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Mycotoxin

Daga Wikipedia, Insakulofidiya ta kyauta.
Mycotoxin
class of chemical entities with similar source or occurrence (en) Fassara
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare natoxin (en) Fassara

mycotoxin (daga Girkanci μύκης mykes, "fungus" da τοξικός toxikos, "mai guba") wani nau'i ne mai guba wanda fungi ke samarwa [1] kuma yana iya haifar da cuta da mutuwa a cikin mutane da sauran dabbobi.[2][3][4] Kalmar 'mycotoxin' yawanci ana ajiye ta ne don samfuran sunadarai masu guba waɗanda ƙwayoyin cuta ke samar da amfanin gona.[5]

Misalan mycotoxins da ke haifar da cututtukan mutum da dabba sun haɗa da aflatoxin, citrinin, fumonisins, ochratoxin A, Patulin, trichothecenes, zearalenone, da ergot alkaloids kamar ergotamine . [3]

Ɗaya daga cikin nau'ikan ƙira na iya samar da mycotoxins daban-daban, kuma nau'ikan da yawa na iya samarwa da mycotuxin iri ɗaya.[6]

Fitarwa

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Yawancin ƙwayoyin cuta suna da iska (yi amfani da iskar oxygen) kuma ana samun su kusan ko'ina a cikin ƙananan adadi saboda ƙananan girman ƙwayoyin su. Suna cinye kwayoyin halitta duk inda zafi da zafin jiki suka isa. Inda yanayin ya dace, ƙwayoyin cuta suna ƙaruwa cikin yankuna kuma matakan mycotoxin suna da girma. Dalilin samar da mycotoxins ba a san shi ba tukuna; ba lallai bane su ci gaba ko ci gaban fungus.[7] Saboda mycotoxins suna raunana mai karɓar bakuncin, suna iya inganta yanayin don ci gaba da yaduwar fungal. Samar da guba ya dogara da mahalli na ciki da na waje kuma waɗannan abubuwa sun bambanta sosai a cikin guba, dangane da kwayar cutar da ta kamu da ita da kuma saukin kamuwa da ita, metabolism, da hanyoyin tsaro.[8]


Ochratoxin wani mycotoxin ne wanda ya zo a cikin nau'ikan metabolite guda uku, A, B, da C. Dukansu nau'in Penicillium da Aspergillus ne ke samar da su. Hanyoyin guda uku sun bambanta da cewa Ochratoxin B (OTB) wani nau'i ne wanda ba a chlorinated na Ochratoxin A (OTA) kuma cewa Ochratoxine C (OTC) wani nauʼi ne na ethyl ester na Ochratoxins A.[9] Ana samun Aspergillus ochraceus a matsayin mai gurɓata kayayyaki da yawa ciki har da abin sha kamar giya da ruwan inabi. Aspergillus carbonarius shine babban nau'in da aka samo a kan 'ya'yan itacen inabi, wanda ke fitar da guba yayin aikin ruwan 'ya'ya.[10] An lakafta OTA a matsayin mai cutar kansa da nephrotoxin, kuma an haɗa shi da kumburi a cikin hanyar fitsari ta mutum, kodayake bincike a cikin mutane yana iyakance ta hanyar abubuwan rikicewa.[9][10]

Citrinin guba ce da aka fara warewa daga [./<i id= Penicillium]_citrinum" id="mwqg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Penicillium citrinum">Penicillium citrinum, amma an gano ta a cikin nau'ikan Penicillius da nau'ikan Aspergillus da yawa. Ana amfani da wasu daga cikin waɗannan nau'ikan don samar da abinci na mutum kamar cuku (Penicillium camemberti), sake, miso, da soy sauce (Aspergillus oryzae). Citrinin yana da alaƙa da cutar shinkafa mai launin rawaya a Japan kuma yana aiki azaman nephrotoxin a cikin dukkan nau'ikan dabbobi da aka gwada.[11] Kodayake yana da alaƙa da abinci da yawa na ɗan adam (alkama, shinkafa, masara, sha'ir, oats, Rye, da abinci mai launi tare da Monascus pigment) ba a san cikakken muhimmancinsa ga lafiyar ɗan adam ba. Citrinin kuma na iya aiki tare da Ochratoxin A don rage Haɗin RNA a cikin koda na murine.[12]

Ergot alkaloids sune mahadi da aka samar a matsayin cakuda mai guba na alkaloids a cikin sclerotia na nau'in Claviceps, waɗanda sune cututtukan da aka saba da su na nau'ikan ciyawa daban-daban. Cinyewar ergot sclerotia daga hatsi mai kamuwa da cuta, yawanci a cikin nau'in gurasar da aka samar daga gurasar gurbata, yana haifar da ergotism, cutar ɗan adam da aka sani da St. Anthony's Fire. Akwai nau'o'i biyu na ergotism: gangrenous, yana shafar samar da jini ga iyaka, da convulsive, yana shawo kan tsarin juyayi na tsakiya. Hanyoyin zamani na tsaftace hatsi sun rage ergotism sosai a matsayin cutar ɗan adam; duk da haka, har yanzu matsala ce ta dabbobi. An yi amfani da alkaloids na Ergot a matsayin magani.[1]

Manazarta

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  1. ↑ Richard JL (2007). "Some major mycotoxins and their mycotoxicoses – an overview". Int. J. Food Microbiol. 119 (1–2): 3–10. doi:10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2007.07.019. PMID 17719115.
  2. ↑ Çimen, Duygu; Bereli, Nilay; Denizli, Adil (2022-06-01). "Patulin Imprinted Nanoparticles Decorated Surface Plasmon Resonance Chips for Patulin Detection". Photonic Sensors (in Turanci). 12 (2): 117–129. Bibcode:2022PhSen..12..117C. doi:10.1007/s13320-021-0638-1. ISSN 2190-7439. S2CID 239220993 Check |s2cid= value (help).
  3. 1 2 Bennett, J. W.; Klich, M (2003). "Mycotoxins". Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 16 (3): 497–516. doi:10.1128/CMR.16.3.497-516.2003. PMC 164220. PMID 12857779.
  4. ↑ "Food safety". www.who.int (in Turanci). Retrieved 2023-09-12.
  5. ↑ Turner NW, Subrahmanyam S, Piletsky SA (2009). "Analytical methods for determination of mycotoxins: a review". Anal. Chim. Acta. 632 (2): 168–80. Bibcode:2009AcAC..632..168T. doi:10.1016/j.aca.2008.11.010. PMID 19110091.
  6. ↑ Robbins CA, Swenson LJ, Nealley ML, Gots RE, Kelman BJ (2000). "Health effects of mycotoxins in indoor air: a critical review". Appl. Occup. Environ. Hyg. 15 (10): 773–84. doi:10.1080/10473220050129419. PMID 11036728.
  7. ↑ Fox EM, Howlett BJ (2008). "Secondary metabolism: regulation and role in fungal biology". Curr. Opin. Microbiol. 11 (6): 481–87. doi:10.1016/j.mib.2008.10.007. PMID 18973828.
  8. ↑ Hussein HS, Brasel JM (2001). "Toxicity, metabolism, and impact of mycotoxins on humans and animals". Toxicology. 167 (2): 101–34. Bibcode:2001Toxgy.167..101H. doi:10.1016/S0300-483X(01)00471-1. PMID 11567776.
  9. 1 2 Bayman P, Baker JL (2006). "Ochratoxins: a global perspective". Mycopathologia. 162 (3): 215–23. doi:10.1007/s11046-006-0055-4. PMID 16944288. S2CID 4540706.
  10. 1 2 Mateo R, Medina A, Mateo EM, Mateo F, Jiménez M (2007). "An overview of ochratoxin A in beer and wine". Int. J. Food Microbiol. 119 (1–2): 79–83. doi:10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2007.07.029. PMID 17716764.
  11. ↑ Bennett, JW; Klich, M (Jul 2003). "Mycotoxins". Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 16 (3): 497–516. doi:10.1128/CMR.16.3.497-516.2003. PMC 164220. PMID 12857779.
  12. ↑ Bennett JW, Klich M (2003). "Mycotoxins". Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 16 (3): 497–516. doi:10.1128/CMR.16.3.497-516.2003. PMC 164220. PMID 12857779.
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