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Noman Asali

Daga Wikipedia, Insakulofidiya ta kyauta.
Noman Asali
method (en) Fassara da industry (en) Fassara
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na noma
Uses (en) Fassara organic fertilizer (en) Fassara
Hannun riga da conventionally grown (en) Fassara

Noman Asali, wanda kuma aka sani da aikin gona na kwayoyin halitta ko noma na halittu ko kuma kayan da ba na abinci, kamar taki, da dasa shayi, da dasa shuki, da kuma hade hade.[1][2][3][4][5]Hanyoyin kwayoyin kwararru kamar yadda ake karfafa karagar kwari.[6] Tsarin aikin gona da aka sa a bayyane a matsayin "tsarin aikin noma wanda ke yin tasoshin karuwa da bambancin ƙasa, da ƙa'idodi na zamani, da kuma ƙirar ƙasa, da kuma ƙwararrun ƙwayoyin cuta" [7][8][9][10] Ya samo asali daga farkon karni na 20 a cikin amsawa don canza ayyukan noma da sauri. Tabbacin aikin gona na Organic ya lissafta kadada miliyan 70 (Acres miliyan 170) a duniya a shekarar 2019, tare da rabin wannan duka a Australia. [11]

An tsara ka'idojin kwayoyin halitta don ba da damar amfani da abubuwan da ke faruwa a zahiri yayin da aka haramta ko iyakance abubuwan roba. [12] Misali, a zahiri faruwa a cikin qwari, kamar cirewa, bicarbonate na soda, ko pyrethrin mai roba, kamar su qwari, kamar yadda ake haramta. Abubuwa na roba waɗanda aka yarda kawai a cikin yanayi na musamman na iya haɗawa da jan karfe na tagulla, sulfur, da kwayoyi masu kiwo. Abubuwan da aka gyara da aka gyara, nanomaterials, dinomatials, dinka dan adam sludge, tsirrai na girma, da kuma amfani da kwayoyin cuta a cikin bikin dabbobi an haramta. [13][14]Bangare, kwayoyin noma ya dogara ne da ka'idodin kiwon lafiya, kula da dukkan halittu masu rai da muhalli, da adalci. [15] Organic Hanyar Dorewa, [16] [17] Ana ganin abu mafi yawa a matsayin wani abu na mafita ga tasirin canjin yanayi. [18]

Tsarin aikin gona na kwastomomi ana ɗauka a cikin ƙungiyoyi a cikin ƙasa na ƙasashen waje kamar yadda Tarayyar Turai ta kafa a 1972, da kuma rassan yanki kamar Organictionungiyar Organics na Organics, [19][20] da kuma abubuwan ƙwayoyin cuta na ƙasa. [21] Tun daga 1990, kasuwa don abinci na kwayoyin halitta da sauran samfuran sun yi girma cikin hanzari, sun kai dala biliyan 150 a duniya a cikin 2022 - wanda sama da biliyan 49 na dala biliyan 55 a Turai [22] This demand has driven a similar increase in organically managed farmland, which grew by 26.6 percent from 2021 to 2022.[23] Kamar yadda na 2022, ana yin aikin gona a cikin kasashe 188 da kusan kadada dubu 186,000 (Acres dubu) na duniya ne (250,000) a duk duniya ƙasar noma. [24]

Orgal Farming na iya zama da amfani kan cizon kai da kariya na muhalli a matakin kananan hukumomi; Koyaya, saboda aikin gona na kwayoyin halitta na iya samar da ƙananan ƙwayar cuta idan aka kwatanta da aikin gona mai zurfi don canza ƙarin ƙasa da rashin daidaituwa da ilmantarwa na yanayi. [25]

Tarihi

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Babban labarin: Tarihin noman halitta

An yi aikin noma tsawon dubban shekaru ba tare da amfani da sinadarai na wucin gadi ba. An fara samar da takin wucin gadi a tsakiyar karni na 19. Waɗannan takin zamani na farko sun kasance masu arha, masu ƙarfi, da sauƙin jigilar kayayyaki. Irin wannan ci gaban da aka samu a cikin magungunan kashe qwari a cikin 1940s, wanda ya kai ga shekaru goma ana kiransa "zamanin maganin kashe qwari" [26]. Wadannan sababbin dabarun noma, yayin da suke da amfani a cikin gajeren lokaci, suna da mummunan sakamako na dogon lokaci, irin su takin ƙasa, zaizayar ƙasa, da raguwar yawan amfanin ƙasa gabaɗaya, tare da matsalolin kiwon lafiya game da sinadarai masu guba da ke shiga cikin abinci. samarwa.[27]

A cikin 1921 wanda ya kafa kuma majagaba na motsin kwayoyin halitta, Albert Howard, da matarsa Gabrielle Howard [28][29] [30] sun cika masanan ilimin halittu, sun kafa Cibiyar Masana'antar Shuka don inganta hanyoyin noma na gargajiya a Indiya. Daga cikin abubuwan, sun kawo ingantattun kayan aiki da ingantattun hanyoyin kiwon dabbobi daga horon su na kimiyya; sannan ta hanyar shigar da bangarorin hanyoyin gargajiya na Indiya, an samar da ka'idoji don jujjuya amfanin gona, dabarun rigakafin zaizayar kasa, da yin amfani da takin zamani da taki.[31] An ƙarfafa ta da waɗannan abubuwan na noman gargajiya, lokacin da Albert Howard ya dawo Biritaniya a farkon 1930s [32]ya fara ƙaddamar da tsarin aikin noma.[33] [34] [35]

A cikin 1924 Rudolf Steiner ya ba da jerin laccoci guda takwas akan aikin gona tare da mai da hankali kan tasirin wata, taurari, halittun da ba na zahiri ba da rundunonin farko.[37] [38] An gudanar da su ne bisa bukatar manoman da suka lura da gurbacewar yanayi da kuma tabarbarewar lafiya da ingancin amfanin gona da dabbobi sakamakon amfani da takin zamani[39]. An buga laccocin a watan Nuwamba 1924; fassarar Turanci ta farko ta bayyana a cikin 1928 a matsayin Koyarwar Aikin Noma.[40]

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ Labelling, article 30 of Regulation (EU) 2018/848 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30 May 2024 on organic production and labelling of organic products and repealing Council Regulation (EC) No 834/2007.
  2. ↑ "History of Organic Farming". biocyclopedia.com. Retrieved 21 March 2023. Various types and methods of organic agriculture have been developed in the Northern Hemisphere, such as the biological-organic and biodynamic method
  3. ↑ "Biological Farming/Ecological Farming". USDA National Agricultural Library. Retrieved 21 March 2023. the term biological often refers to organic farming, whereas the term ecological refers to organic plus environmental considerations such as on-farm wildlife management
  4. ↑ "Organic farming". Lexicon Wein‑Plus. Retrieved 21 March 2023. A form of production (also organic farming, ecological farming, ecological-biological farming, ecological agriculture, alternative agriculture) for the production of food and other agricultural products
  5. ↑ "Clean & Organic Agricultural Products" (PDF). RIRDC. October 2000. Retrieved 21 March 2023. Biological farming and 'bio' products are terms often used in European countries as equivalent to organic farming. [...] Ecological farming and 'eco' products are terms also used in European countries as equivalent to organic farming.
  6. ↑ Gamage, Ashoka; Gangahagedara, Ruchira; Gamage, Jeewan; Jayasinghe, Nepali; Kodikara, Nathasha; Suraweera, Piumali; Merah, Othmane (2023). "Role of organic farming for achieving sustainability in agriculture". Farming System. 1 (1): 100005. Bibcode:2023FaSys...100005G. doi:10.1016/j.farsys.2023.100005.
  7. ↑ Danielle Treadwell, Jim Riddle, Mary Barbercheck, Deborah Cavanaugh-Grant, Ed Zaborski, Cooperative Extension System, What is organic farming? Archived 3 May 2016 at the Wayback Machine
  8. ↑ Martin, H. "Introduction to Organic Farming". Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs. ISSN 1198-712X
  9. ↑ Rhoads, Dale. "What is organic farming?" (PDF). Purdue Extension Service. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 June 2016.
  10. ↑ Gold, Mary. "What is organic production?". National Agricultural Library. USDA. Archived from the original on 7 August 2007. Retrieved 1 March 2014.
  11. ↑ Paull, John (2019). "Organic Agriculture in Australia: Attaining the Global Majority (51%)". Journal of Environment Protection and Sustainable Development – via Academia.edu.
  12. ↑ McEvoy, Miles (27 October 2020). "Organic 101: Allowed and Prohibited Substances". USDA. Retrieved 30 September 2023.
  13. ↑ Paull, John (2011) "Nanomaterials in food and agriculture: The big issue of small matter for organic food and farming", Proceedings of the Third Scientific Conference of ISOFAR (International Society of Organic Agriculture Research), 28 September – 1 October, Namyangju, Korea., 2:96-99
  14. ↑ "USDA List of Allowed and Prohibited Substances in Organic Agriculture". USDA List of Allowed and Prohibited Substances in Organic Agriculture. USDA. 4 April 2016. Archived from the original on 28 December 2015. Retrieved 6 April 2016.
  15. ↑ "The Four Principles of Organic Agriculture | IFOAM". www.ifoam.bio. Retrieved 4 October 2024.
  16. ↑ Arsenault, Chris. "Only 60 Years of Farming Left If Soil Degradation Continues". Scientific American. Retrieved 29 May 2016.
  17. ↑ Coleman, Eliot (1995), The New Organic Grower: A Master's Manual of Tools and Techniques for the Home and Market Gardener (2nd ed.), Chelsea Green Publishing Company, pp. 65, 108, ISBN 978-0930031756
  18. ↑ Environment and Natural Resouces Series No. 4". www.fao.org. Retrieved 4 October 2024.
  19. ↑ Paull, John "From France to the World: The International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements (IFOAM)", Journal of Social Research & Policy, 2010, 1(2):93-102.
  20. ↑ "IFOAM Organics Europe - About us". IFOAM Organics Europe. Retrieved 4 October 2024.
  21. ↑ "About Us – IFOAM Asia". Retrieved 4 October 2024.
  22. ↑ "FiBL - Downloads & Shop". www.fibl.org. Retrieved 4 October 2024.
  23. ↑ Organic World 2024
  24. ↑ "The World of Organic Agriculture - Statistics & Emerging Trends 2024" (PDF). Research Institute of Organic Agriculture and IFOAM - Organics International. p. 12. Retrieved 25 February 2024.
  25. ↑ "Scientists urge EU to allow the use of novel breeding techniques and modern biotechnology in organic farming". Wageningen Plant Research. 23 April 2021. Archived from the original on 2 February 2023.
  26. ↑ Horne, Paul Anthony (2008). Integrated pest management for crops and pastures. CSIRO Publishing. p. 2. ISBN 978-0-643-09257-0.
  27. ↑ Stinner, D.H (2007). "The Science of Organic Farming". In William Lockeretz (ed.). Organic Farming: An International History. Oxfordshire, UK & Cambridge, Massachusetts: CAB International (CABI). ISBN 978-1-84593-289-3. Retrieved 30 April 2013.
  28. ↑ Conford, P. (2001). The Origins of the Organic Movement. Glasgow, Great Britain: Floris Books.
  29. ↑ Gieryn, T.F. (1999). Cultural Boundaries of Science: Credibility on the Line. Chicago, Il.: University of Chicago Press. pp. 233–335.
  30. ↑ Joseph Heckman, A History of Organic Farming: Transitions from Sir Albert Howard's War in the Soil to the USDA National Organic Program
  31. ↑ Yeshwant D. Wad, The Work At Indore
  32. ↑ Gabrielle Howard had died while the Howards were still in India.
  33. ↑ Vogt G (2007). "Chapter 1: The Origins of Organic Farming". In Lockeretz W (ed.). Organic Farming: An International History. CABI Publishing. pp. 9–30. ISBN 9780851998336.
  34. ↑ Lotter, D.W. (2003). "Organic agriculture" (PDF). Journal of Sustainable Agriculture. 21 (4): 59–128. Bibcode:2003JSusA..21d..59L. doi:10.1300/J064v21n04_06. S2CID 216090323. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 August 2017. Retrieved 2 February 2013
  35. ↑ Kirchmann, Holger; Bergstrom, Lars (16 December 2008). Organic Crop Production - Ambitions and Limitations. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 2–. ISBN 978-1-4020-9316-6.
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