Niels Henrik Abel
Niels Henrik Abel ( / ˈɑː bəl / AH -bəl ,no ; 5 ga Agusta 1802 - 6 ga Afrilu 1829) masanin lissafi ne ɗan ƙasar Norway wanda ya ba da gudummawa ta farko a fannoni daban-daban. [1] Sakamakonsa mafi shahara shine cikakken shaida na farko da ke nuna rashin yiwuwar warware lissafin quintic na gabaɗaya a cikin radicals. Wannan tambayar tana ɗaya daga cikin manyan matsalolin da suka bayyana a zamaninsa, kuma an shafe sama da shekaru 250 ba a warware su ba. [2] Ya kuma kasance mai kirkire-kirkire a fannin ayyukan ellipse kuma mai gano ayyukan Abelian . Ya yi bincikensa ne a lokacin da yake cikin talauci kuma ya mutu yana da shekaru 26 sakamakon cutar tarin fuka .
Yawancin aikinsa ya yi shi ne a cikin shekaru shida ko bakwai na rayuwarsa ta aiki. [1] Game da Abel, masanin lissafi ɗan Faransa Charles Hermite ya ce: "Abel ya bar masana lissafi isasshe don ya sa su shagaltu tsawon shekaru ɗari biyar." [1] [2] Wani masanin lissafi ɗan ƙasar Faransa, Adrien-Marie Legendre, ya ce: "Wannan kai ne matashin ɗan ƙasar Norway!" [3]
Rayuwa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]An haifi Niels Henrik Abel da wuri a Nedstrand, Norway, a matsayin ɗa na biyu na fasto Søren Georg Abel da Anne Marie Simonsen. Lokacin da aka haifi Niels Henrik Abel, iyalin suna zaune a wani babban coci a Finnøy . Da yawa sun nuna cewa an haifi Niels Henrik a yankin da ke makwabtaka da shi, domin iyayensa baƙi ne na ma'aikacin kotu a Nedstrand a watan Yuli da Agusta na shekarar haihuwarsa. [note 1]
Mahaifin Niels Henrik Abel, Søren Georg Abel, ya yi digiri a fannin tauhidi da falsafa kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin Fasto a Cocin Hesby a Finnøy . Mahaifin Søren, kakan Niels, Hans Mathias Abel, shi ma fasto ne, a cocin Gjerstad kusa da garin Risør . Søren ya yi yarintarsa a Gjerstad, kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin limamin coci a can; kuma bayan mutuwar mahaifinsa a 1804, an naɗa Søren fasto a Gjerstad kuma iyalinsa suka ƙaura zuwa can. Iyalan Abel sun samo asali ne daga Schleswig kuma sun zo Norway a ƙarni na 17.
Anne Marie Simonsen 'yar asalin Risør ce; mahaifinta, Niels Henrik Saxild Simonsen, ɗan kasuwa ne kuma mai jiragen ruwa, kuma ana cewa shi ne mutum mafi arziki a Risør. Anne Marie ta girma tare da uwaye biyu na kishi, a cikin yanayi mai daɗi. A gidan sarauta na Gjerstad, ta ji daɗin shirya bukukuwa da tarukan jama'a. Da yawa sun nuna cewa tun da farko ta fara shan giya kuma ba ta damu da tarbiyyar yaran ba. Mahaifinsu ne ya ba wa Niels Henrik da 'yan uwansa makarantar, tare da rubuta littattafai da hannu don karantawa. Teburin ƙari a cikin littafin lissafi yana cewa: 1+0=0.
Makarantar Cathedral da Jami'ar Royal Frederick
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Da samun 'yancin kai na ƙasar Norway da kuma zaɓen farko da aka gudanar a ƙasar Norway, a shekarar 1814, an zaɓi Søren Abel a matsayin wakili a Majalisar Dokokin Storting . An gudanar da tarurrukan Storting har zuwa 1866 a babban zauren Makarantar Cathedral da ke Christiania (wanda yanzu ake kira Oslo ). Kusan tabbas, haka ya haɗu da makarantar, kuma ya yanke shawarar cewa babban ɗansa, Hans Mathias, ya fara karatu a can a shekara mai zuwa. Duk da haka, lokacin da lokacin tafiyarsa ya gabato, Hans ya yi baƙin ciki da baƙin ciki sosai saboda barin gida har mahaifinsa bai yi ƙarfin halin korarsa ba. Ya yanke shawarar tura Niels maimakon haka. [1]
A shekara ta 1815, Niels Abel ya shiga Makarantar Cathedral yana da shekaru 13. Babban ɗan'uwansa Hans ya haɗu da shi a can bayan shekara guda. Suna da ɗakuna tare kuma suna da azuzuwa tare. Hans ya sami maki mafi kyau fiye da Niels; duk da haka, an naɗa wani sabon malamin lissafi, Bernt Michael Holmboe, a shekara ta 1818. Ya bai wa ɗaliban ayyukan lissafi da za su yi a gida. Ya ga baiwar Niels Henrik a fannin lissafi, kuma ya ƙarfafa shi ya yi nazarin wannan fanni zuwa wani mataki na ci gaba. Har ma ya ba Niels darussa na sirri bayan makaranta.
A shekara ta 1818, Søren Abel ya yi muhawara ta tauhidi a bainar jama'a da masanin tauhidi Stener Johannes Stenersen game da katikis ɗinsa tun daga shekara ta 1806. An yi cikakken bayani game da wannan hujja a cikin manema labarai. An ba Søren sunan barkwanci "Abel Treating" ( Yaren mutanen Norway : "Abel Spandabel") . An ce martanin Niels ga rikicin ya kasance "mai yawan fara'a". A lokaci guda kuma, Søren ya kusan fuskantar tsigewa bayan ya zagi Carsten Anker, mai masaukin baki a Majalisar Dokokin Norway ; kuma a watan Satumba na 1818 ya koma Gjerstad da aikinsa na siyasa ya lalace. Ya fara shan giya sosai kuma ya mutu bayan shekaru biyu kacal, a shekarar 1820, yana da shekaru 48.
Bernt Michael Holmboe ya tallafa wa Niels Henrik Abel da tallafin karatu don ya ci gaba da karatu a makarantar kuma ya tara kuɗi daga abokansa don ba shi damar yin karatu a Jami'ar Royal Frederick .
Lokacin da Abel ya shiga jami'a a shekarar 1821, ya riga ya zama masanin lissafi mafi ilimi a ƙasar Norway. Holmboe ba shi da wani abu da zai iya koya masa kuma Abel ya yi nazarin duk sabbin littattafan lissafi a ɗakin karatu na jami'a. A wannan lokacin, Abel ya fara aiki akan lissafin quintic a cikin radicals. Masana lissafi sun shafe sama da shekaru 250 suna neman mafita ga wannan matsala. A shekara ta 1821, Habila ya yi tunanin ya sami mafita. Farfesoshi biyu na lissafi a Christiania, Søren Rasmussen da Christopher Hansteen, ba su sami kurakurai a cikin dabarun Abel ba, kuma sun aika aikin zuwa ga babban masanin lissafi a ƙasashen Nordic, Carl Ferdinand Degen a Copenhagen. Shi ma bai ga wani kuskure ba amma har yanzu yana shakkar cewa mafita, wadda ƙwararrun masana lissafi suka daɗe suna nema, da gaske wani ɗalibi da ba a san shi ba a Christiania mai nisa ya samo ta. Duk da haka, Degen ya lura da tunanin Abel mai kaifi sosai, kuma ya yi imani cewa irin wannan saurayi mai hazaka bai kamata ya ɓatar da ƙwarewarsa a kan irin wannan "abu mara tsabta" kamar lissafin digiri na biyar ba, sai dai a kan ayyukan elliptical da kuma wuce gona da iri ; domin a lokacin, Degen ya rubuta, zai "gano hanyoyin Magellanian zuwa manyan sassan babban teku mai nazari". Degen ya nemi Abel ya ba da misali na lamba na hanyarsa. Yayin da yake ƙoƙarin bayar da misali, Abel ya sami kuskure a cikin takardarsa. Wannan ya haifar da gano cewa a shekarar 1823, mafita ta hanyar dabara ga lissafi na mataki na biyar ko mafi girma ba lallai ba ne ya yiwu.
Abel ya kammala karatunsa a shekarar 1822. Kwarewarsa ta yi kyau kwarai da gaske a fannin lissafi kuma matsakaici a wasu fannoni.
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ Ore, Øystein (2018-04-18). "Niels Henrik Abel". Store Norske Leksikon (in Harhsen Norway).
- ↑ "Niels Henrik Abel". www.matematikk.org (in Harhsen Norway). Retrieved 2018-05-05.
- ↑ Skadberg, Gunnar A.: Ætt og heim 2004, chapter 5, Sogneprest Søren Georg Abel – Matematikerens far. ISBN 82-90087-65-9.
- ↑ Myhre, Sigmar: Ætt og heim 2009, chapter 6, Niels Henrik Abel – fødestaden. ISBN 978-82-90087-72-7.
- ↑ Niels Henrik was born premature and, according to oral tradition, a newly born child had to be washed in red wine and wrapped in cotton cloth in order to survive. Niels Henrik's father baptised him, and wrote in the parish register: "6 September 1802 baptized in Finnøy church the pastor Søren G. Abel and Ane Marie Simonsen's child, Niels Henrik, born 5 August" – (Norwegian: September 6te 1802 døbt i Findøe Kirke Sognepræsten Søren G. Abel og Ane Marie Simonsens Barn Niels Henrik, fød den 5te August.)[3]
Morten Kiærulf was appointed pastor for Nedstrand in 1829. He wrote in a letter in 1880 to professor Bjerknes in Valle, that he was told by locals that one of Abel's sons was born at former bailiff Marstrand's house in Nedstrand.[4]
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