Obelisk na Axum
| Obelisk na Axum | |
|---|---|
| Northern Stelae Field | |
 | |
| Wuri | |
| Ƴantacciyar ƙasa | Habasha |
Region of Ethiopia (en)  | Tigray Region (en) |
| Zone of Ethiopia (en) | Mehakelegnaw Zone (en) |
| District of Ethiopia (en) | Axum town (en) |
| Birni | Axum |
| Coordinates | 14°07′56″N 38°43′11″E / 14.132166666667°N 38.719666666667°E |
 | |
| History and use | |
| Opening | 300 (Gregorian) |
| Karatun Gine-gine | |
| Tsawo | 23 m |
|
| |
Obelisk of Axum (Tigrinya: ሓወልቲ ኣኽሱም, romanized: ḥawelti Akhsum; Amharic: የአክሱም ሐውልት, romanized: Ye’Åksum ḥāwelt) karni na 4 CE, 24 metres (79 ft) dogon phonolite [1] stele, nauyin 160 tonnes (160 long tons; 180 short tons), a cikin birnin Axum na kasar Habasha . An ƙawata shi da kofofin ƙarya guda biyu a gindin kuma yana da kayan ado masu kama da tagogi a kowane bangare. Obelisk ɗin yana ƙarewa a saman madauwari mai madauwari, wanda a da ana rufe shi da firam ɗin ƙarfe.
Tarihi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Bayani na gaba ɗaya
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]'obelisk' - wanda ake kira stele a cikin yarukan yankin, Tigrinya: hawelti; da coci Ge'ez: hawel ti - ana samunsa tare da wasu steles da yawa a birnin Axum a Habasha ta zamani. Wataƙila an sassaƙa su kuma an gina su a cikin karni na 4 AZ ta hanyar mutanen Masarautar Aksum, wayewar Habasha ta dā. Gina steles a Axum tsohuwar al'ada ce. Ayyukansu ya kamata su kasance a matsayin "alamu" don ɗakunan binnewa na karkashin kasa. Mafi girma daga cikin alamun kabarin sun kasance don ɗakunan binnewar sarauta kuma an yi musu ado da windows na ƙarya da ƙofofin ƙarya, yayin da ƙananan masu daraja za su sami ƙarami, waɗanda ba a yi musu ado ba. Duk da yake akwai 'yan manyan da ke tsaye, akwai daruruwan ƙananan a cikin " filayen ƙarfe" daban-daban. Har yanzu yana yiwuwa a ga na farko, da aka sassaƙa a kusa da "obelisks" masu zurfi. Stele na karshe da aka gina a Axum mai yiwuwa shine abin da ake kira Stele na Sarki Ezana, a karni na 4 AD.
Sarki Ezana (c. 321 - c. 360), wanda malaminsa na yaro Frumentius ya rinjayi, ya gabatar da Kiristanci ga Axum, yana hana aikin arna na gina dutsen binnewa (yana da alama cewa a ƙafafun kowane obelisk, tare da kabarin, akwai kuma bagade na hadaya. [2]
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A tsawon lokaci, yawancin waɗannan steles sun faɗi saboda dalilai da yawa: rushewar tsari (kamar, mai yiwuwa, game da Babban Stele, auna 33 m), mai yiwuwa nan da nan bayan an kafa su; girgizar ƙasa (Axum yana cikin Yankin girgizar ƙasa); ko kuma hare-haren soja na Imam Ahmad Gragn a lokacin Yaƙin Habasha-Adal daga 1529 zuwa 1543. A cikin karni na 19, daga cikin manyan dutsen "na sarauta" guda uku, kawai dutsen Sarki Ezana ya kasance tsaye, wanda aka nuna a cikin bugawa "The Obelisk at Axum" na Henry Salt (1780-1827) kuma a cikin hoton da Mabel Bent ya ɗauka a 1893 .[3] Salt ya koma Ingila tare da Kyaftin Thomas Fremantle, kuma ƙirar Obelisk na Axum ya rinjayi na Nelson Monument, Portsdown Hill, kusa da Portsmouth Harbour, wanda Fremantle ya tara kudade.[4]
sata-linkid="153" href="./Italian_occupation_of_Ethiopia" id="mwdg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Italian occupation of Ethiopia">Yunkurin Italiya na Habasha ya ƙare a 1937 tare da fashi, inda aka kai obelisk na Axum na Sarki Ezana zuwa Italiya a matsayin ganimar yaki. An yanke dutsen zuwa kashi uku kuma an kai shi ta hanyar mota tare da hanya mai laushi tsakanin Axum da tashar jiragen ruwa ta Massawa, yana ɗaukar tafiye-tafiye biyar a cikin watanni biyu. Ya yi tafiya ta jirgin, Adwa, ya isa Naples a ranar 27 ga Maris, 1937. Daga nan aka kai shi Roma, inda aka mayar da shi, aka sake tattara shi kuma aka gina shi a filin Porta Capena a gaban Ma'aikatar Afirka ta Italiya. Wannan filin daga baya zai zama hedkwatar Hukumar Abinci da Aikin Gona ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da Circus Maximus. An bayyana obelisk a hukumance a ranar 28 ga Oktoba, 1937 don tunawa da shekaru goma sha biyar na Maris a Roma. [5] Ugo Monneret na Villard ne ya tsara aikin.
Wani mutum-mutumi na tagulla na Zaki na Yahuza, alama ce ta mulkin mallaka na Habasha, an ɗauke shi tare da obelisk kuma an nuna shi a gaban Tashar jirgin kasa ta Termini.
Komawa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
A cikin yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta 1947, Italiya ta amince da mayar da dutsen zuwa Habasha, [5] tare da sauran sashi da aka sace, Abin tunawa ga Zaki na Yahuza . Duk da yake an dawo da ƙarshen a cikin 1967 bayan ziyarar 1961 na sarki Haile Selassie zuwa Italiya, an ɗauki ƙaramin mataki don dawo da dutsen sama da shekaru 50, wani bangare saboda sakamakon manyan matsalolin fasaha da suka shafi sufuri.
Wata majiya kuma ta nuna cewa sarki Haile Sellassie, bayan ya ji labarin waɗannan matsalolin fasaha (da kuma tsada mai yawa da ake buƙata don shawo kansu), ya yanke shawarar ba da dutsen ga birnin Roma, a matsayin kyauta ga "sabuntawar abota" tsakanin Italiya da Habasha. Wannan da'awar, duk da haka, ta kasance mai kawo rigima kuma hukumomi da suka biyo baya ba su amince da ita ba. Kanal Mengistu Haile Mariam, wanda ya hambarar da sarki a shekara ta 1974, ya nemi gwamnatin Italiya ta mayar da dutsen zuwa Habasha. Wani tsari mai rikitarwa, a cewar wasu kafofin, da alama shine cewa Italiya za ta iya adana dutsen don musayar gina asibiti a Addis Ababa (Abitin Saint Paul) da kuma soke bashin da Habasha ke bin. A kowane hali, bayan faduwar mulkin Mengistu, sabuwar gwamnatin Habasha ta nemi a dawo da dutsen, ta sami amsar da ta dace daga shugaban jamhuriyar Italiya na lokacin Oscar Luigi Scalfaro, a watan Afrilun shekara ta 1997.[5]
Matakai na farko na rushe tsarin an dauki su ne a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2003, a karkashin kulawar Giorgio Croci, Farfesa na Matsalolin Tsarin Tarihi da Gine-gine na Tarihi a Jami'ar Sapienza ta Roma. Manufar ita ce ta mayar da dutsen zuwa Habasha a watan Maris na shekara ta 2004, amma aikin dawowa ya gamu da jerin cikas: An yi la'akari da titin jirgin sama a Filin jirgin saman Axum da ke dauke da ɗaya daga cikin kashi uku da aka yanke dutsen; ana zaton hanyoyi da gadoji tsakanin Addis Ababa da Axum ba su dace da aikin sufuri ba; kuma yadda za a iya shiga ta tashar jiragen ruwa ta kusa da Eritrea - wanda shine dutsen da ya fara barin Afirka - ba zai yiwu ba saboda matsalar dangantakar da ke tsakanin Eritrea da ke tsakanin Ethiopia da Axum.
An inganta titin jirgin sama a filin jirgin saman Axum musamman don sauƙaƙe dawowar stele.[6] Stele din da aka rushe ya kasance yana zaune a cikin ɗakin ajiya kusa da Filin jirgin saman Leonardo Da Vinci na Roma, har zuwa 19 ga Afrilu 2005 lokacin da aka dawo da ɓangaren tsakiya ta amfani da Antonov An-124, a cikin bikin gida da yawa.[6] An bayyana shi a matsayin mafi girma kuma mafi nauyi na jigilar kaya.[6] An dawo da yanki na biyu a ranar 22 ga Afrilu 2005, tare da yanki na ƙarshe ya dawo a ranar 25 ga Afrilu 2005. Aikin ya kashe Italiya dala miliyan 7.7.[6]
Stele din ya kasance a ajiya yayin da Habasha ta yanke shawarar yadda za a sake gina shi ba tare da damuwa da wasu tsoffin dukiyoyi har yanzu a yankin ba (musamman Stele na Sarki Ezana). A watan Maris na shekara ta 2007 an zuba tushe don sake gina dutsen kusa da Dutsen Sarki Ezana, wanda aka karfafa a wannan lokacin. An fara sake haɗuwa a watan Yunin 2008, tare da ƙungiyar da UNESCO ta zaba kuma Giorgio Croci ya jagoranta, kuma an sake gina abin tunawa a cikin asalin gidansa kuma an bayyana shi a ranar 4 ga Satumba 2008.
Lokacin da aka sake tattara shi a Roma a 1937, an saka sandunan karfe guda uku a kowane sashi. Lokacin da walƙiya ta buge obelisk a lokacin wata babbar tsawa a kan Roma a ranar 27 ga Mayu 2002, wannan ya haifar da lalacewa "mai yawa".[1] A cikin sabon sake ginawa an gyara sassan uku tare ta hanyar jimlar sanduna takwas na aramid fiber (Kevlar): hudu tsakanin na farko da na biyu da hudu tsakanin sassan na biyu da na uku.[2] Wannan tsari yana tabbatar da juriya ta tsari a lokacin girgizar ƙasa kuma yana guje wa amfani da ƙarfe, don kada a sake yin ƙarfe a matsayin magnet don walƙiya da kuma guje wa tsatsa.
Akwai wasu irin wannan stelae / obelisks a Habasha da Eritrea, kamar Hawulti a Metera. Kamar Obelisk na Axum, sauran stelae suna da tushe na rectangular tare da ƙofar ƙarya da aka sassaƙa a gefe ɗaya.
Shirin Zamani ya rubuta wuraren al'adun al'adu a cikin 3D bisa ga binciken laser na ƙasa don ƙirƙirar rikodin tarihi.[7][8][9][10][11][12] An gudanar da takardun 3D na sassa na filin Axum Stelae a shekara ta 2006.[13]
Hotuna
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]-
The Obelisk at Axum in 1805 -
Entrance hewn out of stone -
Broken remains of the Great Stele -
Burial chambers of the kings -
Obelisks of Aksum
_The_Obelisk_at_Axum.png)
Bayani
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ Miruts Hagos; Koeberl, C.; Jourdan, F. (2017). "Geochemistry and Geochronology of Phonolitic and Trachytic Source Rocks of the Axum Obelisks and Other Stone Artifacts, Axum, Ethiopia". Geoheritage. 9 (4): 479–494. Bibcode:2017Geohe...9..479H. doi:10.1007/s12371-016-0199-7. S2CID 132995691.
- ↑ "Obelisk of Aksum - Madain Project (en)". madainproject.com (in Turanci). Retrieved 2023-05-15.
- ↑ Friis, Ib. "Travelling Among Fellow Christians (1768–1833): James Bruce, Henry Salt and Eduard Rüppell in Abyssinia". Researchgate. Scientia Danica. Retrieved 18 May 2019.
- ↑ Brown, Keith. "The Nelson Monument". anglo-ethiopian.org. Anglo-Ethiopian Society. Retrieved 18 May 2019.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 "No return for Ethiopian treasure". BBC News. 2001-06-22. Retrieved 2013-07-07. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "bbc" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 "Obelisk arrives back in Ethiopia". BBC News. 2005-04-19. Retrieved 2013-07-07.
- ↑ Rüther, Heinz; Rajan, Rahim S. (2007). "Documenting African Sites: The Aluka Project". Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians. 66 (4): 437–443. doi:10.1525/jsah.2007.66.4.437. ISSN 0037-9808. JSTOR 10.1525/jsah.2007.66.4.437.
- ↑ Rüther, Heinz. "An African Heritage Database – The Virtual Preservation of Africa's Past" (PDF). isprs.org.
- ↑ Giles, Chris (5 January 2018). "Meet the scientists immortalizing African heritage in virtual reality". CNN. Retrieved 2019-10-17.
- ↑ Wild, Sarah (18 December 2018). "Africa's great heritage sites are being mapped out with point precision lasers". Quartz Africa (in Turanci). Retrieved 2019-10-17.
- ↑ Rüther, Heinz; Held, Christof; Bhurtha, Roshan; Schroeder, Ralph; Wessels, Stephen (2012-01-13). "From Point Cloud to Textured Model, the Zamani Laser Scanning Pipeline in Heritage Documentation". South African Journal of Geomatics (in Turanci). 1 (1): 44–59. ISSN 2225-8531.
- ↑ "Challenges in Heritage Documentation with Terrestrial Laser Scanning" (PDF).
- ↑ "Site – Aksum Obelisk". zamaniproject.org. Retrieved 2019-10-18.