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Nawal El Saadawi

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Nawal El Saadawi
Rayuwa
Haihuwa Kafr Tahla (en) Fassara, 27 Oktoba 1931
ƙasa Kingdom of Egypt (en) Fassara
Republic of Egypt (en) Fassara
United Arab Republic (en) Fassara
Misra
Mazauni Kairo
Tarayyar Amurka
Harshen uwa Larabci
Mutuwa Q12206266 Fassara, 21 ga Maris, 2021
Ƴan uwa
Abokiyar zama Sherif Hatata (en) Fassara  (1964 -  2010)
Karatu
Makaranta Columbia University (en) Fassara 1966) : public health (en) Fassara
Jami'ar Alkahira 1955) Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery (en) Fassara : pulmonology (en) Fassara
Harsuna Larabci
Turanci
Sana'a
Sana'a psychiatrist (en) Fassara, physician writer (en) Fassara, gynecologist (en) Fassara, Marubuci, ɗan siyasa, marubuci da gwagwarmaya
Employers Duke University (en) Fassara  (1993 -  1996)
Muhimman ayyuka Woman at Point Zero
The Fall of the Imam (en) Fassara
Kyaututtuka
Imani
Addini mulhidanci

Nawal El Saadawi (Larabci: نوال السعداوي, ALA-LC: Nawāl as-Saaʻdāwī, 22 Oktoba 1931 - 21 Maris 2021) marubuciyar akidar mata ce daga kasar Masar, 'yar gwagwarmaya kuma likita.  Ta rubuta littafai masu yawa kan abin da ya shafi mata a Musulunci, inda ta mai da hankali kan yadda ake yin kaciya a cikin al’ummarta[1].  An bayyana ta a matsayin "Simon de Beauvoir na Duniyar Larabawa", [2][3]kuma a matsayin "mace mafi tsattsauran ra'ayi a Masar".[4]

Ita ce ta kafa kuma shugabar Ƙungiyar H[5]aɗin Kan Mata ta Larabawa[6][7] kuma ta kasance mai haɗin gwiwa na Ƙungiyar Larabawa don 'Yancin Dan Adam.[8]An ba ta digirin girmamawa a nahiyoyi uku.  A cikin 2004, ta ci lambar yabo ta Arewa-Kudu daga Majalisar Turai.  A cikin 2005, ta ci lambar yabo ta Inana International Prize a Belgium, [9]kuma a cikin 2012, Ofishin Zaman Lafiya na Duniya ya ba ta lambar yabo ta zaman lafiya ta 2012 Seán MacBride.[10]

Rayuwar Farko

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

An haifi Saadawi na biyu a cikin yara tara a ranar 22 ga Oktoban 1931 a wani karamin kauyen Kafr Tahla na kasar Masar.[11] Saadawi an yi wa mata kaciya[12] tun tana shekara shida [13] duk da cewa mahaifinta ya yi imanin cewa ya kamata a yi tarbiyyar yara mata da maza.  Ta bayyana mahaifiyarta da mahaifinta a matsayin masu sassaucin ra'ayi lokacin girma.[14]

Mahaifinta na Babban Masari, jami'in gwamnati ne a ma'aikatar ilimi, wanda ya yi kamfen don nuna adawa da mamayar da Birtaniyya ta yi wa Masar a lokacin juyin juya halin Masar na shekara ta 1919. A sakamakon haka, an kai shi wani karamin gari a cikin Kogin Nilu, kuma gwamnati ta dena tallata shi tsawon shekaru 10.  Ya kasance mai ci gaba sosai kuma ya koya wa ’yarsa daraja da kuma faɗin ra’ayinta.  Ya kuma kwadaitar da ita ta karanci harshen larabci.  Amma a lokacin da El Saadawi ya kai shekara 10, danginta sun yi ƙoƙari su yi mata aure, amma mahaifiyarta ta goyi bayanta wajen yin turjiya[15]  Iyayenta biyu sun mutu tun tana karama, [majiya mai tushe] ta bar Saadawi da nauyin ciyar da iyali mai girma[16].  Mahaifiyarta, Zaynab, ta fito ne daga dangin Ottoman masu arziki;[17] Saadawi ya kwatanta kakanta na wajen uwa, Shoukry, [18]da kakarta ta uwa da cewa asalinsu ne.[19] Ko tana karama ta nuna adawa da al’ummar da maza ke zaune a cikinta, da ‘ya’ya maza da ake kimarsu fiye da ‘ya’ya mata, a fusace da kakarta ta ce, “Yaro yana da darajar ‘ya’ya mata 15 a kalla...’Yan mata su ne cuta[20].  Ta bayyana kanta cikin alfahari a matsayin macen Masar mai duhun fata tun tana karama[21].[22]

Aiki

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Saadawi ya kammala karatun likitanci a shekarar 1955 a jami'ar Alkahira.  A wannan shekarar, ta auri Ahmed Helmi, wanda ta hadu da shi a matsayin abokin karatunsa a makarantar likitanci.  Suna da diya mace mai suna Mona Helmi.[23]Aure ya ƙare bayan shekara biyu.[24]Ta hanyar aikin likitancinta, ta lura da matsalolin jiki da tunani na mata kuma ta danganta su da ayyukan al'adu na zalunci, zalunci na ubanni, zalunci na aji da zalunci na daular[25].  Mijinta na biyu abokin aiki ne, Rashad Bey.[26][27]

Yayin da take aikin likita a mahaifarta ta Kafr Tahla, ta lura da wahalhalu da rashin daidaito da matan karkara ke fuskanta.  Bayan yunƙurin kare ɗaya daga cikin majinyata daga tashin hankalin gida, an gayyaci Saadawi zuwa Alkahira.  Daga karshe ta zama Darakta a Ma’aikatar Kiwon Lafiyar Jama’a kuma ta hadu da mijinta na uku, Sherif Hatata, yayin da yake raba ofis a ma’aikatar lafiya.  Hatata, wanda kuma likita ne kuma marubuci, ya kasance fursuna na siyasa tsawon shekaru 13.  Sun yi aure a shekara ta 1964 kuma sun haifi ɗa.[28][29]Saadawi da Hatata sun rayu tare tsawonsharu 43[30] kuma suka rabu a shekara ta 2010.[25]

Saadawi ya halarci Jami'ar Columbia, inda ya sami digiri na biyu a fannin lafiyar jama'a a 1966.[26]  A shekara ta 1972, ta buga Mace da Jima'i (المرأة والجنس), ta fuskanceta tare da daidaita ta'addanci iri-iri da ake yi wa jikin mata, ciki har da kaciyar mata.  Littafin ya zama rubutun tushe na mata na biyu.  Sakamakon littafin da ayyukanta na siyasa, an kori Saadawi daga mukaminta na ma’aikatar lafiya[22].  Ta kuma rasa mukamanta na babban editan mujallar kiwon lafiya, da mataimakiyar babban sakatare a kungiyar likitoci a Masar.  Daga 1973 zuwa 1976, Saadawi ya yi aiki a kan binciken mata da neurosis a sashin likitanci na Jami'ar Ain Shams.  Daga 1979 zuwa 1980, ta kasance mai ba da shawara ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya don Shirin Mata a Afirka (ECA) da Gabas ta Tsakiya (ECWA).[27][28].

Rubutu

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Saadawi ta fara rubuce-rubuce tun a farkon aikinta.  Rubuce-rubucenta na farko sun haɗa da zaɓi na gajerun labarai mai suna Na Koyi So (1957) da littafinta na farko, Memoirs of a Woman Doctor (1958).  Daga baya ta rubuta litattafai masu yawa da gajerun labarai da kuma tarihin sirri, Memoir daga kurkukun mata (1986).  An buga Saadawi a cikin litattafan tarihi da dama, kuma an fassara aikinta daga harshen Larabci na asali zuwa fiye da harsuna 30.[31][32]

A cikin 1972, ta buga aikinta na farko na rashin almara, Mata da Jima'i, wanda ya haifar da adawar manyan manyan jami'an siyasa da tauhidi.  Hakan ya sa aka kore ta daga ma’aikatar lafiya.  Sauran ayyukan sun hada da Boyayyen Fuskar Hauwa’u, Allah Ya Mutu Ta Kogin Nilu, Waƙar Da’awa, Bincike, Faɗuwar Imam (wanda aka kwatanta da “Bayyana mai ƙarfi da motsi na ban tsoro da mata da yara kan iya fallasa su ta rukunan imani”), da Mace a Matakin Ziro.

Mutane da yawa sun soki aikinta mai suna The Hidden Face of Hauwa a kan iƙirarin cewa ta rubuta ne ga “baƙuwa mai mahimmanci.  Asalin sunan littafin, wanda aka fassara shi kai tsaye zuwa harshen turanci shi ne “Fuskar Tsirara ta Mace Balarabe” kuma an cire surori da yawa daga littafin Turanci na littafin, idan aka kwatanta da na Larabci.

Ta ba da gudummawar wannan yanki "Lokacin da mace ta yi tawaye" zuwa littafin tarihin 1984 Sisterhood Is Global, wanda Robin Morgan ya shirya, [58] kuma ta kasance mai ba da gudummawa ga tarihin 2019 Sabbin 'ya'yan Afirka, wanda Margaret Busby ta shirya, wanda ya haɗa da maƙalarta "Game da Ni a Afirka-Siyasa da Addini a cikin Yarata".[59].n

Raayi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Anyi wa Saadaw kaciya a lokacinda tae karama.[33]  Lokacin da ta girma, ta yi rubutu game da wannan al'ada kuma ta soki wannan al'ada.  Ta mayar da martani game da mutuwar wata yarinya ’yar shekara 12 mai suna Bedour Shaker, a lokacin da ake yi wa kaciya a shekara ta 2007, ta rubuta cewa: “Bedour, shin dole ne ka mutu don wani haske ya haskaka a cikin duhun zukata? Shin, dole ne ka biya tare da rayuwar ka ƙaunataccen farashi ... don likitoci da malamai su koyi cewa addini mai kyau ba ya yanke jikin ɗan adam, Saadawi kuma ya kasance mai adawa da hakkin yara?  kaciya.  Ta yi imani cewa yara maza da mata sun cancanci kariya daga kaciya.

Mutuwa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Saadawi ta rasu ne a ranar 21 ga Maris, 2021, tana 'yar shekara 89, a wani asibiti a birnin Alkahira.[34][35][36]  An yi bikin tunawa da rayuwarta a shirin mutuwar BBC Radio 4 Last Word.[37]

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ [1]Skopeliti, Clea; agencies (21 March 2021). "Nawal El Saadawi, trailblazing Egyptian writer, dies aged 89". The Guardian.
  2. ↑ [3]"I don't fear death: Egyptian feminist, novelist Nawal El Saadawi". EgyptToday. Reuters. 24 May 2018. Retrieved 22 December 2019.
  3. ↑ [2]"Nawal El Saadawi | Egyptian physician, psychiatrist, author and feminist". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 7 March 2016.
  4. ↑ [4]Bennett, Natalie (6 March 2009). "Meet Egypt's most radical woman". The Guardian. Retrieved 21 March 2021.
  5. ↑ [15]El Saadaw, Nawal (November 2002). "Exile and Resistance". Nawal El Saadawi/Sherif Hetata. Archived from the original on 27 October 2009. Retrieved 23 June 2010.
  6. ↑ [6]Hitchcock, Peter, Nawal el Saadawi, Sherif Hetata. "Living the Struggle". Transition 61 (1993): 170–179.
  7. ↑ [5]"Nawal El Saadawi". Women Inspiring Change. 2 March 2015. Archived from the original on 18 December 2020. Retrieved 9 October 2020.
  8. ↑ [7]Nawal El Saadawi, "Presentation by Nawal El Saadawi: President's Forum, M/MLA Annual Convention, November 4, 1999", The Journal of the Midwest Modern Language Association 33.3–34.1 (Autumn 2000 – Winter 2001): 34–39
  9. ↑ [8]"PEN World Voices Arthur Miller Freedom to Write Lecture by Nawal El Saadawi", YouTube. 8 September 2009.
  10. ↑ [9]"International Peace Bureau". www.ipb.org. Archived from the original on 25 September 2015. Retrieved 25 September 2015.
  11. ↑ [10]Smith, Sarah A (22 March 2021). "Nawal El Saadawi obituary". The Guardian.
  12. ↑ [11]Khaleeli, Homa (15 April 2010). "Nawal El Saadawi: Egypt's radical feminist". The Guardian. Retrieved 15 April 2020.
  13. ↑ [12]Sa'dawi, Nawal; Saadawi, Nawal El; Saʻdāwī, Nawāl; Saʿdāwī, Nawāl as- (1999). A Daughter of Isis: The Autobiography of Nawal El Saadawi. Zed Books. pp. 63–87. ISBN 978-1-85649-680
  14. ↑ [12]Sa'dawi, Nawal; Saadawi, Nawal El; Saʻdāwī, Nawāl; Saʿdāwī, Nawāl as- (1999). A Daughter of Isis: The Autobiography of Nawal El Saadawi. Zed Books. pp. 63–87. ISBN 978-1-85649-680-3.
  15. ↑ [13]Taylor-Coleman, Jasmine (21 March 2021). "Nawal El Saadawi: Feminist firebrand who dared to write dangerously (obituary)". BBC News.
  16. ↑ [14]"Nawal El Saadawi". faculty.webster.edu. Retrieved 25 September 2015.
  17. ↑ [16]Cowell, Alan (2021). "Nawal El Saadawi, Advocate for Women in the Arab World, Dies at 89". The New York Times. Nawal El Saadawi was born on Oct. 27, 1931, in the village of Kafr Tahla, a settlement in the lower Nile Delta, the second of nine children. Her mother, Zaynab (Shoukry) El Saadawi, was partially descended from a wealthy Ottoman family. Her father, Al-Sayed El Saadawi, was an official in the government's education ministry.
  18. ↑ [17]El Saadawi, Nawal (2013). A Daughter of Isis: The Early Life of Nawal El Saadawi. Zed Books. ISBN 978-1848136403.
  19. ↑ [18]El Saadawi, Nawal (1986), Memoirs from the Women's Prison, University of California Press, p. 64, ISBN 0520088883, My eyes widened in astonishment. Even my maternal grandmother used to sing, although she was born to a Turkish mother and lived in my grandfather's house in the epoch when harems still existed.
  20. ↑ [13]Taylor-Coleman, Jasmine (21 March 2021). "Nawal El Saadawi: Feminist firebrand who dared to write dangerously (obituary)". BBC News.
  21. ↑ [19]El Saadawi, Nawal (13 June 2019), "My Childhood in Egypt, Not Knowing I Was in Africa", zora.medium.com
  22. ↑ [20]Nawal, El Saadawi (2020). "About Me in Africa—Politics and Religion in my Childhood". In Busby, Margaret (ed.). New Daughters of Africa (paperback ed.). Myriad Editions. pp. 42–44.
  23. ↑ [11]Khaleeli, Homa (15 April 2010). "Nawal El Saadawi: Egypt's radical feminist". The Guardian. Retrieved 15 April 2020.
  24. ↑ [21]Koseli, Yusuf (2013). "A PSYCHOANALYTIC APPROACH TO THE NOVEL OF NAWAL EL SAADAWI TITLED MÜZEKKİRAT TABİBE" (PDF). The Journal of International Social Research. 6 (28). Retrieved 15 April 2020.
  25. ↑ [11]Khaleeli, Homa (15 April 2010). "Nawal El Saadawi: Egypt's radical feminist". The Guardian. Retrieved 15 April 2020.
  26. ↑ [22]Feminism in a nationalist century Archived 19 April 2010 at the Wayback Machine
  27. ↑ [23]Puthiyakath, Hashim H. Voice of Oppressed from the Margins: A Critical Reading on Nawal El Saadawi's "Woman at Point Zero" (Thesis). Central University of Tamil Nadu. Retrieved 15 April 2020.
  28. ↑ [25]El-Wardani, Mahmoud (24 April 2014). "El-Saadawi and Hatata: Voyage of a lifetime". Ahram Online. Retrieved 15 April 2020.
  29. ↑ [49]Van Allen, Judith Imel, "Saadawi, Nawal El (1931–)", in Gary L. Anderson and Kathryn G. Herr (eds), Encyclopedia of Activism and Social Justice, Sage Publications, 2007, pp. 1249–1250
  30. ↑ [26]Smith, Harrison (23 March 2021). "Nawal El Saadawi, Egyptian author, physician and feminist activist, dies at 89". The Washington Post. Retrieved 16 June 2021.
  31. ↑ Van Allen, Judith Imel, "Saadawi, Nawal El (1931–)", in Gary L. Anderson and Kathryn G. Herr (eds), Encyclopedia of Activism and Social Justice, Sage Publications, 2007, pp. 1249–1250.
  32. ↑ "El Saadawi, Nawal (1932–) | Encyclopedia.com". www.encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2022-05-15.
  33. ↑ el-Saadawi, Nawal, The Hidden Face of Eve, Part 1: The Mutilated Half.
  34. ↑ Saad, Mohammed (21 March 2021). "Renowned Egyptian feminist, author Nawal El-Saadawi dies at the age of 89". Ahram Online.
  35. ↑ "Pioneering Egyptian Feminist Nawal El Saadawi Dies Aged 89". Egyptian Streets. 21 March 2021.
  36. ↑ "Arab author, women's rights icon Nawal El-Saadawi dies in Cairo". Arab News. 21 March 2021.
  37. ↑ Samfuri:Cite episode
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