Naja annulata

*Naja annulata*
Naja annulata
Conservation status
	; LC (mul) (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Kingdom	Animalia
Phylum	Chordata (mul)
Class	Reptilia (mul)
Order	Squamata (mul)
Dangi	Elapidae (mul)
Genus	Naja (mul)
jinsi	Naja annulata; Peters, 1876
Geographic distribution

Naja annulata (wanda a da ake kira Boulengerina annulata ), wanda aka fi sani da banded water cobra ko zoben ruwa mai zobe, nau'in zoben ruwa ne da aka samo asali daga yamma da tsakiyar Afirka .

Wannan nau'in yana ɗaya daga cikin nau'ikan kuraye biyu na ruwa a duniya, ɗayan kuma shine kurayen ruwa na Congo ( Naja christyi ).

Bayani

Macijiya ce babba, mai nauyin jiki, mai gajeriyar kai, mai faɗi da faɗi, mai siffar canthus, kuma ba ta da bambanci da wuya. Tana da idanu masu duhu masu matsakaicin girma tare da ƴan ƙugu masu zagaye. Jikinta silinda ce; wutsiya tana da tsayi. Sikelin suna da santsi da sheƙi, a layuka 21-23 a tsakiyar jiki. Manya suna girma zuwa matsakaicin 1.4 to 2.2 metres (4.6 to 7.2 ft) a tsayi, amma suna iya girma har zuwa 2.8 metres (9.2 ft) . Sikeli suna da santsi, suna nuna rayuwar wannan nau'in a cikin ruwa. Yana da ikon yaɗa ƙulli mai kunkuntar amma mai ban sha'awa. Launukan jiki galibi launin ruwan kasa ne mai sheƙi, launin toka-launin ruwan kasa, ko ja-launin ruwan kasa tare da madauri baƙi a duk faɗin jiki. Cikinsa rawaya ne mai haske, yayin da wutsiyarsa baki ɗaya ce. ^[1] ^[2]

Rarrabawa da wurin zama

Ana samun wannan nau'in a sassan tsakiya da yammacin Afirka, a Burundi, Kamaru, Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya, Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kongo, Jamhuriyar Kongo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Rwanda, da lardin Cabinda a Angola, da kuma gefen Tafkin Tanganyika na Burundi, Tanzania da Zambia. Yawancin nau'in ruwa ne kuma ba kasafai ake samunsa a nesa da ruwa ba.Ana iya samunsa a gefen tafkuna da koguna a cikin dazuzzuka da kuma wuraren dazuzzuka masu kyau inda rufin ya isa, ^[1] galibi a gefen tafkuna masu dazuzzuka, koguna, da koguna masu dazuzzuka. ^[2]

Halayya da abinci mai gina jiki

Nau'i ne mai ɓoyewa kuma ba kasafai ake samunsa a tsakanin mutane ba. Yana aiki dare da rana, kodayake yawanci yana aiki da rana. Wannan macijin ruwa yana yin mafi yawan lokacinsa a cikin ruwa. Kwararren mai iyo ne kuma yana iya zama a ƙarƙashin ruwa har zuwa mintuna 10 sannan ya nutse zuwa zurfin 25 metres (82 ft) . Yana tafiya a hankali a ƙasa, kuma yana ɓuya a tsakanin duwatsu, a cikin ramuka, ko kuma tushen bishiyoyi da suka rataye a bakin teku. Hakanan yana amfani da duk wani gini da ɗan adam ya ƙera, kamar gadoji da magudanar ruwa, don ɓuya. Gabaɗaya ba shi da ƙarfi, kuma idan aka kusance shi a cikin ruwa, zai yi iyo da sauri kuma a ƙasa zai yi ƙoƙarin tserewa cikin ruwa. Idan aka yi masa barazana a ƙasa, zai tashi ya shimfiɗa murfinsa mai kunkuntar, amma kuma yana iya yin ihu da ƙarfi, amma ba ya yin wani motsi gaba. Zai ciji ne kawai idan aka tsokane shi. ^[1]

Yana farautar kifi ne kawai. ^[1] Yana iya kama kwaɗi, kwaɗi, da sauran dabbobin ruwa. ^[2]

Dafin

Ba a yi nazari sosai kan gubar wannan nau'in ba, amma ana kyautata zaton cewa gubar tana da haɗari ga jijiyoyi, kamar ta yawancin ƙwayoyin cuta masu kama da na elapids . Wani bincike ya lissafa ƙwayoyin cuta masu kama da na intraperitoneal (IP) LD50 na wannan nau'in a 0.143 mg/kg. ^[3]

An yi gwajin dafin macizai na ruwa don gano musabbabin mutuwa, aikin proteolytic da kuma yawan furotin. Naja annulata annulata da Naja christyi venom sun sami matsakaicin furotin kashi 89% kuma ba su da aikin proteolytic. Murine intraperitoneal venoms LD ₅₀ na N. a. annulata da N. christyi venoms sun kasance 0.143 da 0.120 mg/kg, bi da bi. Polyvalent antivenom da Cibiyar Binciken Lafiya ta Afirka ta Kudu ta samar ya rage yawan gubar da ke cikin jini 575 da 200 LD ₅₀ na N. a. annulata da N. christyi venom/ml, bi da bi. Cation exchange chromatography ya warware kololuwa huɗu masu kisa daga N. a. annulata venom da kololuwa shida masu kisa daga N. christyi venom. An ƙara tsarkake manyan kololuwa masu kisa (kimanin 12% na jimlar furotin mai guba) da molecular sieve chromatography kuma an siffanta su da 61- ( N. a. annulata toxin) da 62-residue ( N. christyi toxin) polypeptides tare da half-cystines huɗu. Bayyana cikakken jerin amino-acid ya nuna cewa waɗannan gubobi suna cikin rukunin gajerun sarƙoƙi na postsynaptic neurotoxins. Gajerun sarƙoƙi neurotoxins 1 daga N. a. annulata da N. christyi suna da murine intraperitoneal LD ₅₀ ƙimar 0.052 da 0.083 mg/kg, bi da bi, kuma ya nuna daidaito sama da kashi 80% tare da gubar N. nigricollis alpha. Binciken wani kololuwar da ke cikin gubar biyu ya warware wani guba wanda ke da N-terminus mai kama da N. christyi short-chain neurotoxin 1. Waɗannan ɓangarorin kuma sun ƙunshi guba waɗanda za a iya raba su da isotoxin short-chain ta hanyar shirya chromatography na baya-baya. Jerin amino-acid na farkon ragowar 28 ya nuna cewa duka gubar neurotoxins ne masu dogon sarka tare da N-termini iri ɗaya. LD ₅₀ na neurotoxins long-chain 2 daga N. a. annulata da N. christyi venoms sune 0.086 da 0.090 mg/kg, bi da bi. Dafin waɗannan ƙwayoyin cuta marasa sananne suna da wasu daga cikin mafi ƙarancin ƙimar LD ₅₀ a cikin ciki na kowace nau'in Naja na Afirka da aka yi nazari a kai zuwa yanzu, kuma suna da yawan ƙwayoyin cuta masu ƙarfi na postsynaptic neurotoxins. ^[3]

Manazarta

1 2 3 4 "Boulengerina annulata - General Details, Taxonomy and Biology, Venom, Clinical Effects, Treatment, First Aid, Antivenoms". Clinical Toxinology Resource. University of Adelaide. Retrieved 16 February 2012. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "wch" defined multiple times with different content.
1 2 3 "Boulengerina annulata". Armed Forces Pest Management Board. United States Department of Defense. Archived from the original on 9 January 2012. Retrieved 16 February 2012. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "dod" defined multiple times with different content.
1 2 Weinstein, Scott A.; James J. Schmidt; Leonard A. Smith (30 March 1991). "Lethal toxins and cross-neutralization of venoms from the African water cobras, Boulengerina annulata annulata and Boulengerina christyi". Toxicon. 29 (11): 1315–1327. Bibcode:1991Txcn...29.1315W. doi:10.1016/0041-0101(91)90118-B. PMID 1814007. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Toxicon" defined multiple times with different content.

[wch-1] 1 2 3 4 "Boulengerina annulata - General Details, Taxonomy and Biology, Venom, Clinical Effects, Treatment, First Aid, Antivenoms". Clinical Toxinology Resource. University of Adelaide. Retrieved 16 February 2012. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "wch" defined multiple times with different content.

[dod-2] 1 2 3 "Boulengerina annulata". Armed Forces Pest Management Board. United States Department of Defense. Archived from the original on 9 January 2012. Retrieved 16 February 2012. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "dod" defined multiple times with different content.

[Toxicon-3] 1 2 Weinstein, Scott A.; James J. Schmidt; Leonard A. Smith (30 March 1991). "Lethal toxins and cross-neutralization of venoms from the African water cobras, Boulengerina annulata annulata and Boulengerina christyi". Toxicon. 29 (11): 1315–1327. Bibcode:1991Txcn...29.1315W. doi:10.1016/0041-0101(91)90118-B. PMID 1814007. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Toxicon" defined multiple times with different content.

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