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Haɗin Gwiwar Ƙungiyar Baƙar fata don Maida diyya a Amurka

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Haɗin Gwiwar Ƙungiyar Baƙar fata don Maida diyya a Amurka

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Haɗin Gwiwar Ƙungiyar Baƙar fata don Maida diyya a Amurka (N'COBRA) ƙungiya ce da ke fafutikar samun diyya ta kudi ga zuriyar bayi da aka kawo Amurka a da.[1][2][3][4]

Tarihi

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Haɗin Gwiwar Ƙungiyar Baƙar fata don Maida diyya a Amurka an kafa ta ne a ranar 26 ga Satumba, 1987,[5] don yada bayani da kuma tallafawa burin dogon lokaci na samun diyya don bautar da aka yi a Amurka.[6] Masu kafa N’COBRA sun haɗa da Imari Obadele[7][8] da Chokwe Lumumba;[9] sauran masu kafa sun haɗa da National Conference of Black Lawyers, New Afrikan Peoples Organization, da Republic of New Afrika.[5]

A shekara ta 1994, N'COBRA ta shirya babban taron kasa a birnin Detroit. Ɗaya daga cikin masu jawabi ita ce Queen Mother Moore,[10] wadda ta kafa Jamhuriyar New Afrika.

Tsarin Ƙungiyar

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Aikin N'COBRA yana dogara ne da kwamishinoni tara na ƙasa:[5][11]

  • Ci gaban Tattalin Arziki
  • Albarkatun Jama'a
  • Dabarun Shari'a
  • Dokoki
  • Bayani da Kafofin Yaɗa Labarai
  • Ƙarfafa Membobi da Ci gaban Ƙungiya
  • Harkokin Ƙasashen Waje
  • Matasa
  • Ilimi

Membobin N'COBRA an raba su zuwa rukuni uku: mambobin daidaiku, rassan ƙasa da na ƙananan hukumomi, da ƙungiyoyin haɗin gwiwa. Membobin N’COBRA suna da wakilci a sassa daban-daban na Amurka[1] (kamar Philadelphia)[12] da kuma a sassa na Afirka, Turai, Amurka ta Tsakiya da Kudu, da ƙasar Caribbean.[5]

Jagorancin ƙasa na ƙungiyar yana hannun kwamitin gudanarwa na ƙasa.

Matsayi

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Manufar da aka bayyana ta National Coalition of Blacks for Reparations in America ita ce:

...don samun diyya cikakkiya ga zuriyar Baƙar fata daga Afirka da ke zaune a cikin Amurka da yankunanta saboda yaƙin kisan ƙetare da aka yi wa Afirka wanda ya haifar da cinikin bayi ta tekun Atlantika, bautar bayi ta chattel, tsarin Jim Crow, da sauran al’adun bautar bayi da suka rage (Maafa). Saboda haka, NCOBRA za ta shirya da motsa dukkan sassan waɗannan al’ummomin Baƙar fata, zuwa wani gagarumin motsi na neman diyya. NCOBRA za ta kuma kasance cibiyar da ke haɗa ƙarfin neman diyya a cikin Amurka. Haka kuma, ta hanyar rawar jagoranci da take takawa a motsin neman diyya a cikin Amurka da yankunanta, NCOBRA tana amincewa cewa neman diyya wata buƙata ce mai adalci ga dukkan al’ummomin Afirka kuma za ta haɗa kai da wasu don gina motsin neman diyya na ƙasa da ƙasa.[13]

Tun daga 2017, N'COBRA ta nace cewa diyya ya kamata a mayar da ita zuwa hanyar gyaran al'umma ba wai biyan kudade ga daidaikun zuriyar bayi ba.[14]

A 2022, Taiwo Kujichagulia-Seitu daga N'COBRA ya bayyana burin ƙungiyar na "gyara cikakke":

Ba kawai biyan kudi ba ne. Daya daga cikin manyan abubuwa dangane da gyara cikakke shi ne dole ne mu kawar da tatsuniyar fifikon fararen fata... [L]et's ce an bai wa kowanne Baƙar fata fili kuma mun fara farfaɗowa a fannin tattalin arziki. Wannan ba zai kawar da tsarin fifikon fari ba, wanda ke nufin da zarar an kawar da mu daga filinmu, har yanzu za mu iya fuskantar tsangwama daga 'yan sanda..., har yanzu za a iya cutar da mu. Saboda haka idan muna magana kan gyara cikakke, dole ne mu dubi hanyoyin da za su magance kowanne matsala. Biyan kuɗi ba zai isa ba don gyara abin da ya lalace sanadiyyar bautar bayi, mulkin mallaka da kuma ra’ayin wariyar launin fata.[15]

Juneteenth

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N'COBRA ta ɗauki Juneteenth — bikin da ke tuna da 'yantar da bayi a Amurka — a matsayin hutu tun farkon shekarun 1990.[11]

H.R. 40

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H.R. 40, mai suna Commission to Study and Develop Reparation Proposals for African-Americans Act, wata doka ce da ke nazarin batun diyya da aka gabatar a kowanne Majalisar Dokoki tun daga 1989 ta wakilai John Conyers (D-MI) da Sheila Jackson Lee (D-TX).[16]

A 2001, N'COBRA ta fito fili ta goyi bayan H.R. 40; hakika, ƙungiyar tare da mashawarci na shari'a Adjoa Aiyetoro, na shirin ƙara gwamnatin tarayya don neman diyya.[2]

Manufofin 2016 na Movement for Black Lives

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A watan Agustan 2016, ƙungiyar Movement for Black Lives, wata haɗin gwiwa da ke da alaƙa da motsin Black Lives Matter, ta fitar da wata manufa mai maida hankali kan diyya.[17] Wannan dandalin ya ƙunshi buƙatu guda shida, da shawarwari 40, kuma yana neman diyya ga lahani da aka jawo wa Baƙar fata sanadiyyar bauta da kuma zuba jari cikin ilimi da ayyuka.[18] Reuters ta yaba da wannan mataki a matsayin “karon farko da waɗannan ƙungiyoyin da Baƙar fata ke jagoranta da ke alaƙa da motsin Black Lives Matter suka haɗa kai don rubuta ingantaccen tsarin manufa.”[18]

Caccaka

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Masu caccakar N'COBRA sun yi iƙirarin cewa ƙungiyar ba ta yi wani babban ci gaba ba wajen inganta batun diyya a Amurka.[19][20] Masanin batun diyya William A. Darity Jr., a misali, ya rubuta cewa, "Shirin NCOBRA... ba zai haifar da tsarin diyya wanda zai ba da kuɗi kai tsaye ga 'ya'yan zuriyar Baƙar fata da aka bautar da su a Amurka ba."[20]

Fitattun mambobi na yanzu da na baya

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  • Imari Obadele — ɗaya daga cikin masu kafa ƙungiyar
  • Chokwe Lumumba — ɗaya daga cikin masu kafa ƙungiyar
  • James Forman[21]
  • Efia Nwangaza — shugabar haɗin ƙasa[22]
  • Adjoa Aiyetoro — babban mashawarci na ɓangaren shari'a
  • Robin Rue Simmons — mamba har abada[23]
  • Conrad Worrill — kwamishinan bunkasa tattalin arziki

Ƙara karatu

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  • Aiyetoro, Adjoa; Davis, Adrienne D. (19 Jun 2010). "Historic and Modern Social Movements for Reparations: The National Coalition for Reparations in America (N'COBRA) and its Antecedents". Washington University in St. Louis Legal Studies Research Paper No. 10-06-08. SSRN 1626991.
  • Karenga, Maulana (22–23 June 2001). "The Ethics of Reparations: Engaging the Holocaust of Enslavement" (PDF). The National Coalition of Blacks for Reparations in America. Archived from the original on 1 August 2017. Retrieved 31 January 2017.CS1 maint: unfit url (link)
  • Taifa, Nkechi; Lumumba, Chokwe (1993) [1983, 1987]. Reparations Yes (3rd ed.). Baton Rouge: House of Songhay.

Manazarta

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Williams, Lena (July 21, 1994). "Blacks Press the Case for Reparations for Slavery". The New York Times.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Lewin, Tamar (June 4, 2001). "Calls for Slavery Restitution Getting Louder". The New York Times.
  3. ↑ Serino, Kenichi; Stabley, Justin (September 16, 2022). "What to know about calls for reparations for Britain's legacy of slavery in the Caribbean". PBS.
  4. ↑ MACARAEG, SARAH; KUNICHOFF, YANA (March 21, 2017). "How Chicago Became the First City to Make Reparations to Victims of Police Violence: The ordinance provides a meaningful model for creating reparations at the local level". Yes!.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 "What is N'COBRA?". ncobra.org. National Coalition of Blacks for Reparations in America. Archived from the original on May 24, 2025. Retrieved February 26, 2023.
  6. ↑ Coates, Ta-Nehisi (June 2014). "The Case for Reparations". The Atlantic.
  7. ↑ Martin, Douglas (February 5, 2010). "Imari Obadele, Who Fought for Reparations, Dies at 79". The New York Times.
  8. ↑ "In the News: Mayor Sarno, Representative Williams and Officials Celebrate 37th Annual Black American Heritage with Special Flag Raising Ceremony". springfield-ma.gov. City of Springfield, Massachusetts. February 1, 2023.
  9. ↑ Winbush, Raymond (2010). Should America Pay?: Slavery and the Raging Debate on Reparations. New York, NY: HarperCollins.
  10. ↑ Pace, Eric (May 7, 1997). "Queen Mother Moore, 98, Harlem Rights Leader, Dies". The New York Times.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Castro, Gina (February 23, 2023). "National Reparations Awareness Day celebrated, but not well known". Evanston RoundTable.
  12. ↑ Levy, Jordan (January 20, 2023). "Philadelphia is open to exploring a reparations task force, city says, after advocates push for action: The idea of a formal commission is backed by activists, Council members, and at least one mayoral candidate". Billy Penn.
  13. ↑ "About: Our Mission". officialncobraonline.org. National Coalition of Blacks for Reparations in America. Archived from the original on July 20, 2025. Retrieved February 28, 2023.
  14. ↑ Michelle Chen (March 7, 2007). "Bill to Study Slavery Reparations Still Facing Resistance". The NewStandard. Archived from the original on 17 March 2007. Retrieved March 11, 2023.
  15. ↑ California Is A Step Closer To Reparations. Not All Black Residents Will Qualify. NPR. April 21, 2022.
  16. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named MI
  17. ↑ Alcindor, Yamiche (August 1, 2016). "Black Lives Matter Coalition Makes Demands as Campaign Heats Up". The New York Times.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Johnson, Eric M. (August 2, 2016). "Slavery reparations sought in first Black Lives Matter agenda". Reuters.
  19. ↑ Changamire, Kofi (Aug 1, 2019). "Dereliction of Duty; The 30 year tenure of N'COBRA". Medium.
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Brown, Ann (May 3, 2022). "Are NAARC And N'COBRA Blocking A Modern, Lineage-Based Reparations Claim?". The Moguldom Nation.
  21. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named WSJ
  22. ↑ "N'Cobra Organizational Leadership Roundtable Report" (PDF). N'Cobra.org. 2004. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 2, 2024. Retrieved September 1, 2024.
  23. ↑ "How The City Of Evanston Is Paying Reparations: Robin Rue Simmons shares how Evanston, Illinois created a restorative housing fund that enabled 16 Black seniors to make home improvements or mortgage payments". Next City. September 14, 2022.

Majiya

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