Northwest Caucasian languages

Northwest Caucasian languages
Linguistic classification	abu individual item (en) particular (en) semi-abstract entity or generically dependent continuant (en) information content or representation form (en) content or representation form (en) representation form (en) ordinary form (en) symbol sequence (en) soft symbol sequence (en) language entity (en) languoid (en) language (en) human language (en) Ibero-Caucasian (en) North Caucasian (en) Northwest Caucasian languages
Glottolog	abkh1242

'Harsunan Arewa maso Yammacin Caucasus', wanda kuma ake kira YammacinCaucasus, Abkhazo-Adyghean, Abkhaz-Circassian, Circassic, ko kuma wani lokacin yarukan Pontic (daga Tsohon Girkanci, puntos, yana nufin Tekun Baƙi, ya bambanta da yarukan Arewa maso gabashin Caucasus a matsayin yarukan Caspian), iyali ne na yarukan da ake magana a cikin jamhuriyoyin Rasha guda uku (Adygea, Kabardino-Balkhazia, Karamar, Turkiyya, yankin Abkhazia, Turkiyya ta Tsakiya, yankin da ke cikin yankin da ke jayayya.

Dangantakar kungiyar da kowane dangin harshe ba ta da tabbas kuma ba a tabbatar da ita ba. Ɗaya daga cikin harsuna, Ubykh, ya ƙare a cikin 1992, yayin da duk sauran harsuna suna cikin wani nau'i na haɗari, tare da UNESCO ta rarraba duk a matsayin "mai rauni", "mai haɗari", ko "mai haɗarin haɗari sosai". A cikin yarukan Arewa maso Yammacin Caucasus, Abkhaz ne kawai ke da lambar farko a cikin ma'auni na ISO 639.

Harsunan Arewa maso Yammacin Caucasian suna da nau'ikan bambance-bambance masu rikitarwa tare da rashin bambance-mbance na wasali, sau da yawa suna ba da lokuta na Tsarin wasula na tsaye, wanda aka fi sani da tsarin wasula "layi".

Babban fasalulluka

Sake fasalin harshe ya nuna cewa */w-ka/ wadatar tsarin consonantal da talauci na tsarin murya na iya zama sakamakon tsarin tarihi, inda aka sake sanya fasalulluka irin su Labialization da palatalization zuwa sassan da ke /kʷa/. Misali, kakanninmu */ki/ na iya zama /kjə/ kuma */ku/ na iya kasancewa /kwə/, rasa tsoffin wasula */i/ da */u/ amma samun sabbin sassan /kj/ da /kw/. Masanin harshe John Colarusso ya ci gaba da cewa wasu lokuta na wannan na iya zama saboda daidaitawar tsohuwar tsarin tsarin lissafi (don haka * / w-ka / na iya zama /kwa /), bisa ga nau'i-nau'i kamar Ubykh /ɡjə / vs. Kabardian da Abkhaz /ɡwə / zuciya. Wasu [waɗanda?] suna da'awar wannan tsari don kwance a bayan ci gaban Labovellars a cikin Proto-Indo-Turai, wanda ya taɓa makwabtaka da Proto-NWC. 

Rashin sautin da suka bambanta da wadatar sautin da ya bambanta

Dukan iyalin suna da ƙarancin wasula (biyu ko uku, dangane da bincike) tare da tsarin consonantal mai arziki wanda ya haɗa da nau'ikan maganganu na biyu. Ubykh (Ubyx) , alal misali, yana da wasula biyu kuma mai yiwuwa mafi girman lissafin consonants a waje da Kudancin Afirka.

Harshen harshe

Harsunan Arewa maso Yammacin Caucasian suna da tsarin suna mai sauƙi, tare da ƙananan shari'o'i a mafi yawancin, tare da tsarin magana mai ƙarfi wanda zai iya ƙunsar kusan dukkanin tsarin magana na jumla. Dukkanin kalmomi masu iyaka suna alama don yarjejeniya tare da muhawara guda uku: cikakke, ergative, da abu mara ma'ana, kuma akwai kuma nau'ikan gine-gine masu yawa. Akwai rabuwa tsakanin kalmomin "dynamic" da "stative", tare da kalmomin da ke da ƙwarewa da ke da rikitarwa. Maganar kalma tana nuna batun da mutum, wuri, lokaci, hanyar aiki, mummunan, da sauran nau'ikan nau'ikan nahawu.