Jump to content

Naman daji

Daga Wikipedia, Insakulofidiya ta kyauta.
Naman daji
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na nama da game meat (en) Fassara
Bangare na game (en) Fassara
Ƙasa da aka fara Afirka

nama daji nama ne daga nau'in namun daji waɗanda ake farauta don amfani da mutane. Bushmeat yana wakiltar tushen furotin na dabba da kayan da ke samun kuɗi a cikin al'ummomin matalauta da yankunan karkara na yankunan gandun daji masu zafi na duniya.[1][2]

Yawan dabbobi da aka kashe kuma aka sayar da su a matsayin nama a cikin shekarar 1994 a Yamma da Afirka ta Tsakiya an yi la'akari da cewa ba za a iya jurewa ba.[3]A shekara ta 2005, an dauki girbi na kasuwanci da cinikin nama a matsayin barazana ga bambancin halittu.[4] Ya zuwa shekara ta 2016, an yi barazanar halaka dabbobi masu shayarwa 301 saboda farautar nama na daji ciki har da wadanda ba mutane ba, dabbobi masu tsintsiya, jemagu, diprotodont marsupials, rodents da carnivores da ke faruwa a Kasashe masu tasowa.[5]

Bushmeat yana ba da ƙarin damar watsa ƙwayoyin cuta da yawa daga dabbobi zuwa mutane, kamar Ebolavirus da HIV.[6][7][8]

Nomenclature

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Kalmar 'bushmeat' asalin kalma ce ta Afirka don nau'in namun daji waɗanda ake farauta don amfani da mutum, [9] kuma yawanci yana nufin musamman ga nama na namun daji na Afirka. [10]A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2000, IUCN World Conservation Congress ta zartar da ƙuduri kan cinikin kasuwanci mara dorewa a cikin Nama na daji. An bukaci kasashe da abin ya shafa da su fahimci karuwar tasirin cinikin nama, don karfafawa da aiwatar da dokoki, da kuma bunkasa shirye-shiryen aiki don rage sakamakon cinikayya. An nemi kungiyoyin masu ba da gudummawa don samar da kudade don aiwatar da irin waɗannan shirye-shiryen.

Binciken namun daji don abinci yana da mahimmanci don tsaron rayuwa da samar da furotin na abinci ga matalauta. Zai iya zama mai ɗorewa lokacin da masu farauta na gargajiya suka gudanar da shi a cikin manyan wurare don amfani da kansu. Saboda girman farautar nama don Kasuwanci a kasuwanni, rayuwar waɗannan nau'ikan da ke da babban jiki kuma suna haifuwa a hankali suna fuskantar barazana. Kalmar Rikicin nama na daji an kirkireshi ne a cikin 2007 kuma tana nufin wannan barazanar biyu na lalacewar albarkatun abinci da lalacewar namun daji, dukansu sun haifar da cinikin nama na daji.

A duniya, an kiyasta fiye da nau'in dabbobi 1,000 da za su shafi farautar nama.[11]Masu farautar nama suna amfani da tarko kafa don kama kowane dabba, amma sun fi son kashe manyan nau'o'in, saboda waɗannan suna samar da nama fiye da ƙananan nau'o-in.[12]

Pangolin a Kamaru
Gambian bag rat a Kamaru
Naman daji a Gabon

Nau'in dabbobi masu shayarwa 301 da ke barazanar farauta don nama na daji sun hada da primates 126, 65 even-toed ungulates, 27 bats, 26 diprotodont marsupials, 21 rodents, 12 carnivores da duk nau'in pangolin.[13]

Dabbobi masu tsayi sun ba da sabo da shan sigari a cikin shekara ta 2009 a kasuwar namun daji ta Kogin Cavally na Liberia sun haɗa da chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes), Diana monkey (Cercopithecus diana), putty-nosed monkey (C. nictitans), karamin monkey (C. petaurista), Campbell's mona (C. campbelli), sooty mangabey (Cercocebus atys), king colobus (Colobus), olive colobus (Procolobus verusP. badius western), red). Nau'in Duiker sun kasance fiye da rabin jimlar dabbobi 723 da aka bayar.[14]A cikin shekara ta 2012, an bincika kasuwancin nama a ƙauyuka uku a cikin Sashen Sassandra, Ivory Coast. A cikin watanni shida, gidajen cin abinci tara sun karbi dabbobi masu shayarwa 376 da dabbobi masu rarrafe guda takwas, gami da karamin crocodile (Osteolaemus tetraspis), bushbuck (Tragelaphus scriptus), Maxwell's duiker (Philantomba maxwellii), Bay duiker (Cephalophus dorsalis), Campbell's mona, karamin hanci, eryto (Perodicus potto), shinge (Phataginus tricus), shinge na shinge (Chamercanus), shinge), shinge shinge (Thrus), shellus), shinkafa shinge shinkafa), shinge) shinge (Shans shinge shake shinge shuke-shshshsh (Ps shinge), (Pushushushushish).[15]Kimanin jemagu masu launin 'ya'yan itace 128,400 (Eidolon helvum) an kiyasta su a cikin 2011 don a sayar da su azaman nama a kowace shekara a birane huɗu a kudancin Ghana.[16]

A shekara ta 2006, an kiyasta cewa kimanin dabbobi 1,437,458 ana kashe su a kowace shekara a cikin sassan Najeriya da Kamaru na gandun daji na bakin teku na Cross-Sanaga-Bioko, gami da kimanin beraye 43,880 na Emin (Cricetomys emini), bishiyoyi 41,800 pangolins, birai masu tsayi 39,700, birai 22,500 Mona (Cercopithecus mona), 3,500 red-eared guenons (C. erythrotis), 20,300 somatinets (Mandrillus leucusususus Africa), Costususus Sicophaeus), (Cousousous 600), Southern (Cous 600), African (Cous) (Couscuscuscuscus), Southerncicicici), Southernci), Southern (Mandrylus (Couscursus), Southerncivilus), Southern (Nus), Southern 600), Southerncivites), Southernci (Cous (Cous), Southerncives), Southerncivinets),[17]

gorilla a Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, 2008

Tsakanin shekara ta 1983 zuwa shekara ta 2002, an kiyasta yawan mutanen Gabon na gorilla na yamma (Gorilla gorilla) da chimpanzee na yau da kullun (Pan troglodytes) sun ragu da kashi 56%. Wannan raguwa ya samo asali ne daga farautar kasuwanci, wanda aka sauƙaƙe ta hanyar fadada ababen more rayuwa don dalilai na katako.[18]Marsh mongoose (Atilax paludinosus) da dogon hanci mongoose (Herpestes nasa) sune mafi yawan ƙananan masu cin nama da aka bayar a kasuwannin nama na karkara a kasar.[19]

A ƙarshen shekarun 1990s, an lura da gawawwakin Bonobo (Pan Paniscus) a Basankusu a Lardin Équateur a cikin Kwango.[20]Manyan nau'o'in da masu farautar nama suka kashe a yankin Katavi-Rukwa na Tanzania sun hada da impala (Aepyceros melampus), Duiker na yau da kullun (Sylvicapra grimmia), warthog (Phacocherus africanus), Cape buffalo (Syncerus caffer), bushbuck mai amfani, jan kogi river (Potamochoerus porcus) da kuma zebra (Equus quagga). [21]

Lemurs da aka kashe a Madagascar don nama na daji

Bincike a cikin karkara a kudu maso yammacin Madagascar ya nuna cewa masu farautar nama suna da niyyar bushpig (Potamochoerus larvatus), lemur mai wutsiya (Lemur catta), Sifaka na Verreaux (Propithecus verreauxi), Lemur na wasanni na Hubbard (Lepilemur hubbardorum), dwarf lemur mai kitse (Cheirogaleus medius), common tenrecudatus), fetur (Microcebus murinus), red-graycan (Mufus).[22]

Ƙarfin hali

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Masu farautar nama na daji biyu na Madagascar tare da dutsen su

Kashewa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Kasuwancin katako da kamfanoni ke gudanarwa a cikin gandun daji na Afirka suna da alaƙa da cinikin nama. Saboda suna samar da hanyoyi, manyan motoci da sauran hanyoyin zuwa gandun daji masu nisa, sune babbar hanyar jigilar mafarauta da nama tsakanin gandun daji da cibiyoyin birane. Wasu, ciki har da Congolaise Industrielle du Bois (CIB) a Jamhuriyar Kongo, sun yi haɗin gwiwa tare da gwamnatoci da kungiyoyin kiyayewa na duniya don tsara kasuwancin nama a cikin lasisi inda suke aiki. Ana buƙatar mafita da yawa; saboda kowace ƙasa tana da yanayi daban-daban, al'adu da dokoki, babu mafita da za ta yi aiki a kowane wuri.[23]

Abinci

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Naman daji na iya zama muhimmiyar tushen micronutrients da macronutrients. Binciken da aka yi wa Kudancin Amurka a yankin Tres Fronteras ya gano cewa wadanda suka cin nama na daji suna cikin karancin haɗarin rashin jini da yanayin kiwon lafiya, saboda abincin su ya haɗa da ƙarfe, zinc, da Bitamin C fiye da waɗanda ba su cin nama na bush ba.[24]

Kifi da yawa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A Ghana, cin zarafin kasa da kasa na wuraren kamun kifi na Afirka ya kara bukatar nama. Dukkanin jiragen ruwa da Tarayyar Turai ke tallafawa da jiragen ruwa na kasuwanci na cikin gida sun ƙare da kifin kifi, suna barin mutanen yankin su kara abincin su da dabbobi da aka farauta daga wuraren ajiyar yanayi. Fiye da shekaru 30 na haɗin bayanai ya ragu sosai a cikin yawan dabbobi masu shayarwa da kuma nau'in dabbobi 41 tare da raguwar kifi.[25]Amfani da kifi da nama na daji yana da alaƙa: raguwar wata hanya tana motsa buƙata da farashi ga ɗayan.[11]

Makiyaya

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Masu kiwon dabbobi daga yankin iyaka tsakanin Sudan da Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya suna tare da 'yan kasuwa masu dauke da makamai waɗanda kuma ke shiga cikin farautar manyan Masu cin ganyayyaki. Raguwar giant eland, Cape buffalo, hartebeest da waterbuck a yankin Chinko tsakanin 2012 da 2017 an danganta shi da ayyukan farautar su. Suna amfani da dabbobi don jigilar nama zuwa kasuwanni.[26]

Matsayin yaduwar cututtuka

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Samfuri:See

Armillifer grandis kamar yadda aka samu a cikin maciji na Rhinoceros da aka sayar don amfani da mutum

Tushen dabbobi na iya zama sanadin cututtukan cututtuka kamar tarin mura, kuturta, kwalara, kyanda, kyanda. Fitowar HIV-1, Cutar kanjamau, Cutar Ebola, da Cutar Creutzfeldt-Jakob an danganta su da tushen dabbobi a yau.[27]An gano Squirrel na igiya na Thomas (Funisciurus anerythrus) da squirrel mai jan kafafu (Heliosciurus rufobrachium) don ɗaukar MPXV a Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo a cikin shekarun 1980.[28]

Yaduwar kwayar cutar Ebola a cikin kwarin Kongo da Gabon a cikin shekarun 1990s an haɗa su da yanka da cinyewa da amfani da chimpanzees da Bonobos.[6] Masu farautar nama a Afirka ta Tsakiya da suka kamu da kwayar cutar T-lymphotropic ta mutum sun kasance kusa da dabbobi na daji.[29]Ana iya yaduwar cutar ta Anthrax lokacin yanka da cinye dabbobi. Hadarin cututtukan jini da za a iya yaduwa ya fi girma lokacin yanka gawa fiye da lokacin jigilar, dafa abinci da cin shi.[30]

Yawancin mafarauta da 'yan kasuwa ba su da masaniya game da zoonosis da haɗarin yaduwar cuta.[31]Binciken hira a cikin yankunan karkara a Najeriya ya nuna cewa kashi 55% na masu amsa sun san game da zoonoses, amma iliminsu da al'adun al'adu sune mahimman direbobi don farauta da cin nama duk da haɗarin da ke tattare da shi.[32]

HIV

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Sakamakon bincike kan chimpanzees na daji a Kamaru ya nuna cewa sun kamu da kwayar cutar foamy kuma sun zama tafkin HIV-1, wanda ya haifar da cutar immunodeficiency (AIDS) a cikin mutane.[33] Akwai nau'ikan cutar kanjamau da yawa, wanda ke nuna cewa wannan canjin jinsin ya faru sau da yawa.[34] Irin wannan kwayar cutar rigakafi da ke cikin chimpanzees an bayar da rahoton cewa an samo shi ne daga tsofaffin nau'ikan kwayar cutar da ke cikin mangabey mai ƙuƙwalwa (Cercocebus torquatus) da biri mai ƙuyanci. Wataƙila an fara canja kwayar cutar kanjamau ga mutane bayan sun haɗu da nama mai kamuwa da cuta.[35]

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ name="Nasi_al2008">amp. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  2. ↑ name="Bennett_al2007">Bennett, E. L.; Blencowe, E.; Brandon, K.; Brown, D.; Burn, R. W.; Cowlishaw, G.; Davies, G.; Dublin, H.; Fa, J. E.; Milner-Gulland, E. J.; Robinson, J. G.; Rowcliffe, J. M.; Underwood, F. M. & Wilkie, D. S. (2007). "Hunting for consensus: reconciling bushmeat harvest, conservation, and development policy in West and Central Africa". Conservation Biology. 21 (3): 884–887. Bibcode:2007ConBi..21..884B. doi:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2006.00595.x. PMID 17531066. S2CID 38428707.
  3. ↑ Bowen-Jones, E. & Pendry, S. (1999). "The threats to primates and other mammals from the bushmeat trade in Africa and how this could be diminished". Oryx. 33 (3): 233–247. doi:10.1046/j.1365-3008.1999.00066.x.
  4. ↑ Cowlishaw, G.; Mendelson, S. & Rowcliffe, J. (2005). "Evidence for post-depletion sustainability in a mature bushmeat market". Journal of Applied Ecology. 42 (3): 460–468. Bibcode:2005JApEc..42..460C. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2664.2005.01046.x.
  5. ↑ name="Ripple_al2016">Ripple, W. J.; Abernethy, K.; Betts, M. G.; Chapron, G.; Dirzo, R.; Galetti, M.; Levi, T.; Lindsey, P. A.; Macdonald, D. W.; Machovina, B.; Newsome, T. M.; Peres, C. A.; Wallach, A. D.; Wolf, C. & Young, H. (2016). "Bushmeat hunting and extinction risk to the world's mammals". Royal Society Open Science. 3 (10): 160498. Bibcode:2016RSOS....360498R. doi:10.1098/rsos.160498. PMC 5098989. PMID 27853564.
  6. 1 2 Georges-Courbot, M. C.; Sanchez, A.; Lu, C. Y.; Baize, S.; Leroy, E.; Lansout-Soukate, J.; Tévi-Bénissan, C.; Georges, A. J.; Trappier, S. G.; Zaki, S. R.; Swanepoel, R.; Leman, P. A.; Rollin, P. E.; Peters, C. J. & Nichol, S. T. (1997). "Isolation and phylogenetic characterization of Ebola viruses causing different outbreaks in Gabon". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 3 (1): 59–62. doi:10.3201/eid0301.970107. PMC 2627600. PMID 9126445.
  7. ↑ name="McMichael2002">McMichael, A. J. (2002). "Population, environment, disease, and survival: past patterns, uncertain futures" (PDF). The Lancet. 359 (9312): 1145–1148. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(02)08164-3. PMID 11943282. S2CID 9159650.
  8. ↑ name="Karesh_al2009">Karesh, W. B. & Noble, E. (2009). "The bushmeat trade: Increased opportunities for transmission of zoonotic disease". Mount Sinai Journal of Medicine: A Journal of Translational and Personalized Medicine. 76 (5): 429–444. doi:10.1002/msj.20139. PMID 19787649.
  9. ↑ Bennett, E. L.; Blencowe, E.; Brandon, K.; Brown, D.; Burn, R. W.; Cowlishaw, G.; Davies, G.; Dublin, H.; Fa, J. E.; Milner-Gulland, E. J.; Robinson, J. G.; Rowcliffe, J. M.; Underwood, F. M. & Wilkie, D. S. (2007). "Hunting for consensus: reconciling bushmeat harvest, conservation, and development policy in West and Central Africa". Conservation Biology. 21 (3): 884–887. Bibcode:2007ConBi..21..884B. doi:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2006.00595.x. PMID 17531066. S2CID 38428707.Bennett, E. L.; Blencowe, E.; Brandon, K.; Brown, D.; Burn, R. W.; Cowlishaw, G.; Davies, G.; Dublin, H.; Fa, J. E.; Milner-Gulland, E. J.; Robinson, J. G.; Rowcliffe, J. M.; Underwood, F. M. & Wilkie, D. S. (2007). "Hunting for consensus: reconciling bushmeat harvest, conservation, and development policy in West and Central Africa". Conservation Biology. 21 (3): 884–887. Bibcode:2007ConBi..21..884B. doi:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2006.00595.x. PMID 17531066. S2CID 38428707.
  10. ↑ Hall, Jani (2019-06-19). "Bushmeat, explained". National Geographic. Archived from the original on April 10, 2021. Retrieved 2022-05-18.
  11. 1 2 amp. Missing or empty |title= (help)Nasi, R.; Brown, D.; Wilkie, D.; Bennett, E.; Tutin, C.; Van Tol, G. & Christophersen, T. (2008). Conservation and use of wildlife-based resources: the bushmeat crisis Archived 2014-10-30 at the Wayback Machine (PDF). CBD Technical Series no. 33. Montreal and Bogor: Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity and Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR). pp. 1–50.
  12. ↑ Wilkie, D.S.; Wieland, M.; Boulet, H.; Le Bel, S.; van Vliet, N.; Cornelis, D.; BriacWarnon, V.; Nasi, R. & Fa, J.E. (2016). "Eating and conserving bushmeat in Africa". African Journal of Ecology. 54 (4): 402–414. Bibcode:2016AfJEc..54..402W. doi:10.1111/aje.12392.
  13. ↑ Ripple, W. J.; Abernethy, K.; Betts, M. G.; Chapron, G.; Dirzo, R.; Galetti, M.; Levi, T.; Lindsey, P. A.; Macdonald, D. W.; Machovina, B.; Newsome, T. M.; Peres, C. A.; Wallach, A. D.; Wolf, C. & Young, H. (2016). "Bushmeat hunting and extinction risk to the world's mammals". Royal Society Open Science. 3 (10): 160498. Bibcode:2016RSOS....360498R. doi:10.1098/rsos.160498. PMC 5098989. PMID 27853564.Ripple, W. J.; Abernethy, K.; Betts, M. G.; Chapron, G.; Dirzo, R.; Galetti, M.; Levi, T.; Lindsey, P. A.; Macdonald, D. W.; Machovina, B.; Newsome, T. M.; Peres, C. A.; Wallach, A. D.; Wolf, C. & Young, H. (2016). "Bushmeat hunting and extinction risk to the world's mammals". Royal Society Open Science. 3 (10): 160498. Bibcode:2016RSOS....360498R. doi:10.1098/rsos.160498. PMC 5098989. PMID 27853564.
  14. ↑ Covey, R. & McGraw, W. S. (2014). "Monkeys in a West African bushmeat market: implications for cercopithecid conservation in eastern Liberia". Tropical Conservation Science. 7 (1): 115–125. doi:10.1177/194008291400700103.
  15. ↑ Bi, S. G.; Koné, I.; Béné, J. C. K.; Bitty, E. A.; Yao, K. A.; Kouassi, B. A. & Gaubert, P. (2017). "Bushmeat hunting around a remnant coastal rainforest in Côte d'Ivoire". Oryx. 51 (3): 418–427. doi:10.1017/S0030605315001453.
  16. ↑ Kamins, A. O.; Restif, O.; Ntiamoa-Baidu, Y.; Suu-Ire, R.; Hayman, D. T.; Cunningham, A. A.; Wood, J. L. & Rowcliffe, J. M. (2011). "Uncovering the fruit bat bushmeat commodity chain and the true extent of fruit bat hunting in Ghana, West Africa". Biological Conservation. 144 (12): 3000–3008. Bibcode:2011BCons.144.3000K. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2011.09.003. PMC 3323830. PMID 22514356.
  17. ↑ Fa, J. E.; Seymour, S.; Dupain, J. E. F.; Amin, R.; Albrechtsen, L. & Macdonald, D. (2006). "Getting to grips with the magnitude of exploitation: bushmeat in the Cross–Sanaga rivers region, Nigeria and Cameroon". Biological Conservation. 129 (4): 497–510. Bibcode:2006BCons.129..497F. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2005.11.031.
  18. ↑ Walsh, P. D.; Abernethy, K. A.; Bermejo, M.; Beyers, R.; De Wachter, P.; Akou, M. E.; Huijbregts, B.; Mambounga, D. I.; Toham, A. K.; Kilbourn, A. M.;, Lahm, S.A.;, Latour. S.; Maisels, F.; Mbinak, C.; Mihindouk, Y.; Obiang, S. N.; Effa, E. N.; Starkey, M. P.; Telfer, P. M.; Thibault, M.; Tutin, C. E. G.; White, L. J. T.; Wilkie, D. S. (2003). "Catastrophic ape decline in western equatorial Africa" (PDF). Nature. 422 (6932): 611–614. Bibcode:2003Natur.422..611W. doi:10.1038/nature01566. PMID 12679788. S2CID 5905831.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  19. ↑ Bahaa-el-din, L.; Henschel, P.; Aba’a, R.; Abernethy, K.; Bohm, T.; Bout, N.; Coad, L.; Head, J.; Inoue, E.; Lahm, S.; Lee, M. E.; Maisels, F.; Rabanal, L.; Starkey, M.; Taylor, G. (2013). "Notes on the distribution and status of small carnivores in Gabon". Small Carnivore Conservation (48): 19–29.
  20. ↑ Dupain, J.; Bofaso, M.; Lompongo, J. & Elsacker, L. V. (2001). "Bonobos at the market of Basankusu (Equateur Province, DRC) in 1999: new evidence for bonobos between the lkelemba and Bosomba rivers" (PDF). Pan Africa News. 8 (2): 24–26. doi:10.5134/143400.
  21. ↑ Martin, A. & Caro, T. (2013). "Illegal hunting in the Katavi-Rukwa ecosystem". African Journal of Ecology. 51 (1): 172–175. Bibcode:2013AfJEc..51..172M. doi:10.1111/aje.12000.
  22. ↑ Gardner, C.J. & Davies, Z.G. (2014). "Rural bushmeat consumption within multiple-use protected areas: qualitative evidence from southwest Madagascar". Human Ecology. 42 (1): 21–34. Bibcode:2014HumEc..42...21G. doi:10.1007/s10745-013-9629-1. S2CID 154683918.
  23. ↑ Poulsen, J. R.; Clark, C. J.; Mavah, G. & Elkan, P. W. (2009). "Bushmeat supply and consumption in a tropical logging concession in northern Congo" (PDF). Conservation Biology. 23 (6): 1597–1608. Bibcode:2009ConBi..23.1597P. doi:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2009.01251.x. PMID 19459888. S2CID 42668922. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-12-26. Retrieved 2019-12-26.
  24. ↑ Lee, Tien Ming; Sigouin, Amanda; Pinedo-Vasquez, Miguel; Nasi, Robert (2020). "The Harvest of Tropical Wildlife for Bushmeat and Traditional Medicine". Annual Review of Environment and Resources. 45: 145–170. doi:10.1146/annurev-environ-102016-060827.
  25. ↑ Brashares, J. S.; Arcese, P.; Sam, M. K.; Coppolillo, P. B.; Sinclair, A. R. E. & Balmford, A. (2004). "Bushmeat hunting, wildlife declines, and fish supply in West Africa". Science. 306 (5699): 1180–1183. Bibcode:2004Sci...306.1180B. doi:10.1126/science.1102425. PMID 15539602. S2CID 51325711.
  26. ↑ Äbischer, T.; Ibrahim, T.; Hickisch, R.; Furrer, R. D.; Leuenberger, C. & Wegmann, D. (2020). "Apex predators decline after an influx of pastoralists in former Central African Republic hunting zones" (PDF). Biological Conservation. 241: 108326. Bibcode:2020BCons.24108326A. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2019.108326. S2CID 213766740.
  27. ↑ McMichael, A. J. (2002). "Population, environment, disease, and survival: past patterns, uncertain futures" (PDF). The Lancet. 359 (9312): 1145–1148. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(02)08164-3. PMID 11943282. S2CID 9159650.McMichael, A. J. (2002). "Population, environment, disease, and survival: past patterns, uncertain futures" (PDF). The Lancet. 359 (9312): 1145–1148. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(02)08164-3. PMID 11943282. S2CID 9159650.
  28. ↑ Khodakevich, L.; Szczeniowski, M.; Manbu-ma-Disu; Jezek, Z.; Marennikova, S.; Nakano, J. & Messinger, D. (1987). "The role of squirrels in sustaining mpox virus transmission". Tropical and Geographical Medicine. 39 (2): 115–122. PMID 2820094.
  29. ↑ Wolfe, N. D.; Heneine, W.; Carr, J. K.; Garcia, A. D.; Shanmugam, V.; Tamoufe, U.; Torimiro, J. N.; Prosser, A. T.; Lebreton, M.; Mpoudi-Ngole, E.; McCutchan, F. E.; Birx, D. L.; Folks, T. M.; Burke, D. S. & Switzer, W. M. (2005). "Emergence of unique primate T-lymphotropic viruses among central African bushmeat hunters". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 102 (22): 7994–7999. Bibcode:2005PNAS..102.7994W. doi:10.1073/pnas.0501734102. PMC 1142377. PMID 15911757.
  30. ↑ Wolfe, N. D.; Daszak, P.; Kilpatrick, A. M. & Burke, D. S. (2005). "Bushmeat hunting, deforestation, and prediction of zoonotic disease". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 11 (12): 1822–1827. doi:10.3201/eid1112.040789. PMC 3367616. PMID 16485465.
  31. ↑ Subramanian, M. (2012). "Zoonotic disease risk and the bushmeat trade: Assessing awareness among hunters and traders in Sierra Leone" (PDF). EcoHealth. 9 (4): 471–482. doi:10.1007/s10393-012-0807-1. PMID 23408099. S2CID 22594553.
  32. ↑ Friant, S.; Paige, S. B. & Goldberg, T. L. (2015). "Drivers of bushmeat hunting and perceptions of zoonoses in Nigerian hunting communities". PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 9 (5): e0003792. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0003792. PMC 4441483. PMID 26001078.
  33. ↑ Keele, B. F.; Van Heuverswyn, F.; Li, Y.; Bailes, E.; Takehisa, J.; Santiago, M. L.; Bibollet-Ruche, F.; Chen, Y.; Wain, L. V.; Liegeois, F.; Loul, S.; Ngole, E. M.; Bienvenue, Y.; Delaporte, E. & Brookfield, J. F. (2006). "Chimpanzee reservoirs of pandemic and nonpandemic HIV-1". Science. 313 (5786): 523–526. Bibcode:2006Sci...313..523K. doi:10.1126/science.1126531. PMC 2442710. PMID 16728595.
  34. ↑ Sharp, P. M. & Hahn, B. H. (2011). "Origins of HIV and the AIDS Pandemic". Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine. 1 (1): a006841–a006835. doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a006841. PMC 3234451. PMID 22229120.
  35. ↑ Arts, E. J. & Tebit, D. M. (2011). "Tracking a century of global expansion and evolution of HIV to drive understanding and to combat disease". The Lancet Infectious Diseases. 11 (1): 45–56. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.964.6074. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(10)70186-9. PMID 21126914.
Daga "https://ha.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Naman_daji&oldid=794478"