken.67.318. ISSN 1884-2836. PMID 25056083.
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 Perchetti, GA; Wilcox, N; Chu, HY; Katz, J; Khatry, SK; LeClerq, SC; Tielsch, JM; Jerome, KR; Englund, JA; Kuypers, J (November 2020). "Human Metapneumovirus Infection and Genotyping of Infants in Rural Nepal". Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society. 10 (4): 408–416. doi:10.1093/jpids/piaa118. PMID 33137178.
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 36.2 36.3 36.4 Feuillet, F.; Lina, B.; Rosa-Calatrava, M.; Boivin, G. (Feb 2012). "Ten years of human metapneumovirus research". Journal of Clinical Virology. 53 (2): 97–105. doi:10.1016/j.jcv.2011.10.002. PMID 22074934.
  37. ↑ Cseke, G.; Maginnis, M. S.; Cox, R. G.; Tollefson, S. J.; Podsiad, A. B.; Wright, D. W.; Dermody, T. S.; Williams, J. V. (2009). "Integrin  v 1 promotes infection by human metapneumovirus". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 106 (5): 1566–1571. doi:10.1073/pnas.0801433106. PMC 2629439. PMID 19164533.
  38. ↑ Chang, A.; Masante, C.; Buchholz, U. J.; Dutch, R. E. (2012). "Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV) Binding and Infection Are Mediated by Interactions between the HMPV Fusion Protein and Heparan Sulfate". Journal of Virology. 86 (6): 3230–3243. doi:10.1128/JVI.06706-11. PMC 3302303. PMID 22238303.
  39. ↑ Cox, R. G.; Livesay, S. B.; Johnson, M.; Ohi, M. D.; Williams, J. V. (2012). "The Human Metapneumovirus Fusion Protein Mediates Entry via an Interaction with RGD-Binding Integrins". Journal of Virology. 86 (22): 12148–12160. doi:10.1128/JVI.01133-12. PMC 3486500. PMID 22933271.
  40. ↑ Wei, Y.; Zhang, Y.; Cai, H.; Mirza, A. M.; Iorio, R. M.; Peeples, M. E.; Niewiesk, S.; Li, J. (2014). "Roles of the Putative Integrin-Binding Motif of the Human Metapneumovirus Fusion (F) Protein in Cell-Cell Fusion, Viral Infectivity, and Pathogenesis". Journal of Virology. 88 (8): 4338–4352. doi:10.1128/JVI.03491-13. PMC 3993731. PMID 24478423.
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  42. ↑ Cox, Reagan G.; Mainou, Bernardo A.; Johnson, Monika; Hastings, Andrew K.; Schuster, Jennifer E.; Dermody, Terence S.; Williams, John V. (2015). "Human Metapneumovirus is Capable of Entering Cells by Fusion with Endosomal Membranes". PLOS Pathogens. 11 (12): e1005303. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1005303. PMC 4667933. PMID 26629703.
  43. ↑ 43.0 43.1 43.2 Uddin, Sanaa; Thomas, Meagan (July 18, 2022). "Human Metapneumovirus". StatPearls [Internet]. PMID 32809745.
  44. ↑ "About Human Metapneumovirus". Human Metapneumovirus (in Turanci). CDC. 9 August 2024. Retrieved 7 January 2025.
  45. ↑ Peiris, JS; Tang, WH; Chan, KH; Khong, PL; Guan, Y; Lau, YL; Chiu, SS (June 2003). "Children with respiratory disease associated with metapneumovirus in Hong Kong". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 9 (6): 628–633. doi:10.3201/eid0906.030009. PMC 3000155. PMID 12781000.
  46. ↑ Bao X, Liu T, Shan Y, Li K, Garofalo RP, Casola A (May 2008). Baric RS (ed.). "Human Metapneumovirus Glycoprotein G Inhibits Innate Immune Responses". PLOS Pathog. 4 (5): e1000077. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1000077. PMC 2386556. PMID 18516301.
  47. ↑ Deffrasnes C, Hamelin ME, Boivin G (April 2007). "Human metapneumovirus". Semin Respir Crit Care Med. 28 (2): 213–21. doi:10.1055/s-2007-976493. PMID 17458775. S2CID 21308968.
  48. ↑ August A, Shaw CA, Lee H, Knightly C, Kalidindia S, Chu L, Essink BJ, Seger W, Zaks T, Smolenov I, Panther L (July 2022). "Safety and Immunogenicity of an mRNA-Based Human Metapneumovirus and Parainfluenza Virus Type 3 Combined Vaccine in Healthy Adults". Open Forum Infect Dis. 9 (7): ofac206. doi:10.1093/ofid/ofac206. PMC 9251669 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 35794943 Check |pmid= value (help).
  49. ↑ de Graaf M, Osterhaus AD, Fouchier RA, Holmes EC (2008). "Evolutionary dynamics of human and avian metapneumoviruses". J. Gen. Virol. 89 (Pt 12): 2933–42. doi:10.1099/vir.0.2008/006957-0. PMID 19008378. |hdl-access= requires |hdl= (help)

Cibiyar Kula da Cututtuka da Cututtuka ta kasar Sin ta buga bayanai da ke nuna cewa kamuwa da cututtukan numfashi ya karu sosai a cikin mako na 16 zuwa 22 ga Disamba 2024; An danganta cutar metapneumovirus ta mutum zuwa kashi 6.2 na ingantattun gwaje-gwajen cututtukan numfashi da kashi 5.4 na asibitocin cututtukan numfashi a China, fiye da COVID-19, rhinovirus, ko adenovirus. Kan Biao, shugaban cibiyar yaki da cututtuka masu yaduwa ta kasar Sin CDC, ya sanar da cewa, adadin HMPV a tsakanin yara masu shekaru 14 zuwa kasa da kasa na karuwa a kasar Sin.[1]

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[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ Dewan, Pandora (3 January 2025). "Viral disease HMPV is on the rise among kids in China — what is it?". Live Science.
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