Na’urar rarraba ruwa
 Na’urar rarraba ruwa | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Bayanai | |
| Ƙaramin ɓangare na |
dispenser (en)  da chiller (en) |
| Contains (en) | Ruwa |
Injin rarraba ruwa (water dispenser), wanda wani lokacin ake kira da injin sanyaya ruwa (idan ana amfani da shi don sanyaya ruwa kawai), wata inji ce da ke rarraba ruwa, kuma galibi tana sanyayawa ko ɗumama ruwa ta hanyar amfani da sashen sanyawa na na'ura. Yawanci ana samun ta kusa da banɗaki saboda samun sauƙin hanyoyin bututun ruwa. Hakanan ana samar da magudanar ruwa daga injin sanyaya ruwan zuwa tsarin magudanar datti na gari.
Injinan rarraba ruwa suna zuwa da sifofi daban-daban, kama daga waɗanda ake maƙala a bango zuwa haɗakar injinan cika kwalba, da injuna masu hawa biyu da sauran sifofi. Gabaɗaya an raba su zuwa gida biyu: injinan rarraba ruwa na daidai wurin amfani (point-of-use ko POU) da kuma injinan rarraba ruwa na kwalba. Injinan rarraba ruwa na POU suna haɗe ne kai tsaye da tsarin samar da ruwa na gari, yayin da injinan rarraba ruwa na kwalba ke buƙatar kawo ruwa (ko zuwa a ɗauko da kansa) a cikin manyan kwalabe daga wurin masu siyarwa. Injinan rarraba ruwa na kwalba suna iya kasancewa na ɗora kwalba ta sama ko na sa kwalba ta ƙasa, ya danganta da tsarin kera samfurin.
Injinan rarraba ruwa na kwalba yawanci suna amfani da kwalaben galan 5 (lita 18.9) waɗanda galibi ake ɗorawa a saman injin. Injinan sanyaya ruwa masu matsa lamba (pressure coolers) wani rukuni ne na injinan rarraba ruwa da suka haɗa da mabuɓɓugar ruwan sha na gari da injinan rarraba ruwa na haɗin bututu kai tsaye. Injin sanyaya ruwa kuma yana iya nufin wata tsohuwar na'ura ta gargajiya da ake amfani da ita don kiyaye ruwa ya kasance mai sanyi.[1]
Tarihi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Luther Haws ne ya fara ƙirƙirar injin rarraba ruwa a shekara ta 1906.[2]
Nau'ukan injinan rarraba ruwa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Na jikin bango / sassauƙa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Nau'in da ake maƙalawa a bango yana haɗe ne da tsarin samar da ruwa na ginin don samun ruwa akai-akai da kuma wutar lantarki don gudanar da sashen sanyaya ruwa da ke shigo ciki, sannan yana haɗe da tsarin zubar da sharar gida na ginin don zubar da ruwan da ba a amfani da shi. Ana yawan amfani da injinan sanyaya ruwa na bango a gine-ginen kasuwanci kamar asibitoci, makarantu, wuraren kasuwanci, da sauran gine-gine inda akwai manajan kula da gini don duba yadda ake girkawa da kuma kula da su.
A cikin daidaitaccen injin sanyaya ruwa na bango, wanda kuma galibi ake kira da maɓuɓɓugar ruwa ko famfon sha, akwai wani ƙaramin tanki a cikin injin da ke ɗauke da sanyayyen ruwa domin mai amfani kada ya jira ruwan ya yi sanyi. Ana fitar da ruwa ta hanyar juyawa ko danna maɓallin da ke kan bawul mai gudanarwa da ke saman injin, wanda ke kashe ruwan lokacin da aka saki maɓallin. Wasu na'urorin suna samar da babban maɓallin dannawa a gaba ko a gefe. Sabbin injuna ma ba su da maɓalli ko kaɗan; maimakon haka, suna amfani da na'urar gano motsi (sensor) wacce ke gano lokacin da mutum ke kusa kuma ta kunna ruwan. Ana fitar da ruwa a cikin wani siririn ruwa mai lankwasa zuwa sama, wanda ke ba mai amfani damar sha kai tsaye daga saman ruwan da ke bulbula. Waɗannan na'urori yawanci suna rarraba ruwa ne kai tsaye daga tsarin samar da ruwa na hukuma, ba tare da wani tace ruwa ko gyara inganci ba.
Injinan sanyaya ruwa na bango suna zuwa da salo daban-daban masu faɗi, tun daga samfura na cikin bango zuwa kwanukan kariya daga fantsama, kwanukan sifa na musamman da ke fitowa daga bango, tsarin kusurwa masu zagaye na gargajiya, haɗakar injin cika kwalba da sanyaya ruwa, tsarin hawa biyu, da sauran fasaloli da zaɓuka. Wani lokaci ana girka waɗannan ne don cika ƙa'idodin dokoki na gida, jiha ko na tarayya.
Injin rarraba ruwa na sa kwalba ta ƙasa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Injinan rarraba ruwa yawanci suna da akwatin ajiyar ruwa da ake ɗorawa a saman injin. Injinan rarraba ruwa na sa kwalba ta ƙasa suna da akwatin ajiyar a ƙasan injin don sauƙaƙa ɗora kwalbar.
Injin rarraba ruwa na kan tebur
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Akwai kuma ƙananan nau'ukan injinan rarraba ruwa inda za a iya ajiye injin ɗin kai tsaye a saman tebur. Waɗannan injinan yawanci ana karkasa su azaman kayan aikin gida kuma ana iya samun su a dafa-dafe na gida da ma'ajiyar abinci ta ofis.
Injin rarraba ruwa na haɗin bututu kai tsaye (POU)
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ana iya haɗa injinan rarraba ruwa kai tsaye zuwa tushen ruwa na cikin gida don rarraba ruwan sha mai zafi da sanyi akai-akai. Galibi ana kiran sa da injinan rarraba ruwa na POU (point of use). Na'urorin POU gabaɗaya sun fi tsafta fiye da injinan sanyaya ruwa na kwalba, muddin mai amfani yana da damar yin amfani da ingantaccen tushen ruwa mai tsafta.[3]
Na kansa (Freestanding)
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Tsarin na kansa gabaɗaya ya ƙunshi kwalaben ruwa da ake juyawa da bakinsu zuwa ƙasa a cikin injin rarraba ruwan.
Akwai samfuran kan tebur ko na kan maajiyar kicin waɗanda ke amfani da kwalaben ruwa na lita biyar da ake samu cikin sauƙi daga manyan kantuna. Waɗannan injinan sanyaya ruwa suna amfani da famfunan iska don tura ruwa zuwa rukunin sanyayar ruwa da kuma na'urorin Peltier don sanyaya ruwan.
Sabuwar ci gaba a cikin kasuwar injinan sanyaya ruwa ita ce zuwan kayan aikin kan tebur waɗanda ke haɗe da manyan bututun ruwa kuma suna ba da damar samun ruwa nan take, ba wai sanyayyen ruwa kawai ba, har ma da ruwa mai zafi da tafasasshe. Wannan galibi ana samun sa a masana'antar horeca (hote-hote da gidajen abinci).
Ruwa zai gudana da sauri lokacin da madaurin ke a tsaye. Ana sanya iska a cikin ruwan wanda ke ba shi damar fitowa ta bakin famfon cikin sauri.
Tushen ruwa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ruwan da ake samu daga injinan sanyaya ruwa na iya fitowa daga wurare daban-daban, amma masana galibi suna karkasa su zuwa manyan rukunoni biyu, wato ruwan ma'adinai na halitta da na maɓuɓɓuga (natural mineral and spring water), da kuma taceccen ruwa (purified water).[4]
Ruwan ma'adinai na halitta da na maɓuɓɓuga
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ruwan ma'adinai na halitta da na maɓuɓɓuga sune ruwan da ke fitowa daga sassan duwatsu na ƙarƙashin ƙasa waɗanda ake tarawa daga rijiyoyin burtsatse ko maɓuɓɓugan ruwa da ke ɓulbulowa. Dokokin kowace ƙasa suna ƙara rarrabe tsakanin waɗannan nau'ikan ruwa guda biyu kuma suna tsara tsauraran sharuɗɗan sanya suna da lakabi bisa kariya ta tushen halitta, daukacin daskararrun sinadarai da suka narke (total dissolved solids), da kuma yawan tace ruwan da za a iya yi kafin a saka shi a kwalba.
Taceccen ruwa (Purified water)
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Taceccen ruwa shine ruwa daga ƙarƙashin ƙasa ko tsarin samar da ruwa na hukuma kuma ana kera shi ta kowace hanya ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyin tacewa da suka haɗa da reverse osmosis, distillation, deionization, da tace ruwa na yau da kullum. Galibi ana amfani da hasken ultraviolet ko ozone don magance ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin ruwan sannan a sake mayar da ma'adinai ta hanyar sanya gishirin inorganic mai narkewa.
Isar da ruwa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Isar da ruwa a cikin injin sanyaya ruwa yana zuwa ta manyan hanyoyi biyu, wato nau'ikan kwalba, ko ta hanyar haɗa bututu kai tsaye daga babban tsarin samar da ruwa. Yawanci ana tura ruwan zuwa cikin tankin ruwa don a ɗumama shi ko a sanyaya shi, ya danganta da samfurin injin sanyaya ruwan. Sabbin samfura sun haɗa da nau'ikan haɗaka (hybrid) waɗanda ke iya amfani da duka hanyoyin biyu.
Injinan sanyaya ruwa na kwalba
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Don saka kwalbar, ana juyar da bakinta ƙasa sannan a ɗora ta a saman injin rarraba ruwan; wata ƙararrawa tana huda murfin kwalbar hakan kuma yana ba da damar ruwa ya kwarara zuwa cikin madaurin ruwa na cikin injin. Waɗannan tsare-tsare masu amfani da ƙarfin magana (gravity) suna da na'urar da ke rarraba ruwa a cikin tsari mai kyau.
Waɗannan injina suna zuwa da girma dabam-dabam kuma sun bambanta tun daga na'urorin kan tebur, waɗanda aka yi niyya don amfani na lokaci-lokaci, zuwa na'urorin da ake ijiye wa a ƙasa waɗanda aka yi niyya don amfani mai yawa. Yawanci ana kai ruwan kwalba zuwa gidaje ko wuraren kasuwanci akai-akai, inda ake musanya kofofin kwalaben polycarbonate da suka wofinta da cikakkun kwalabe. A cikin kasuwanni masu tasowa, galibi ana amfani da robobin PET don manyan kwalabe duk da cewa takurewa da ƙarancin yanayin zafi lokacin wanke-wanke zai sa ya zama abu mai wahalar amfani.
Girman kwalbar ya danganta da girman injin ɗin, inda manyan samfura a Amurka ke amfani da kwalabe na galan 5 (lita 18.9). Wannan kuma shine mafi yawan girman da ake amfani da shi a sauran wurare, wanda aka lakaba shi da lita 18.9 a ƙasajen da ke amfani da tsarin auna na metric. Da fari, an kera waɗannan kwalabe da ƙarfin lita 11.4, 18.9 ko 22.7 (galan 3, 5 ko 6 na Amurka) kuma ana rarraba su zuwa rukunin injinan sanyaya ruwa na haya.[5] Waɗannan injina yawanci ba su da wurin zubar da ruwa da ya fantsama, suna samar da wani ƙaramin kwanon kwatami ne kawai don tare ɗan fantsamar ruwa kalilan. A gaba, akwai madauri ko maɓallin dannawa da ke fitar da ruwa zuwa cikin kofi da aka riƙe a ƙarƙashin famfon. Lokacin da kwalbar ruwan ta wofinta, ana ɗage ta daga saman injin, kuma ta kan rufe kanta ta atomatik don hana duk wani sauran ruwa da ke cikin kwalbar daga zuba.
Kayayyaki
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A tsawon shekaru da yawa da kuma cikin daukacin ƙarni na 20, gilashi ne babban kayan aiki da ake amfani da shi wajen zuba ruwa a kwalba har zuwa lokacin da aka sami ci gaban robobin thermoplastics bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu. Robar PVC ta haɓaka azaman kayan roba mai amfani da yawa kuma ta sami karɓuwa sosai azaman kayan aiki mafi dacewa don kera abubuwa da yawa. Kwalaben gilashi masu koren duhu ne kawai aka riƙe don sanya ruwa mai kumfa (carbonated waters). Shekarun 1980 sun ga sake haɓakar kwalaben PVC saboda rage farashi. Ci gaba a fannin kera abubuwa da fasahar kayayyaki kamar sabbin fasahohin busawa da allurar gyaran sifa sun rage kauri da nauyin kwalabe yayin da suka inganta dorewa da ƙara tsawon lokacin amfani.
Haɗin bututu kai tsaye
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Injinan sanyaya ruwa na haɗin bututu kai tsaye suna amfani da ruwan fanfo saboda haka ba sa buƙatar kwalabe sakamakon amfani da babban tsarin samar da ruwa na gari. Yawanci, ana amfani da wata hanya ta tace ruwa. Ana amfani da ma'aunin Log reduction (misali raguwar log-6 ko 99.9999% mai tasiri) azaman ma'auni na ingancin tsabtace muhalli da kashe ƙwayoyin cuta.
Tacewa (Filtration)
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Hanyoyin tacewa sun haɗa da reverse osmosis, musayar ion (ion exchange), da kuma sinadarin activated carbon. Tsarin reverse osmosis yana aiki ne daban da kariyar sinadarai ko ta hasken ultraviolet, inda yake amfani da wani siririn kyalle (membrane) mai ƙananan ramuka, wanda ke barin H2O ta wuce yayin da yake hana manyan kwayoyin halitta kamar gishiri, carbonates, da sauran ƙananan halittu (micro-organisms) wucewa ta cikinsa. Idan babu isasshen ƙarfi na halitta da zai tura ruwan ta cikin kyallen, ana buƙatar famfo mai ƙarfi, wanda hakan na iya haifar da tsadar amfani da wutar lantarki. Bugu da ƙari, na'urorin RO suna da ikon sanyaya gishirin ruwa (water softening). Wasu ƙananan halittu masu rai, gami da ƙwayoyin cuta na virus, suna da ikon wucewa ta cikin matacin na'urar RO.[6]
Na'urorin Deionizers ko demineralizers suna amfani da musayar resins (resins exchange) don cire ions daga kwararar ruwa, kuma galibi sune twin-bed ko mixed-bed deionizers. Ana yawan amfani da su a wuraren da ake kera kayayyaki masu tsafta na musamman kamar guntuwar kwamfuta (computer chips), inda deionized water ke kasancewa maras ƙarfi wajen gudanar da wutar lantarki. A cikin tsarin activated carbon, ana amfani da danyun kayayyaki kamar lignite, gawayi, gawayin ƙashi, bawoyin kwokwo, da gawayin itace, waɗanda ke samar da ƙananan ramuka yayin kunna su lokacin da aka ƙone sassan carbon ɗin. A mafi yawan lokuta, activated carbon abu ne da ake amfani da shi sau ɗaya kawai, tunda sake sabunta shi galibi ba zai yuba a ainihin wurin amfanin. Granular activated carbon (GAC) shine aka fi amfani da shi wajen tacewa a injin sanyaya ruwa. Ana buƙatar tsaftacewa akai-akai ta amfani da ruwan zafi da tururi don taƙaita haɓakar ƙwayoyin cuta na bacteria.
Hanyoyin sanyayawa da ɗumamawa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Sanyayawa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Mafi yawan na'urorin zamani suna ba da aikin sanyayawa don sanyaya ruwa, ta hanyar amfani da tsarin Vapor compression refrigeration ko Thermoelectric cooling.
Vapor compression refrigeration
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Injinan sanyaya ruwa da ke amfani da vapor compression refrigeration suna zuwa ne a cikin ɗayan tsare-tsare masu zuwa:
- Tsarin Akwatin Ajiyar Ruwa (Reservoir System) - Wani tanki ne inda ake adana ruwa domin amfani da shi wajen sanyayawa ko ɗumamawa, kuma yana sanye da na'urar iyo (float mechanism) don hana ruwa ambaliya.
- Akwatin Ajiyar Ruwa Mai Cirewa (Removable Reservoir) - Wannan wani tanki ne mai buɗe baki wanda ke sanye da damben sanyayawa (cooling coils) waɗanda ke taɓa saman dandalin waje na tankin. Yana aiki ne a kan tsarin fasaltawa (modular system), wanda ke ba mutum damar cirewa da sake cika ruwa cikin sauƙi maimakon ijiye shi a rufe. Ɗaya daga cikin fa'idodin amfani da akwatin ajiyar ruwa mai cirewa shine sauƙin tsaftacewa. Wannan yana ba masu amfani damar sauya akwatin gaba ɗaya maimakon mayar da daukacin injin sanyaya ruwan don gyara. Ana iya samun irin wannan fasaha a yawancin injinan rarraba ruwa na zamani da injinan kofi (coffee machines).
- Bakin Ƙarfe (Stainless Steel) - Tanki mai buɗe baki tare da damben sanyayawa waɗanda ke taɓa saman dandalin waje na tankin.
- Tsarin Sanyaya Tsaye na Akwatin Matsatson Ruwa (Pressure Vessel Direct Chill System) - Haɗakar akwatin matsatson ruwa, wanda ke kare ruwan da ke cikin tanki daga gurɓataccen iska, da kuma tsarin sanyayawa kai tsaye wanda ke sanyaya ruwan da ke fitowa daga babban bututun ruwa cikin sauri.
- Akwatin Matsatson Ruwa (Pressure Vessel) - Ana cika rufaffiyar akwatin matsatson ruwa (pressure vessel) a ƙarƙashin ƙaramin matsa lamba a cikin injin sanyaya ruwa. Don haka, ruwan ba ya haɗuwa da sararin samaniya, wanda ke ba da damar fitar da babban adadin ruwan sanyi (ya danganta da girman tankin) a madadin tsarin sanyayawa mai jinkiri.
- Sanyayawa Kai Tsaye (Direct Chill) - A cikin daidaitaccen tsarin sanyayawa kai tsaye, ana wuce da ruwa ta cikin damben bakin ƙarfe (stainless steel coil) wanda ke taɓa na'urar copper evaporator mai rarraba iskar gas na sanyayawa. An haɗa tsarin sanyayar a wajen damben kuma sanyin yana ratsawa ta bangon bututun don sanyaya ruwan da ke cikin damben ta hanyar conduction. Lokacin da aka buɗe fanfunan, ana fitar da sanyayyen ruwan a ƙarƙashin matsin lambar burtala. Ruwan ba ya taɓa haɗuwa da sararin samaniya domin sanyin da iskar gas ɗin ke fitarwa ana canza shi ne ta cikin damben jan ƙarfe (copper coil), wanda ke canza sanyin zuwa ruwan da ke wucewa ta cikin damben bakin ƙarfe ba tare da sun taɓa juna ba. Wannan yana ba ruwan damar yin sanyi cikin sauri kuma, a madadin samun ƙaramin adadin ruwan sanyi da ke akwai.
- Tsarin Sanyaya na Ice-bank (Ice-bank Cooling System) - Damben bakin ƙarfe mai matsa lamba da damben jan ƙarfe ana nutsar da su a cikin akwatin ajiyar ruwa da ke cike da ruwan da aka riga aka sanyaya. Damben jan ƙarfe da ke ɗauke da iskar gas na sanyayawa yana daskare ruwan da ke cikin akwatin ajiyar, wanda hakan ke samar da sanyi, wanda kuma ke sanyaya ruwan sha da ke kwarara ta cikin damben bakin ƙarfe.
Thermoelectric cooling
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Sanyaya na Thermoelectric wata hanya ce mai kyau ga muhalli maimakon amfani da sanyayar HFC, wacce ke amfani da na'urar solid state da ke aiki azaman famfon zafi don canza zafi daga wani gefe na na'urar zuwa wani ta hanyar amfani da Peltier effect. An kera ta ne da nau'ikan semiconductors da dama da aka nade da fale-falen yumbu (ceramic wafers). Injinan sanyayawa na Thermoelectric suna amfani da wutar lantarki ta direct current maimakon iskar gas na sanyayawa da compressor, kuma ba su da sassa masu motsi ko haɗari masu rikitarwa.
Ɗumamawa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Wasu samfuran kuma suna da fanfo na biyu wanda ke ba da ruwa mai daidaitaccen yanayin zafi na ɗaki ko ma ruwa mai zafi wanda za a iya amfani da shi don shayi, koko mai zafi (hot chocolate) ko sauran amfani. Ruwan da ke cikin fanfo mai zafi yawanci ana ɗumama shi ne da sinadarin ɗumamawa (heating element) kuma ana adana shi a cikin tanki mai zafi (kamar yadda ake amfani da injinan ɗumama ruwa na gargajiya a gidajen zama). Bugu da ƙari, fanfo mai zafi yawanci ana sanye shi da bawul ɗin tsaro na dannawa don hana ƙonewa sakamakon danna madaurin da gangan ko cikin rashin sani.
Ƙarin fasaloli
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Injin cika ƙwalba (Bottle filler)
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Sabbin samfuran injinan sanyaya ruwa sun haɗa da ƙarin hanyar rarraba ruwa da aka tsara don cika ƙwalaben ruwa kai tsaye a jikin na'urorin da ke jikin bango. Wannan yana ƙara zama ruwan dare a injinan sanyaya ruwa na jama'a domin an kuma gan su a wuraren taron jama'a kamar filayen jiragen sama[7][8] da tashoshin jirgin ƙasa.[9] Waɗannan na'urori na cika ƙwalba suna iya nuna adadin ƙwalaben robobi na amfani-sau-ɗaya (single-use) da aka kiyaye a matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙoƙarin jama'a da ake yi na rage gurɓatar muhalli ta hanyar robobi.
Sanya Kumfa (Carbonation)
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Samfuran zamani na injinan sanyaya ruwa an sanye su da zaɓuka na samar da ruwa mai kumfa (sparkling water) sakamakon ƙaruwar buƙatar abubuwan sha masu kumfa da kuma fadin wayar da kan jama'a game da rayuwa mai inganci, wanda hakan ya haifar da fifita ruwa mai kumfa fiye da abubuwan sha masu kumfa da aka zaƙi.[10] Wannan yana aiki ne tare da ƙarin tankin mahaɗa da aka cika shi da matsatson CO2 (Carbon dioxide) da ke cikin tankin sanyaya ruwan. Wannan yana sauƙar da yanayin zafi na iskar gas na CO2 zuwa yanayin zafi na tankin sanyayar. Yayin da ake fitar da ruwa mai kumfa, tankin mahaɗa yana sake cika kansa ta atomatik da ruwan sanyi da carbon dioxide, yana mai tabbatar da cewa ana samun wadatar ruwa mai kumfa akai-akai cikin sauƙi.
Kula da Injin (Maintenance)
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Duk injinan sanyaya ruwa na ƙwalba suna buƙatar tsaftacewa akai-akai don hana taruwar ma'adinai a cikin tanki mai ɗumama ruwa, wanda kuma aka sani da scaling. Ana iya ƙayyade yawan tsaftacewar ta hanyar yawa ko ƙarfin ma'adinan da kuma adadin ruwan da aka amfani da shi. Ana iya amfani da sinadarai masu cire datti (descaling agents) kamar citric acid don wannan tsari na tsaftacewa.
Tankunan ɗumama ruwa za su buƙaci tsaftacewa lokacin da kwararar ruwan zafi na yau da kullum ta bayyana a matsayin mai wahala ko kuma lokacin da ake jin karar surutu na damben ɗumama ruwa yayin aiki. Ƙarin alamomin sun haɗa da ruwan da ke fitowa daga tankin sanyaya ruwa yana kasancewa da ɗumi sosai, gami da canjin ɗanɗanon ruwan sakamakon taruwar ma'adinai.
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ "Water cooler". Horniman Museum and Gardens. Retrieved 2015-07-20.
- ↑ Parisi, ByKristen. "A brief history of the water cooler". HR Brew (in Turanci). Retrieved 2025-10-08.
- ↑ "Water Coolers and Ice - Making Machines Policy" (PDF). Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust. 2015-01-13. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-01-17. Retrieved 2018-02-25.
- ↑ Senior, Dorothy (2011). Dege, Nicholas (ed.). Technology of Bottled Water (3rd ed.). Chichester, UK: Blackwell Publishing Ltd. p. 299. ISBN 978-1-4051-9932-2.
- ↑ Senior, Dorothy (2011). Dege, Nicholas (ed.). Technology of Bottled Water (3rd ed.). Chichester, UK: Blackwell Publishing Ltd. p. 8. ISBN 978-1-4051-9932-2.
- ↑ Reid, Robert (2004). Water Quality and Systems: A Guide for Facility Managers (2nd ed.). Georgia, USA: The Fairmont Press. p. 187. ISBN 0-88173-332-6.
- ↑ Yamanouchi, Kelly (2013-06-21). "Water bottle filling stations coming to airport". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Retrieved 2018-08-28.
- ↑ Brockman, Joshua (2017-11-20). "Instead of That $5 Water Bottle at Airports, Filling Stations". The New York Times. Retrieved 2018-08-28.
- ↑ "Scotland's railway stations to offer drinking water". BBC News. 2018-01-25. Retrieved 2018-08-28.
- ↑ Team, Trefis (2014-01-14). "Coca-Cola Eyes Growth In The Sparkling Bottled Water Market". Forbes. Retrieved 2018-08-28.