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Neftenya

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Neftenya

Neftenya ( Amharic ) shi ne sunan da aka bai wa mayaƙan Emperor Menelik na II, waɗanda asalin Shewan Amhara ne, waɗanda suka faɗaɗa kuma suka yi mulkin mallaka a yankunan da ke kudancin Habasha a yau a lokacin faɗaɗawa Menelik II . A zahirin ma'anarsa, neftenya, ana nufin 'yan bindiga a cikin sojojin Habasha na Imperial wadanda aka san su da zama a yankunan Habasha, ciki har da sassan yankin Oromia na yanzu, tsohuwar jam'iyyar SNNP, yankin Gambela da kuma yankin Benishangul-Gumuz tun daga karshen karni na 19 zuwa gaba. [1] Asalin wannan kalmar ya ta'allaka ne daga yadda waɗannan sojoji, watau "Neftenya", an ba su ƙasa a kan waɗannan sabbin yankuna da aka mamaye, ciki har da ayyukan ƴan asalin ƙasar a waɗannan ƙasashe, a matsayin lada ga ayyukansu.

Wadanda suka ci Shewan da aka bayyana a matsayin neftenya asalinsu gungun manyan sarakunan masarautar Shewa ne wadanda suka kasance manya-manyan mambobi a Kotun Sarauta ta Menelik II da sojojinsu. [2] [3] [4] Yayin da babban aji na Amhara wanda ya zo kudu a matsayin mamaya ya samo asali daga dukkan sassan tsaunukan arewa, duk sun zo a matsayin jiga-jigan jihar musamman ta Shewan.

Tsarin mamaye daular da ya dogara da mulkin mallaka, wanda ya haɗa da tura matsugunai masu dauke da makamai a cikin sabbin yankunan soja da aka ƙirƙira, ya yadu a ko'ina cikin yankunan kudanci da yamma da suka zo ƙarƙashin mulkin Menelik. [5] A karkashin tsarin 'Neftenya-Gabbar' Daular Habasha ta samar da ingantaccen tsarin mamaya da sulhu. Mazaunan sojoji da iyalansu sun ƙaura zuwa ƙauyuka masu kagara da aka fi sani da katamas a yankuna masu mahimmanci don tabbatar da faɗaɗa kudanci. Wadannan mazauna neftenya dauke da makamai da iyalansu an san su da manoma da manoma wadanda aka sanya musu gabbar . [6] An ba da Neftenya gabbar daga cikin jama'ar da aka ci nasara a cikin gida, waɗanda suka yi aiki sosai a cikin saɓo don masu nasara. [5] Yawancin neftenya 'yan kabilar Amhara ne daga Shewa . Dangantakar neftenya-gabbar ta kasance 'dangantaka mai kama da abokin ciniki' tsakanin mazauna arewa da mazauna kudu. Yayin da aka karbe filaye, masu gudanar da mulkin arewa sun zama masu mallaka kuma suna da haƙƙin mallakar fili yadda suka ga dama. [7]

Yayin da yawancin Neftenya sun kasance Shewan Amhara [7] ba su kaɗai ba ne waɗanda ke cikin rukunin masu mulki na Neftenya, wanda kuma ya ƙunshi wasu waɗanda suka shiga cikin asalin Amhara a matsayin tsarin tsarin aji don tilasta ikon mulki akan sauran Habashawa, galibi ta hanyar rashin tausayi da tashin hankali. Ƙungiyoyin ƙungiyoyin Amhara sun ce sun ƙunshi mutanen Amhara ne kawai. [8] Tunda mutanen gari, ko ma dai asalinsu, suma sun sami damar shiga cikin ajin Neftenya, ta hanyar auratayya, ko kuma ɗaukar addini, yare da al'adun Amhara, kuma ya haɗa da ƴan Tigray, Oromos, da Gurages, [1] yawancinsu sun fito ne daga Masarautar Shewa . Shimelis Abdisa ya yi amfani da kalmar Amharic neftenya ("riflemen" a turance) don yin nuni ga rukunin masu mulki da aka kafa bayan mamayar da sarki Menelik na biyu ya yi a kudancin Habasha a ƙarshen karni na 19. Amfani da kalmar neftenya da Abdisa ya yi ya jawo cece-kuce ganin cewa ana yawan amfani da shi wajen yin nuni ga mambobin sojojin Emperor Menelik II bayan da kungiyar TPLF ta hau kan karagar mulki a 1991, [1] [2] [3] [4] amma Abdisa bai fayyace kalmar ba tare da dukkanin al'ummar Amharas maimakon kabilanci aristocratic ajin farko na Daular Habasha wanda ya tsaya tsayin daka. [8] [3]

Sakamakon matsugunin neftenyas a yankunan kudanci, wasu ƙabilun sun shiga cikin al'adun kotuna [9] ta hanyar ɗaukar yaren Amharic, Kiristanci na Orthodox, da sauran halaye na al'adun gargajiya waɗanda aka samu a cikin al'adun kotunan sarauta . Dukkan al'adun Amhara na ƙauye da al'adun gidan sarauta na Masarautar Habasha sun yi tasiri sosai ga juna; [9] wannan al'adar kotun masarautar Habasha (wanda ya rinjayi kuma ya rinjayi al'adun Amhara [9] ) ya mamaye duk tsawon lokacin mulkin soja da mulkin sarauta [9] ko da yake Siegfried Pausewang ya kammala a cikin 2005 cewa "kalmar Amhara tana da alaƙa a cikin Habasha ta zamani zuwa ƙungiyoyi biyu daban-daban kuma daban-daban. sun ɗauki Amharic a matsayin harshen gama gari kuma sun bayyana kansu a matsayin Habashawa". [9] Daga baya aka fara amfani da kalmar ga farar hula na Amhara a matsayin kabilanci, [10] [11] [12] duk da cewa shugabancin Shewan Neftenya ya kasance na kabilanci da yawa kuma kasancewar wata ƙabilar Amhara ta dabam kuma mai san ƙabilanci a wancan lokacin an yi takara a matsayin anachronism. [13]

Daga karni na 17 zuwa na 19, Amharas sune rinjayen tasirin siyasa-soja a tsakiya da kudancin Habasha, daga baya kuma sun mamaye yankunan arewa ta tsakiya (ciki har da Gonder, yankin Amhara da Raya Azebo, yankin Tigray - na ɗan gajeren lokaci) a lokacin daular Tewodros II, Menelik II, da Haile Selassie.

A cikin karni na 19, Shewans (wanda ya hada da wasu kananan kungiyoyi na Shewan Amhara da Shewan Oromo ) sun taka rawar gani wajen karfafa daular Habasha karkashin mulkin masarautar Shewa a matsayin mambobin Kotun Sarauta ta Menelik II . [14]

Dukansu sarakunan da gwamnatin Derg sun ƙaura da yawa daga Amhara zuwa kudancin Habasha inda suka yi aiki a gwamnati, kotuna, coci har ma a makaranta, inda aka kawar da rubutun Oromo aka maye gurbinsu da Amharic. Manyan Abyssiniya sun fahimci asalin Oromo da harsuna a matsayin cikas ga faɗaɗa asalin ƙasar Habasha. A karkashin mulkin Haile Selassie an dakatar da Oromo daga ilimi, da kuma amfani da shi a cikin gudanarwa. A cikin 1967, gwamnatin Haile Selassie na farko ta haramta kungiyar Mecha da Tuluma Self-Help Association sannan kuma ta haifar da kame jama'a da kashe mambobinta da shugabanninta. An kuma kama fitaccen hafsan soja kuma shugaban kungiyar Kanar Janar Tadesse Birru . Wannan martanin da gwamnatin ta yi ya samo asali ne saboda farin jinin kungiyar a tsakanin kabilar Oromo da kuma alakar ta da kungiyar gwagwarmayar Bale Oromo. A shekarar 1980, ainihin mambobi 120 na Dergi an rage su zuwa 38 kawai. Dukkan membobin amma ukun 'yan kabilar Amhara ne kuma galibinsu daga asalin neftenya ' yan mulkin mallaka. Da yawa daga cikin jiga-jigan masu mulki sun yi matukar adawa da ra'ayin sassauta iko a yankunan kudancin 'yan tawaye da aka ci a karkashin Menelik II .

Kafa gudanarwa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A Ilubabor a cikin karni na 19, an gabatar da tsarin Semi-feudal na neftenya, balabats, da gebbars . Jami'an Shewan da sojojin da suka zauna a Ilubabor, wanda aka fi sani da neftenya, an sanya su ga gidaje da yawa na manoma, ko gabbars ya dogara da matsayi da matsayi. An bai wa Dejazmach gidaje 1,000 manoma, Fitawrari 300, Kenyazmach 100 zuwa 150; a Shambal 70 zuwa 90; wani Mato Alaqa 40 zuwa 60, Hamsalaqa 25 zuwa 35 sai sojan talakawa 5 zuwa 10. Dole ne kowane magidanci ya je ƙasar da mai sarki ya mallaka kuma ya ba da gudummawar aikinsa a matsayin haraji. Ƙasar ta ba da abinci da abin sha. A karshen aikin, kowane baƙauye ya koma ƙasarsa ko kasuwancinsa. Ana karbar haraji daga kowane ma'aurata. Baya ga haraji ( gabbar wani lokaci manoman yankin su kan gina shinge da gidajen mai martaba. Dole ne su samar da zuma, man shanu, kaji da tumaki ko akuya a lokacin hutu. Kowane gida sai ya ba da kilo hamsin na hatsin da aka dasa a kowane neftenya a kowane wata. Bayan haka kuma, manoman sai su kai gonakin hatsi zuwa ga ma’aikatun gwamnati mafi kusa shi, idan ya gaji gabbar gwamnati ya kasa biya. Kamar yadda CF Rey ya lura ne alkalan karamar hukumar ba shakka sun dauki bangaren mai kara a cikin kararraki tara cikin goma." neftenyoch na iya zartar da duk wani hukunci da suke so, gajeriyar hukuncin kisa, wanda ya buƙaci amincewar Emperor Menelik.[ana buƙatar hujja]

'Yan kabilar Oromo sun ba da labarin dogon tarihin korafe-korafen da ya jefa su a matsayin 'yan mulkin mallaka da aka yi wa gudun hijira daga kasarsu da kuma nesantar al'adunsu. Tun daga karshen karni na 18 zuwa farkon karni na 19, al'ummar Amhara da ke makwabtaka da juna sun sha kai hare-hare akai-akai da kai hare-hare kan al'ummar Oromo da ke kewaye. A shekara ta 1886, ƙasar da aka fi sani da Finfinne.[ana buƙatar hujja]Menelik II ya sake masa suna zuwa Addis Ababa a daular Habasha . [15] A karkashin mulkin Haile Selassie an hana Oromo daga ilimi, da kuma amfani da shi a cikin gwamnati. Al'adun Amhara sun mamaye tsawon zamanin mulkin soja da na sarauta. Dukansu gwamnatocin Haile Selassie da na Derg sun mayar da al'ummar Amhara da dama zuwa kudancin Habasha inda suka yi aiki a gwamnati, kotuna, coci har ma a makaranta, inda aka kawar da rubutun Oromo aka maye gurbinsu da Amharic. Manyan Abyssiniya sun fahimci asalin Oromo da harsuna a matsayin cikas ga faɗaɗa asalin ƙasar Habasha.

Wasu sassan al'ummar Oromo sun fuskanci tilastawa shiga cikin tsarin siyasa mai rinjaye tare da soke ko dakatar da tsarin mulkin siyasar su na gargajiya. Wasu da ba Shewan Oromo ba Naftenyans sun yi masa lakabi da ’yan waje kuma sun kira kalmar wulakanci “galla”, ma’ana “savage”, “bawa”, ko “maƙiyi”. [16]

Haka kuma an sha suka kan kalmomin da OLF ke amfani da su; Tun bayan kafuwarta, OLF ta yi amfani da ma’anar “Mulkin mallaka na Abyssiniya” wajen kwatanta mulkin mallaka da ake zargin Amhara (Abysiniyawa) da kabilar Oromo ta yi a lokacin mamayar 1880 da Emperor Menelik II ya yi. Duk da haka, Oromos da Amhara Habashawa ba su yarda da irin wannan tsattsauran amfani da kalmar "Abyssinians" a matsayin keɓaɓɓen ma'anar Habashawa ta Habasha ba, saboda mamayar Oromo tun daga shekarun 1500 ya haifar da Oromos na arewa sun zama wani ɓangare na daulolin Abyssiniya da ke tsakiyar Gonder . Wani misali na musamman da 'yan kabilar Oromo na Habasha, kamar Merera Gudina, suka yi amfani da su a kan OLF shine tarihin tarihin mulkin Oromo na Habasha a cikin 1700s, ciki har da Yejju Oromos "suna kula da kujerar sarauta a Gonder na kimanin shekaru tamanin." [17] [18] 'Yan Habasha suna da'awar cewa tun da Oromos 'yan asalin Abyssinia ne tsawon ƙarni da yawa (dukansu a matsayin ƙauye da kuma shugabancinta), Abyssinia kanta ta ƙunshi ƴan asalin Oromo. [19] Don haka ’yan Oromo na Arewa sun kasance Abyssiniyawa, tun kafin a haifi Sarki Menelik, ya jagoranci zargin “mamakin da Abyssiniya ya yi wa Oromos”. [18] Saboda haka, tun da wata kabila ba za ta iya yin mulkin mallaka ba, duka biyun kuskuren amfani da kalmar "Abyssinia" da kuma da'awar "mallakar mulkin Oromo" da 'yan Habasha suka yi jayayya. [18]

Lalacewar kabilanci

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Allusion zuwa Amhara, ƙabila ta biyu mafi yawan jama'a a Habasha, a matsayin "neftegna" ko "neftenya" (ma'anar " musketeers ") ta gwamnati da jami'an yankin an bayyana shi a matsayin "mai tayar da hankali" ta Human Rights Watch a 1995. Jami'an Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front, ciki har da, wadanda daga ANDM (Amhara National Democratic Movement) sun yi amfani da kalmar "neftenya" (gunslinger), da kuma "chauvinist", "azzalumi", "Yekedmo sre'at nafaqi" (Turanci: "wanda pines ga tsohon oda, "Amahara National Democratic Movement"), bisa ga "derog" zamanin mulkin kuma amfani a cikin mahallin rikicin Hachalu Hundessa a cikin 2020 Terje Skjerdal da Mulatu Alemayehu Moges sun kira "mai tayar da hankali" a matsayin wani ɓangare na sakin layi na maganganun ƙiyayya da suka mamaye kafofin watsa labaru na Habasha a lokacin. A cikin mahallin rikice-rikice na kabilanci, ana amfani da kalmar azaman nuni ga matsananciyar kishin ƙasa na Amhara, wanda a cikinsa an sanya tashe-tashen hankula, harsuna, al'adu, al'adu, tarihi da kuma addinan ƙasashen da aka mamaye da kuma al'ummomin da aka ci nasara a ƙarƙashin wata ƙasa ɗaya, harshe ɗaya, addini ɗaya na addini daya bisa ga al'adun jama'a na al'ummar Amhara da al'adun jama'a [1] ba tare da la’akari da ƙabilanci da ake ɗauka a matsayin ’yan kishin Habasha masu goyon bayan al’adu dabam-dabam na al’umma ko kuma na ‘yanci don kawar da siyasar Habasha da gudanar da mulkin gwamnati daga siyasar ainihi ta kabilanci don tallafa wa ’yancin kowane mutum; wanda masu ra’ayin siyasa na kabilanci da ‘yan kabilanci masu adawa da irin wannan ra’ayi ke ikirarin cewa wata dabara ce ta kwace ikon siyasa na tushen kungiyoyi daga kabilu daban-daban. [1] [8] [20] [ [21] [22] [23]

Tutar daular Menelik II .

Nassoshi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. 1 2 3 4 5 "Context and Updates on Current Issues in Ethiopia". Embassy of Ethiopia, London (in Turanci). 2020-07-08. Retrieved 2020-12-16. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "ethioembassy.org.uk2" defined multiple times with different content
  2. 1 2 Nicolas, Andrea (November 2007). "Founded in Memory of the 'Good Old Times': The Clan Assembly of Hiddii, in Eastern Shewa, Ethiopia". Journal of Eastern African Studies (in Turanci). 1 (3): 484–497. doi:10.1080/17531050701625490. ISSN 1753-1055. S2CID 144019070. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":3" defined multiple times with different content
  3. 1 2 3 +ECADF (2013-07-29). "Fiction and Facts on Oromos of Ethiopia" (in Turanci). Archived from the original on August 1, 2013. Retrieved 2021-01-22.CS1 maint: unfit url (link) Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":12" defined multiple times with different content
  4. 1 2 "How Ethiopia's ruling coalition created a playbook for disinformation · Global Voices Advox" (in Turanci). 18 October 2019. Retrieved 2021-01-22. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":4" defined multiple times with different content
  5. 1 2 Lewis 1983.
  6. ↑ Keefer, Edward C. (1973). "Great Britain and Ethiopia, 1897–1910: Competition for Empire". The International Journal of African Historical Studies. 6 (3): 468–474. doi:10.2307/216612. ISSN 0361-7882. JSTOR 216612.
  7. 1 2 Donham & James 1986.
  8. 1 2 3 "Obang Metho remarks on Shimelis Abdissa's speech at the Ireecha Festival". Borkena Ethiopian News (in Turanci). 2019-10-07. Retrieved 2021-01-21. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":0" defined multiple times with different content
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 Pausewang, Siegfried (2005). "The two-faced Amhara identity". Scrinium. 1 (1): 273–286. doi:10.1163/18177565-90000138.
  10. ↑ "How Ethiopia's ruling coalition created a playbook for disinformation · Global Voices Advox" (in Turanci). 18 October 2019. Retrieved 2021-01-22.
  11. ↑ "Obang Metho remarks on Shimelis Abdissa's speech at the Ireecha Festival". Borkena Ethiopian News (in Turanci). 2019-10-07. Retrieved 2021-01-21.
  12. ↑ "The Controversy Surrounding Shimelis Abdisa Speech". www.ezega.com (in Turanci). Retrieved 2021-01-21.
  13. ↑ Borago, Teshome M. (2018-12-10). "What is the point in Amhara nationalism?". Ethiopia Insight (in Turanci). Retrieved 2021-01-25.
  14. ↑ "Political and Economic History of Ethiopia". www.sjsu.edu. Retrieved 2021-01-22.
  15. ↑ "Addis Ababa".
  16. ↑ "tests and occupations have taken place outside of Ethiopian embassies throughout Europe, including the embassy in Berlin, Germany". unicornriot.ninja. 10 September 2020.
  17. ↑ "The Elite and the Quest for Peace, Democracy and Development in Ethiopia: Lessons to be learnt" (PDF). homepages.wmich.edu/~asefa/. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 January 2018. Retrieved 5 December 2018.
  18. 1 2 3 Lamessa, Feqadu (28 July 2013). "History 101: Fiction and Facts on Oromos of Ethiopia (A guide for foreign journalists on Oromos and Ethiopian history)". salem-news.com. Archived from the original on 6 November 2018. Retrieved 5 December 2018.
  19. ↑ "DocsFiles". Archived from the original on 2 October 2013. Retrieved 4 February 2015.
  20. ↑ "The Controversy Surrounding Shimelis Abdisa Speech". www.ezega.com (in Turanci). Retrieved 2021-01-21.
  21. ↑ Allo, Awol K. "How Abiy Ahmed's Ethiopia-first nationalism led to civil war". www.aljazeera.com (in Turanci). Retrieved 2021-01-20.
  22. ↑ "Context and Updates on Current Issues in Ethiopia". Embassy of Ethiopia, London (in Turanci). 2020-07-08. Retrieved 2020-12-16.
  23. ↑ Gedamu, Yohannes (13 December 2019). "The new political party of Ethiopia's Abiy holds much promise but faces significant hurdles". Quartz Africa (in Turanci). Retrieved 2021-01-20.
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