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National Liberation Front (Algeria)

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National Liberation Front
Bayanai
Iri jam'iyyar siyasa
Ƙasa Aljeriya da Faransa
Ideology (en) Fassara Ƙaunar Aljeriya, Arab nationalism (en) Fassara, anti-imperialism (en) Fassara da populism (en) Fassara
Political alignment (en) Fassara big tent (en) Fassara
Mulki
Hedkwata Aljir
Tarihi
Ƙirƙira 23 Oktoba 1954
pfln.dz

National Liberation Front wacce aka fi sani da sunan Faransanci FLN, [lower-alpha 1] jam'iyyar siyasa ce mai kishin ƙasa a Aljeriya.[1] Ita ce babbar ƙungiyar gwagwarmayar kishin ƙasa a lokacin yakin Aljeriya kuma ita ce jam'iyyar siyasa mai mulki da doka ta ƙasar Aljeriya har sai da wasu jam'iyyun suka halasta a shekarar 1989.[2]

An kafa FLN a cikin shekarar 1954 bayan rarrabuwar kawuna a cikin Movement for the Triumph of Democratic Liberties daga mambobi na Ƙungiyar Ƙungiya ta Musamman (Special Organisation); reshenta na ɗauke da makamai, National Liberation Army, sun shiga yakin Algeria daga shekarun 1954 zuwa 1962.[3] Bayan yarjejeniyar Évian na shekarar 1962, jam'iyyar ta kawar da rashin amincewar cikin gida tare da mulkin Aljeriya a matsayin ƙasa mai jam'iyya ɗaya.[4] Bayan tarzomar Oktoba 1988 da yakin basasar Aljeriya (1991-2002) akan ƙungiyoyin Islama, an sake zaɓen FLN a kan ƙaragar mulki a zaɓen majalisar dokokin Aljeriya na shekarar 2002, kuma gaba ɗaya ta ci gaba da riƙe madafun iko har zuwa shekara ta 2007, lokacin da ta fara kulla kawance da wasu jam'iyyu.[5]

Tarihi

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Zamanin mulkin mallaka

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Za a iya gano tushen FLN zuwa ga ci gaban adawa da mulkin mallaka da kuma ra'ayin kishin ƙasa na Aljeriya tun bayan ɓarkewar yakin duniya na biyu. Zaluntar al'ummar musulmin Aljeriya ya tsananta yayin da aka tsare Abdelhamid Ben Badis a gidan kaso sannan gwamnatin Marshal Pétain ta haramta jam'iyyar gurguzu ta Aljeriya da jam'iyyar Aljeriya. Yayin da a hankali yakin ya ƙara samun goyon bayan kawancen ƙasashen Yamma, idan aka yi la’akari da irin yadda Amurka ta yi a duniya da kuma yakin akidarta na yakar ‘yan mulkin mallaka, babban ra’ayin ‘yan kishin ƙasar Aljeriya shi ne yin amfani da nasarar da aka samu a Turai wajen inganta ‘yancin kai na ƙasar, wanda hakan ke nuni da fitowar Manifesto na al’ummar Aljeriya da Ferhat Abbas ta yi.[6] Yayin da wannan manufar ta gaza cimma nasara, wata sabuwar jam'iyyar Movement for the Triumph of Democratic Liberties (MTDL) da aka kafa da Messali Hadj da aka saki ta fara samun karfin gwiwa tare da jagorantar yunkurin kishin kasa.[7]

Sai dai tsarin koleji biyu na Majalisar Aljeriya ya tanadi adadin wakilai 60 daidai gwargwado tsakanin mazauna Faransawa da al'ummar musulmi yayin da al'ummar musulmi suka fi masu zama girma.[8] Rashin wakilcin haɗe da zaɓe na rashin adalci a shekarar 1948 ya iyakance ikon MTDL na samun ƙarin ikon siyasa.[9] Sakamakon haka, 'yan kishin ƙasa na Aljeriya sun karkata zuwa ga tsarin soja kamar yadda aka lura a cikin shigarsu cikin kungiya ta musamman (Algeria), wacce wani ɓangare ne na MTLD kuma ya haɗa da muhimman mutane a siyasar Algeria kamar Ahmed Ben Bella, Hocine Aït Ahmed, da Mohammed Boudiaf.

Daga baya a shekara ta 1951, kama Ahmed Ben Bella da kuma rushe ƙungiyar ta musamman ta ɗan yi nasara kan yunkurin 'yan kishin ƙasa na ɗan lokaci amma ya haifar da sha'awar ƙungiyar 'yan gwagwarmaya ta musamman don kafa sabuwar kungiya - kwamitin juyin juya hali na Unity and Action (CRUA).[10] Da farko yana da jagorancin mutum biyar wanda ya ƙunshi Mostefa Ben Boulaïd, Larbi Ben M'hidi, Rabah Bitat, Mohamed Boudiaf da Mourad Didouche. Sun kasance tare da Krim Belkacem a watan Agusta, da Hocine Aït Ahmed, Ahmed Ben Bella da Mohamed Khider daga baya a lokacin rani.[11]

Houari Boumediène (dama), shugaban rundunar 'yantar da 'yancin kai kuma shugaban Aljeriya na gaba, a lokacin yakin.
Sojoji na 'yantar da kasa kusa da tutar Aljeriya

An kafa FLN a ranar 10 ga watan Oktoba 1954. [12] Ta yi nasara da CRUA wanda aka kafa a farkon shekarar saboda CRUA ta kasa samar da haɗin kai a cikin Jam'iyyar MTLD. A ranar 1 ga watan Nuwamba 1954, FLN ta kaddamar da yakin Algeria bayan buga sanarwar 1 Nuwamba 1954 wanda ɗan jarida Mohamed Aïchaoui ya rubuta. [11] An kashe Didouche a ranar 18 ga watan Janairu 1955, yayin da Ben Boulaïd da Bitat suka kama hannun Faransa. Abane Ramdane an ɗauki shi ne domin ya karbi ragamar kamfen na FLN na Algiers, kuma ya ci gaba da zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan jagororin ta. A shekara ta 1956, kusan dukkanin ƙungiyoyin kishin ƙasa a Aljeriya sun shiga ƙungiyar FLN, wacce ta kafa kanta a matsayin babbar ƙungiyar masu kishin ƙasa ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa da tilastawa ƙananan ƙungiyoyi; Mafi mahimmancin ruƙuni da ya rage a wajen FLN shine Messali Hadj ta Aljeriyan National Movement (MNA). A wannan lokacin FLN ta sake tsarawa zuwa wani abu kamar gwamnatin wucin gadi, wanda ya ƙunshi hukumar zartaswa da majalisa mai mutane biyar, kuma an tsara shi a yankuna zuwa wilaya shida, bin iyakokin gudanarwa na zamanin Ottoman.[13]

An kira reshen FLN da ke ɗauke da makamai a lokacin yakin da National Liberation Army (ALN). An raba shi zuwa ƙungiyoyin ƴan daba suna yaƙi da Faransa da MNA a ƙasar Aljeriya (da kuma kokawa da mabiyan Messali kan yadda za su mallaki al'ummar ƙaura, a cikin "Café Wars" a Faransa), da kuma wani ɓangaren da ya fi ƙarfin kama da sojojin gargajiya. Waɗannan rukunin sun kasance a cikin ƙasashen Larabawa maƙwabta (musamman a Oujda a Maroko, da Tunisiya), kuma ko da yake sun kutsa kai cikin sojoji kuma sun yi amfani da makamai da kayayyaki a kan iyakar, amma ba su ga wani mataki ba fiye da sojojin 'yan tawaye na karkara. Daga baya waɗannan runfunan sun fito ƙarƙashin jagorancin kwamandan sojoji Kanar Houari Boumediene a matsayin masu adawa da 'yan siyasar gwamnatin gudun hijira ta FLN, GPRA, kuma daga ƙarshe suka mamaye siyasar Aljeriya.

Rikicin FLN

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Yakin Aljeriya ya yi sanadiyar mutuwar mutane 300,000 zuwa 400,000. Ana ɗaukar FLN da alhakin fiye da fararen hula 16,000 da aka kashe kuma sama da 13,000 sun ɓace tsakanin shekarun 1954 da 1962. Bayan tsagaita buɗe wuta na 19 ga watan Maris 1962, ana tunanin FLN ta kashe dubban Harkis, Musulmi Aljeriya da suka yi aiki a cikin sojojin Faransa da Faransa, saɓanin alkawuran da aka yi musu, suka musanta "komowa" Faransa.[14][15] Misali na kisan kiyashin FLN shine kisan gillar Philippeville.[16]

Manazarta

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  1. ↑ Boudjedri, Mounia (November 13, 2023). "Abdelkrim Benmbarek plébiscité nouveau secrétaire général du parti FLN". Algeria Press Service (in Faransanci). Archived from the original on November 14, 2023. Retrieved November 13, 2023.
  2. ↑ Sloan, Stephen; Anderson, Sean K. (2009-08-03). Historical Dictionary of Terrorism (in Turanci). Scarecrow Press. p. 474. ISBN 978-0-8108-6311-8. Archived from the original on 2023-12-05. Retrieved 2023-12-05. The Front de Libération Nationale is an Algerian nationalist party that engaged in guerrilla warfare and terrorist attacks on the French colonial government to obtain independence for Algerian Arabs.
  3. ↑ "زهية جمعي : للشعب الجزائري وحده الحق في تقييم الافلان عبر الصندوق - جبهة التحرير الوطني - FLN". Archived from the original on 19 May 2021. Retrieved 19 May 2021.
  4. ↑ Harmon, Stephen A. (2016-03-09). Terror and Insurgency in the Sahara-Sahel Region: Corruption, Contraband, Jihad and the Mali War of 2012-2013 (in Turanci). Routledge. p. 46. ISBN 978-1-317-04606-6. Archived from the original on 2023-12-27. Retrieved 2023-12-27. While the FLN always had Islamic overtones, it was from the start a secular-nationalist liberation movement on the Nasser model.
  5. ↑ Entelis, John P. (2016-01-08). Algeria: The Revolution Institutionalized (in Turanci). Routledge. p. 165. ISBN 978-1-317-36098-8. Archived from the original on 2023-12-27. Retrieved 2023-12-27. According to Part 2 of the National Charter, the FLN is officially given a vanguard role in Algerian politics and society. Organized along recognizably Leninist lines, the FLN is, in theory, "the supreme mobilizer of the masses, guardian of ideological standards, watchdog over bureaucratic excesses and deviations, and arbiter of policy.
  6. ↑ Evans (2007). Algeria : Anger of the Dispossessed, p. 50.
  7. ↑ Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Ahmed Messali Hadj" Archived 2020-07-16 at the Wayback Machine. Encyclopædia Britannica. January 01, 2019. Retrieved April 22, 2019.
  8. ↑ Spencer, William. "Freedom and Unity in Algeria." World Affairs 121, no. 2 (1958): 35-37. JSTOR 20669518.
  9. ↑ Evans (2007). Algeria : Anger of the Dispossessed, p. 53.
  10. ↑ McDougall, James. A History of Algeria New York: Cambridge University Press, 2017. p. 194
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Frank Tachau (1994) Political parties of the Middle East and North Africa, Greenwood Press, p31
  12. ↑ "The Multi-Party System in Algeria" (PDF). Yale University. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 November 2015. Retrieved 7 May 2016.
  13. ↑ S. N. Millar, "Arab Victory: Lessons from the Algerian War (1954–62)", British Army Review, No. 145, Autumn 2008, p. 49.
  14. ↑ (in French) Sorties de guerre (Returning from war). Sous la direction de Jacques Frémeaux et Michèle Battesti. 2005. Ministère de la Défense; Secrétariat général pour l'administration; Cahiers du Centre d'études d'histoire de la défense. Page 48. Retrieved 11 December 2016.
  15. ↑ Horne, Alistair, A Savage War of Peace: Algeria 1954–1962 Archived 2023-10-02 at the Wayback Machine (1977).
  16. ↑ Thomas, Martin; Moore, Bob; Butler, Larry (23 April 2015). Crises of Empire: Decolonization and Europe's Imperial States. ISBN 9781472531216. Archived from the original on 2 October 2023. Retrieved 9 March 2022.


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