Mutuwa da aka rubuta
 Mutuwa da aka rubuta |
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A cikin Dokar Burtaniya ta ƙarni na goma sha tara ana iya hukunta laifuka da yawa ta hanyar mutuwa, amma daga 1823, an yi amfani da kalmar "mutuwar da aka rubuta" a lokuta inda alƙali ke so ya rubuta hukuncin kisa - kamar yadda doka ta buƙaci - yayin da a lokaci guda yake nuna niyyarsa na gafarta wa wanda aka yanke masa hukunci ko sauya hukuncin.[1]
Tarihi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Gafara ta sarauta don hukuncin kisa ta zama al'ada a lokacin ga mafi yawan laifuka na yau da kullun. A karkashin Dokar Shari'ar Mutuwa ta 1823, hukuncin "mutuwa da aka rubuta" ya ba alƙali damar saduwa da dokar da ta yanke hukunci, yayin da yake guje wa wanda aka yanke masa hukunci, ko jama'a, waɗanda suka fahimci cewa za a iya soke ainihin hukuncin kisa.[2] Kamar yadda alƙali ya yanke hukuncin kisa a kotu kafin a kashe mai laifi, hukuncin kisa da aka rubuta ba, a aikace, yana wakiltar hukuncin kisa ba. Hukuncin ya zama ba sananne ba ne bayan Dokar Ƙaddamar da Laifuka ta 1861 ta rage yawan laifukan babban birnin.
Ma'anar kalmar ta bayyana a farkon bugu na Ebenezer Cobham Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable .
Yawan laifuka da mutuwar ta kasance mai suna, da kuma hukuncin kisa da aka rubuta, an soki su a lokacin amfani da su duka saboda kasancewa da zalunci da rashin tabbas na ainihin hukunci: Rashin fahimtar kalmar ya jagoranci Naomi Wolf, a cikin littafinta na 2019 Outrages: Sex, Censorship, and the Criminalization of Love, don yin iƙirarin cewa an yi kisa da yawa don luwadi a tsakiyar karni na 19 a Ingila. Wannan da'awar ta dogara ne akan ayyukan da ta yi na Old Bailey, da kuma amfani da "mutuwa da aka rubuta" a cikin waɗannan bayanan.
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ Shoemaker, Bob (2019-05-29). "Why Naomi Wolf misinterpreted evidence from the Old Bailey Online". History Matters (in Turanci). Retrieved 2019-12-26.
- ↑ Richard Ward. "Sentencing". The Digital Panopticon: Tracing London Convicts in Britain and Australia, 1780-1925. Universities of Liverpool, Sheffield, Oxford and Sussex. Retrieved 24 May 2019.
in 1823 a new practice of 'death recorded' was introduced, whereby judges could abstain from pronouncing a sentence of death on any capital convict whom they considered to be a fit subject for a pardon. The carefully-choreographed theatre of sentencing and its emotional impact might also be undermined by open acts of defiance by the convict or the attending crowd. It was complained in the eighteenth century that some capital convicts made light of their sentence by comments and gestures.