Ofishin Stanley
 Ofishin Stanley | |
|---|---|
| Rayuwa | |
| Haihuwa | 1933 |
| Mutuwa | 1992 |
| Karatu | |
| Makaranta |
Combs College of Music (en)  |
| Sana'a | |
| Sana'a | soja |
Stanley Everett Branche (31 ga Yuli, 1933 - 22 ga Disamba, 1992) ya kasance shugaban kare hakkin bil'adama na Amurka daga Pennsylvania wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin babban sakatare a Chester, Pennsylvania, reshe na National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) kuma ya kafa Kwamitin Freedom Now (CFFN).
A farkon shekarun 1960, shi da George Raymond sun haɗu don kalubalanci ayyukan ɗaukar 'yan tsiraru na kasuwanci kuma sun fara zanga-zangar makarantar Chester game da rarrabewar makarantu wanda ya sanya Chester ɗaya daga cikin manyan wuraren yaƙi na ƙungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama. Ya yi zanga-zanga tare da Cambridge Movement a Dorchester County, Maryland, kuma ya yi aiki tare da Cecil B. Moore don kawar da Kwalejin Girard a Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Ya yi aiki tare da Greater Chester Movement da Black Coalition a Philadelphia. Ya yi takara ba tare da nasara ba don magajin garin Chester a 1967 kuma sau biyu don Majalisa ta Amurka a 1978 da 1986. Ya bar ƙungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama kuma ya gudanar da kasuwanci da yawa ciki har da haɗin gwiwar kulob din dare a Philadelphia tare da mai kula da miyagun ƙwayoyi, Manjo Coxson . A shekara ta 1989, an same shi kuma an yanke masa hukuncin shekaru 5 a kurkuku na tarayya saboda shiga cikin shirin tattara laifuka.
Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Branche ya yi aiki a matsayin paratrooper tare da 82nd Airborne Division da 127th Regimental Combat Team a cikin Yaƙin Koriya . An yi masa ado sau uku. Bayan yakin, ya halarci Kwalejin Kiɗa ta Combs da Cibiyar Nazarin Laifuka ta Pennsylvania tare da niyyar zama ɗan sanda.
Ayyukan kare hakkin bil'adama
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Branche ta shiga cikin Cambridge Movement a Dorchester County, Maryland, a matsayin sakataren filin NAACP . Ya kasance daya daga cikin wadanda suka sanya hannu kan "The Treaty of Cambridge" wanda ya fara rarrabewa a cikin birni.[1] Ya koma Chester a 1962 kuma matarsa Anna ta gabatar da shi ga George Raymond, shugaban reshen Chester na NAACP. Da farko an sanya Branche a cikin kamfen ɗin don kawar da Great Leopard Skating Rink . [2] Branche da Raymond sun haɗu don samun nasarar kalubalantar ayyukan hayar 'yan tsiraru na manyan shagunan sashen, shagunan tufafi, shagunan takalma da sauran shagunan musamman a cikin garin Chester.[3]
A farkon shekara ta 1963, Branche ya yi takaici da tsarin Raymond da NAACP. Ya yi murabus kuma ya kirkiro sabuwar kungiyar masu fafutuka mai suna Committee for Freedom Now (CFFN) tare da Swarthmore College chapter of Students for a Democratic Society da Chester parents don kawo karshen de facto rabuwa na makarantun jama'a da inganta yanayi a yawancin baƙar fata a Chester. [4]
A cikin 1962, Branche da CFFN sun mayar da hankali kan inganta yanayin a makarantar firamare ta Franklin da ke Chester. Kodayake an gina makarantar don saukar da dalibai 500, ta cika da dalibai 1,200. Matsakaicin girman aji na makarantar ya kasance 39, sau biyu yawan makarantun fararen da ke kusa.[5] An gina makarantar a 1910 kuma ba a taɓa sabunta ta ba. Akwai dakunan wanka guda biyu kawai ga dukan makarantar.[4]
A watan Nuwamba 1963, masu zanga-zangar CFFN sun toshe ƙofar makarantar firamare ta Franklin da Ginin Chester Municipal wanda ya haifar da kama masu zanga-zanga 240. Bayan kulawar jama'a game da zanga-zangar da kafofin watsa labarai suka yada game da kama-kashen da aka yi, magajin gari da kwamitin makaranta sun tattauna da CFFN da NAACP.[3] Hukumar Ilimi ta Chester ta amince da rage girman aji a makarantar Franklin, cire wuraren wanka marasa tsabta, sake komawa azuzuwan da aka gudanar a cikin ɗakin tukunyar ruwa da bin kwal da kuma gyara filin makaranta.[4]
Da yake karfafawa ta hanyar nasarar zanga-zangar makarantar firamare ta Franklin, CFFN ta dauki sabbin mambobi, ta dauki nauyin rajistar masu jefa kuri'a kuma ta shirya kauracewa makarantun Chester a duk fadin gari. Branche ya gina dangantaka ta kusa da dalibai a Kwalejin Swarthmore, Kwalejin Soja ta Pennsylvania da Kwalejin Jihar Cheyney don tabbatar da manyan masu juyawa a zanga-zangar da zanga-zambe.[3] Branche ya gayyaci Dick Gregory da Malcolm X zuwa Chester don shiga cikin "Freedom Now Conference" [6] kuma wasu shugabannin kare hakkin bil'adama na kasa kamar Gloria Richardson sun zo Chester don tallafawa zanga-zangar.[2]
A cikin bazara na shekara ta 1964, manyan zanga-zangar a cikin kwanaki da yawa sun biyo baya wanda ya haifar da kama masu zanga-zambe. Magajin garin Chester, James Gorbey, ya ba da "Matsayin 'yan sanda don Kare Zaman Lafiya na Jama'a", wata sanarwa mai maki goma da ke alkawarin komawa ga doka da oda nan take. Birnin ya wakilci masu kashe gobara da masu tara shara don taimakawa wajen magance masu zanga-zangar.[3] Jihar Pennsylvania ta tura sojoji 50 don taimakawa rundunar 'yan sanda ta Chester mai mambobi 77. [4] An yi zanga-zangar da tashin hankali da zargin cin zarafin 'yan sanda. Fiye da mutane ɗari shida aka kama su a cikin watanni biyu na tarurruka na kare hakkin bil'adama, tafiya, zanga-zangar, kauracewa da zama.[3]
Branche ya yi aiki a matsayin mai magana da yawun manema labarai, mai hulɗa da al'umma, mai daukar ma'aikata da kuma babban mai tattaunawa. Gwamna William Scranton ya shawo kan Branche ya yi biyayya da dokar hanawa ta kotu a kan zanga-zangar.[2] Scranton ya kirkiro Hukumar Kula da Harkokin Dan Adam ta Pennsylvania don gudanar da sauraro game da rarrabewar makarantun jama'a. An dakatar da dukkan zanga-zangar yayin da hukumar ta gudanar da sauraro a lokacin rani na shekara ta 1964.[3]
A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 1964, Hukumar Kula da Harkokin Dan Adam ta Pennsylvania ta kammala cewa Hukumar Makarantar Chester ta keta doka kuma ta ba da umarnin Gundumar Makarantar Chester da ta kawar da rarrabewa a makarantun Afirka guda shida na birnin. Birnin ya daukaka kara kan hukuncin, wanda ya jinkirta aiwatarwa.[4]
A watan Yunin 1964, shugabannin birnin Chester sun kafa Greater Chester Movement (GCM), wata kungiya mai laima da aka nufa don daidaita ayyukan kungiyoyin da ke aiki don inganta Chester. Lokacin da Shugaba Lyndon Johnson ya fara Yaƙi da Talauci, GCM ya zama hanyar da aka rarraba dala ta tarayya a Chester. Branche da farko ya kafa wata kungiya mai suna Committee on Economic Opportunity (Shugaba) duk da haka an sanya shi cikin GCM tare da Branche yana aiki a kwamitin gudanarwa.[2]
A shekara ta 1968, Branche ya kafa Black Coalition Movement, ƙungiyar ƙabilu da aka kafa bayan kisan Martin Luther King Jr.[2] Ya yi aiki tare da Cecil B. Moore don kawar da Kwalejin Girard a Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.[7] An kama Branche da wasu bakwai lokacin da suka yi ƙoƙari su shiga makarantar.[2]
An kama Branche kusan sau 225 a lokacin zanga-zangar kare hakkin bil'adama.
Ayyukan kare hakkin bil'adama
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ya bar ƙungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama, ya koma Philadelphia kuma ya gudanar da kasuwanni da yawa ciki har da gidajen rawa na dare, kamfanin tsaro, kamfanin taksi da shagunan gyaran takalma. Branche ya yi nasara a matsayin magajin gari na Chester a shekarar 1967. Ya mallaki kulob din dare, Rolls Royce Lounge a Cibiyar Birnin Philadelphia tare da mai kula da miyagun ƙwayoyi, Manjo Coxson, kuma an san shi da tafiya a ko'ina cikin Philadelphia tare da Muhammad Ali. Branche ya tsaya takarar wakilin Amurka na Gundumar Majalisa ta 1 ta Pennsylvania a 1978 amma ya sha kashi a hannun Tom Foglietta . Ya sake samun nasara a Majalisa a shekarar 1986 [7]
A shekara ta 1979, W.M. Anderson Co., dan kwangila na inji, ya dauki Branche aiki, don zama mai hannun jari da shugaban kwamitin.[7] A wannan shekarar, an tuhumi Branche da abokin tarayya Gus Lacy da cin hanci da rashawa wanda ya shafi yunkurin daliban likita na shiga Kwalejin Kiwon Lafiya ta Hahnemann. An sauke tuhumar a shekarar 1980 lokacin da wani muhimmin shaida ya mutu.[7]
A shekara ta 1985, Branche ya yi haɗin gwiwa tare da lauya mai fafutuka William Kunstler don gabatar da karar a madadin memba na MOVE Louise James a cikin ƙoƙari na tilasta Lauyan Gundumar Philadelphia Ed Rendell ya bincika fashewar bam na gwamnatin Wilson Goode a hedikwatar MOVE a Yammacin Philadelphia.[7]
An yanke wa Branche hukunci a shekarar 1989 kuma an yanke masa hukuncin shekaru biyar a kurkuku na tarayya saboda cin hanci da rashawa.[8] Wani muhimmin shaidar shine rikodin FBI na Branche da George Botsaris, shugaban kungiyar Philadelphia Greek Mob. Reverend Jesse Jackson na daga cikin wadanda suka rubuta wa kwamitin sallah don tallafawa sallah na Branche.[7]
Ya mutu a ranar 22 ga Disamba, 1992, daga ciwon zuciya.
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ "Agreement (Treaty of Cambridge)" (PDF). Retrieved 17 April 2025.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 McLarnon 2002.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 Mele 2017.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 "African American residents of Chester, PA, demonstrate to end de facto segregation in public schools, 1963-1966". www.nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu. Retrieved 26 October 2018. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "nvdbase" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ Holcomb, Lindsay (29 October 2015). "Questions surround student activism fifty-two years later". www.swarthmorephoenix.com. Retrieved 25 October 2018.
- ↑ "Chester NAACP Scrapbook 1963-1964". www.digitalwolfgram.widener.edu. Retrieved 20 October 2018.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 Griffin 2003.
- ↑ "Former civil rights leader convicted of extortion". www.upi.com. Retrieved 25 October 2018.