Mutumin da yake ciki

Mutumin da yake ciki
property (en) , philosophical concept (en) da ethical concept (en)
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na	significance (en) da agency (en)
Characteristic of (en)	mutum

mutum shine matsayin kasancewa mutum. Bayyana mutum batu ne mai rikitarwa a cikin falsafar da doka kuma yana da alaƙa da ka'idojin shari'a da siyasa na zama ɗan ƙasa, daidaito, da 'yanci. Dangane da doka, mutum ne kawai na doka (ko dai mutum na halitta ko na shari'a) yana da hakkoki, kariya, gata, alhakin, da alhakin shari'a.

Mutum yana ci gaba da zama batun muhawara ta duniya kuma an yi tambaya sosai yayin kawar da Bautar ɗan adam da ba ta ɗan adam ba, a cikin muhawara game da zubar da ciki da kuma haƙƙin haihuwa, a cikin fafutukar haƙƙin dabba, a cikin tauhidin da ontology, a cikin ka'idar ɗabi'a, da kuma a cikin muhawarar game da mutumcin kamfanoni, da farkon mutum. A cikin karni na 21, mutum na kamfanoni ra'ayi ne na Yammacin da ke akwai; ba da mutum ga ƙungiyoyin da ba na ɗan adam ba, wanda kuma aka kira shi "motsi na mutum", na iya haɗawa da tsarin shari'a na Yamma da na asali.

Hanyoyin da aka gane mutum a cikin al'umma da kuma doka sun bambanta da al'adu, suna nuna cewa ra'ayoyin mutum ba na duniya ba ne. Masanin ilimin ɗan adam Beth Conklin ya nuna yadda mutum yake da alaƙa da dangantakar zamantakewa tsakanin Mutanen Wari na Rondonia, Brazil. Nazarin Bruce Knauft game da mutanen Gebusi na Papua New Guinea ya nuna mahallin da mutane ke zama mutane a hankali, kuma ta hanyar dangantakar zamantakewa. Hakazalika, Jane C. Goodale ta kuma bincika gina mutum a Papua New Guinea.

Ma'anar falsafa

A cikin falsafar, kalmar "mutum" na iya nufin ra'ayoyi daban-daban. Ma'anar mutum tana da wuyar bayyanawa ta hanyar da aka yarda da ita a duniya, saboda bambancin tarihi da al'adu da rikice-rikice da ke kewaye da amfani da ita a wasu mahallin. Ikon ko halayen da aka saba da su ga ma'anar mutum na iya haɗawa da Yanayin ɗan adam, hukumar, 'yancin kai, ra'ayi game da baya da nan gaba, da kuma mallakar haƙƙoƙi da ayyuka, da sauransu.

Boethius, masanin falsafa na farkon karni na 6 AZ, ya ba da ma'anar "mutum" a matsayin "wani abu mai ma'ana" ("Naturæ rationalis individua substantia").

Dangane da al'adar ilimin halitta, daga Descartes ta hanyar Locke da Hume, kalmar na iya nuna kowane wakili na ɗan adam ko wanda ba ɗan adam ba wanda ke da hankali a tsawon lokaci; sabili da haka sani iya tsara wakilci game da duniya, tsara tsare-tsare da yin aiki a kansu.

A cewar Charles Taylor, matsalar da ke tattare da ra'ayi na halitta ita ce ta dogara ne kawai akan "ma'auni na aiki" don sanin abin da wakili yake. Don haka, wasu abubuwa (misali injuna ko dabbobi) waɗanda ke nuna "kamar halayyar daidaitawa mai rikitarwa" ba za a iya rarrabe su daga mutane ba. Maimakon haka, Taylor ya ba da shawarar ra'ayi mai mahimmanci game da mutum:

What is crucial about agents is that things matter to them. We thus cannot simply identify agents by a performance criterion, nor assimilate animals to machines... [likewise] there are matters of significance for human beings which are peculiarly human, and have no analogue with animals.

— Charles Taylor, "The Concept of a Person"

Hakazalika, Martin Heidegger ya haɓaka fahimtarsa game da bambancin nau'in kasancewa wanda mutum yake a matsayin Dasein. Kalmar ta zahiri tana nufin wanzuwar a matsayin "kasancewa-a nan" ko "kasancewar". Heidegger ya rubuta cewa, "Dasein kanta tana da bambanci na musamman idan aka kwatanta da sauran ƙungiyoyi; [...] an rarrabe shi da gaskiyar cewa, a cikin kasancewarsa, cewa kasancewa lamari ne ga shi. " Ga Heidegger, hanyar da kasancewa ya zama batun ga mutum kamar yadda Dasein yake kula da su na gaba. Wannan ya bambanta Dasein daga aiki ko ka'idojin aiki na mutum.

Sauran kuma suna jayayya da ka'idojin aiki na mutum, kamar masanin falsafa Francis J. Beckwith, wanda ke jayayya cewa shi ne ainihin hadin kai na mutum:

What is crucial morally is the being of a person, not his or her functioning. A human person does not come into existence when human function arises, but rather, a human person is an entity who has the natural inherent capacity to give rise to human functions, whether or not those functions are ever attained. ...A human person who lacks the ability to think rationally (either because she is too young or she suffers from a disability) is still a human person because of her nature. Consequently, it makes sense to speak of a human being’s lack if and only if she is an actual person.

— Francis Beckwith, "Abortion, Bioethics, and Personhood: A Philosophical Reflection"

Wannan imani a cikin haɗin kai na mutum shine imani na zahiri da na ɗabi'a wanda ake kira ra'ayi na mutum.

Masanin falsafa J. P. Moreland ya bayyana wannan batu:

It is because an entity has an essence and falls within a natural kind that it can possess a unity of dispositions, capacities, parts and properties at a given time and can maintain identity through change.

— J. P Moreland, "James Rachels and the Active Euthanasia Debate"

Bautar

Ni ba alama ce ta mutum ba da aka yi amfani da ita a lokacin yakin neman zabe don kawar da Bautar

A cikin shekara ta 1772, Kotun Somersett ta yanke shawarar cewa Bautar ba ta da goyon baya ta doka a Ingila da Wales, amma ba a wani wuri a Daular Burtaniya ba. A cikin 1868, a ƙarƙashin Kwaskwarimar 14, baƙar fata a Amurka sun zama 'yan ƙasa. A cikin 1870, a karkashin Kwaskwarimar 15, baƙar fata sun sami damar jefa kuri'a.

A shekara ta 1853, Sojourner Truth ya zama sananne don tambayar Shin ba ni mace ba? kuma bayan an soke bautar, baƙi sun ci gaba da yin gwagwarmaya don zama mutum ta hanyar da'awar, Ni Mutum ne!.

Mutanen asali

The legal definition of "person" has excluded indigenous peoples in some countries. 

Yara

Ma'anar doka game da mutane na iya haɗawa ko cire yara dangane da mahallin. Dokar Kare Jarirai da aka haifa a Amurka ta 2002 ta ba da tsarin doka cewa waɗanda aka haifa akan kowane mataki na ciki wanda ko dai yana numfashi, yana da bugun zuciya, bugun igiya, ko kowane motsi na tsoka na son rai suna rayuwa, mutane.

Naƙasassu

Manya da ke da nakasa a hankali ana hana su haƙƙin da aka ba wa duk mutanen da suka girma kamar haƙƙin yin aure da yarda da jima'i, da haƙƙin jefa kuri'a. Hakanan suna iya rasa ƙwarewa shari'a. An yi muhawara ta falsafa game da nakasassu da ke iya samun ikon ɗabi'a. A kasashe da yawa, gami da Amurka, ana iya ambaton rashin lafiya na kwakwalwa don ɗaure babba ba tare da tsari ba.

Wadanda suka zama nakasassu daga baya a rayuwa galibi suna fuskantar canji a yadda ake ganin su, gami da wasu da ke ba su jarirai ko ɗaukar nakasa ta hankali saboda kasancewar nakasa ta jiki. Ma'anar nakasa kamar yadda ta fi mutuwa muni ana iya ganinta a matsayin ƙin yarda da kasancewar nakasassu, kamar lokacin da ƙwararrun likitoci suka ba da shawarar euthanasia ga marasa lafiya marasa lafiya marasa galihu.

Dabbobi marasa rai

Wasu masana falsafa da wadanda ke da hannu a cikin jin dadin dabbobi, ilimin kabilanci, haƙƙin dabbobi, da batutuwa masu alaƙa, sun yi la'akari da cewa wasu ko ma dukkan dabbobi ya kamata a ɗauka a matsayin mutane kuma ta haka ne aka ba su matsayin mutum na doka. Yawancin nau'o'in da aka fi sani da su a cikin wannan mahallin sun haɗa da birai, cetaceans, parrots, cephalopods, corvids, giwaye, bears, aladu, leporids da rodents, saboda bayyane suke da hankali, hankali, da kuma ka'idojin zamantakewa masu rikitarwa. Tunanin fadada mutum ga dukkan dabbobi yana da goyon bayan malaman shari'a kamar Alan Dershowitz da Laurence Tribe na Harvard Law School, kuma ana koyar da darussan shari'ar dabbobi (kamar yadda na 2008) a cikin 92 daga cikin 180 makarantun shari'a a Amurka. A ranar 9 ga Mayu, 2008, Columbia University Press ta buga Animals as Persons: Essays on the Abolition of Animal Exploitation by Professor Gary L. Francione of Rutgers University School of Law, tarin rubuce-rubuce da ke taƙaita aikinsa har zuwa yau kuma yana yin shari'a ga dabbobi marasa mutane a matsayin mutane.

Dubi kuma

• Tattaunawar zubar da ciki
• Yanayin muhalli
• Ka'idojin fasaha na wucin gadi
• Mutumin halitta a cikin dokar Faransa
• Magani da ba na mutum ba
• Hakkin mutum
• Bambanci da yawa
• Tattaunawar Valladolid