Ogoni Nine

Ogoni Nine
group of humans (en)
Bayanai
Bangare na	Movement for the Survival of the Ogoni People (en)
Suna a harshen gida	Ogoni Nine
Filin aiki	social activist (en)
Ƙasa	Najeriya
Wuri
Ƴantacciyar ƙasa	Najeriya
Jihohin Najeriya	Jihar rivers
Ƙananan hukumumin a Nijeriya	Port Harcourt (karamar hukuma)
Port city (en)	Port Harcourt

Mutanen Ogoni Nine dai sun kasance gungun masu fafutuka tara ne daga yankin Ogoni na Najeriya da ke adawa da ayyukan kamfanin mai na Royal Dutch Shell a yankin Niger Delta. Gwamnatin mulkin soja a Najeriya ta fuskanci barazanar aikinsu tare da kama su da laifin kisan wasu sarakunan Ogoni guda hudu. Dan gwagwarmayar zamantakewa kuma shugaban kungiyar Movement for the Survival of the Ogoni People (MOSOP), Ken Saro-Wiwa, tare da takwas daga cikin shugabanninsa - Asabar Dobee, Nordu Eawo, Daniel Gbooko, Paul Levera, Felix Nuate, Baribor Bera, Barinem Kiobel, da kuma John Kpuine - an gabatar da su a gaban kotu a karkashin kungiyar ta karya. An rataye su ne a ranar 10 ga Nuwamba, 1995.

Ken Saro-Wiwa a baya ya kasance mai sukar kamfanin mai na Royal Dutch Shell, kuma an daure shi tsawon shekara guda. A cewar Amnesty International, "A watan Mayun 1994, an kashe sarakunan Ogoni da aka sani da masu adawa da MOSOP. Ba tare da gabatar da wata hujja ba, gwamnati ta zargi MOSOP tare da kama ... mutane, ciki har da Ken Saro-Wiwa da Barinem Kiobel. An yi watsi da shari'ar da yawa, inda masu suka a duniya suka yi ta tofa albarkacin bakinsu kan mulkin kama-karya na Janar Sani Abacha, wanda ke kan mulki a lokacin. Duk da haka, an sami mutanen tara da laifi, kuma a safiyar ranar 10 ga Nuwamba, 1995, an kashe su ta hanyar rataya. An binne su ne a makabartar Fatakwal.

Hukuncin kisa dai ya janyo tofin Allah tsine a kasashen duniya kuma ya kai ga kara daukar Najeriya a matsayin kasa ta ‘yan daba har zuwa rasuwar Janar Abacha a shekarar 1998.

Akalla shaidu biyu da suka bayar da shaidar cewa Saro-Wiwa na da hannu a kashe-kashen da aka yi wa dattawan Ogoni daga baya, sun yi watsi da zargin cewa an ba su cin hanci da rashawa da kudi da kuma tayin aiki da Shell don bayar da shaidar karya – a gaban lauyan Shell.

Fage

Tun daga shekarar 1938, kamfanin Royal Dutch Shell ya fara hulda da gwamnatin Najeriya, kuma an hako mai na farko a shekarar 1958. Bayan shekaru da dama, gwamnatin Najeriya ta samu kusanci da Shell, kuma a shekarar 1979 aka kafa kamfanin Shell Development Company of Nigeria. Tushen mai na farko ya faru ne a cikin 1970 a Najeriya a cikin al'ummar Boobanabe.

Tsawon shekaru, yayin da kamfanin Shell ke hako mai a Najeriya, an samu malalar man da har yanzu ba a tsaftace ba. Hakan dai ya harzuka ‘yan Najeriya, inda suka bukaci gwamnatinsu ta matsa wa kamfanin Shell lamba domin ya share matsuguni. Musamman mutanen Ogoni sun damu da lalacewar muhalli. A shekarar 1990, a matsayin martani ga ci gaba da cin zarafin al'ummar Ogoni da masana'antar man fetur da gwamnatin Najeriya ke yi, Ken Saro-Wiwa ya kafa kungiyar nan ta Movement for the Survival of the Ogoni People (MOSOP). Wannan yunkuri ya kunshi mutanen Ogoni sama da dubu dari bakwai, dukkansu suna fafutukar tabbatar da adalci a zamantakewa, tattalin arziki da muhalli ta hanyar tsayin daka da zanga-zanga . Kasar Ogoni, sunan kasar gargajiya ta al’ummar Ogoni, ta lalace sakamakon malalar mai. Wannan malalar mai ya sa kasar ba ta zama a wasu yankunan ba, kuma ba za a iya noma ba, zaman rayuwar al’ummar Ogoni.

Ogoni Bill of Rights

A watan Agusta 1990, MOSOP ta buga dokar kare hakkin Ogoni, wadda ke da nufin tabbatar da 'yancin cin gashin kai na siyasa da tattalin arziki ga al'ummar Ogoni da kuma kare yankin Ogoni daga ci gaba da lalata muhalli . Kudirin ya yi kira ga gwamnatocin kasashen duniya da cibiyoyin raya kasa da su tsaya tsayin daka da al’ummar Ogoni tare da kare masu fafutuka daga musgunawa siyasa daga gwamnatin tarayyar Najeriya.

An gabatar da dokar kare hakkin Ogoni ga gwamnatin Najeriya da al'ummar Najeriya a watan Oktoban 1990. An kuma yi nufin al'ummar duniya su karanta su fahimta. MOSOP ne ya rubuta lissafin, tare da aikin Ken Saro-Wiwa kai tsaye. A cikin watan Agustan 1990 sarakuna da mutanen Ogoni sun hadu don rattaba hannu kan dokar kare hakkin bil adama, inda suka nemi ‘yancin kansu daga Turawan mulkin mallaka, tare da amincewa da biyayya ga Najeriya. Bugu da kari, kudirin dokar ya bukaci al'ummar Ogoni su mallaki harkokin siyasa a kan yankin Ogoni. Wani muhimmin al’amari shi ne yadda al’ummar Ogoni ke kula da albarkatun tattalin arzikin kasarsu, su kare muhallinsu daga kara lalacewa, da kuma hada da wakilcin mutanen Ogoni kai tsaye a gwamnatin Najeriya. Kudirin ya hada da cewa kamata ya yi a mika wadannan hakkokin ga mutanen Ogoni bayan da Birtaniya ta daina mulkin shekaru 30 da suka gabata, amma a cewar Ken Saro Wiwa wadannan hakkokin “an yi amfani da su ta hanyar da ba ta dace ba da kuma cin zarafi, inda suka mayar da Najeriya wuta a doron kasa ga kabilar Ogoni da makamantansu.

A cewar shugaban MOSOP na farko, Dr. Garrick B Leton al’ummar Ogoni na fuskantar kisan kare dangi, “kamfanonin mai na kasa da kasa karkashin kulawar Gwamnatin Tarayyar Najeriya, na wasu tsiraru ne a Najeriya wadanda suke jin sun shagaltu da yanayin siyasa, tattalin arziki da zamantakewar da ake da su a Najeriya ta yadda ba su da wani zabi illa su yi kuka ga kasashen duniya domin samun ceto.” Ya kuma yi bayanin cewa an fitar da dala biliyan 100 na man fetur daga yankin Ogoni, amma duk abin da mutanen Ogoni suka gani “babu ruwan bututu, babu wutar lantarki, hanyoyi kadan, makarantu marasa kayan aiki da asibitoci ba kuma masana’antu komai.” Lalacewar muhalli kuma ya kasance wani muhimmin batu a cikin kudirin, wanda ya hada da yadda koguna da koguna suke gurbatar yanayi, da wutan iskar gas a koda yaushe, da batutuwa daban-daban dangane da ruwan acid da malalar mai. Hakan ya tilastawa mutanen Ogoni fita waje da sayen abinci, maimakon su noma da kansu kamar yadda suke yi a da.

Kudirin ya kunshi jerin hakkokin guda 20 da aka gabatar wa gwamnati da al'ummar Najeriya, da kuma karin bayani da kira ga kasashen duniya.

MOSOP da jagorar aiwatar da hukuncin kisa

A farkon 90s an yi zanga-zanga da yawa. MOSOP ya nemi hadin kan kasa da kasa, ciki har da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UN), karkashin jagorancin Ken Saro-Wiwa. A shekarar 1992 MOSOP ta fara aiki da harkar mai a Najeriya.

A shekarar 1993 kamfanin Shell ya dakatar da hakowa a yankin Ogoni na wani dan kankanin lokaci. A ranar 4 ga Janairu, 1993, mutane 300,000 ne suka yi zanga-zangar lumana don nuna adawa da hakar mai a yankin Ogoni. A lokacin zanga-zangar MOSOP a shekarar 1993, wani shugaban Ogoni ya bayyana cewa, “Mun tashi ne muka tarar da filayenmu da jami’an kashe-kashe da ake kira kamfanonin mai suka lalace, yanayinmu ya gurbace, an gurbace filayenmu, ruwanmu ya gurbata, bishiyoyinmu sun yi guba, ta yadda flora da fauna sun kusan bace”. Yanzu an san wannan rana a matsayin ranar Ogoni.

A cikin Afrilun 1993, an riga an kama shugaban MOSOP Ken Saro-Wiwa sau biyu, kuma zanga-zangar MOSOP ta zama tashin hankali yayin da Shell ya kira sojojin gwamnati da su huta. MOSOP ta ci gaba da fuskantar karuwar tashin hankali, musamman daga sojoji a lokacin 1993 da 1994. A cikin watan Mayun 1994, an kashe sarakunan Ogoni hudu, kuma gwamnati ta kama mutane da dama na MOSOP, ciki har da Ogoni Tara.

A wannan shekarar, Shell ya nemi tallafin soji domin gina bututun mai ta yankin Ogoni. Kungiyar MOSOP ta ci gaba da nuna adawa da kasuwancin Shell a Najeriya tare da nuna adawa da aikinsu. A cikin 1993-1994, an yi tashe-tashen hankula, tare da mutuwar kusan 2,000 gabaɗaya.

Gwaji

Daga ranar 21 ga Mayu, 1994 an kashe sarakunan Ogoni hudu, Albert Badey, Edward Kobani, Samuel Orage da Theophilus Orage, a Gokana. R. Boele, Ogoni.

Gwamnatin Najeriya ta kama mutanen Ogoni tara, inda ta dora musu alhakin kisan wasu sarakunan Ogoni guda hudu. An kama Ken Saro-Wiwa, duk da cewa Saro-Wiwa ba ya kusa da wurin da aka kashe a lokacin. Amnesty International ta fitar da wata sanarwa cewa kama Saro-Wiwa na daga cikin ci gaba da murkushe masu fafutukar da 'yan Ogoni ke yi kan kamfanonin mai. A cikin watanni da yawa masu zuwa an kama mutanen Ogoni, an azabtar da su, da duka, da lalata kauyuka da sace-sace. Ken Saro-Wiwa ya fuskanci tambayoyi na kwana uku, ta hanyar leken asirin jihar a ranar 28 ga Yuni, 1994. A karshe dai an dage zaman kotun a ranar 28 ga watan Yuni a babban kotun da ke Fatakwal, amma an hana wadanda ake kara halartar zaman, kuma ba a yi zaman ba. A ranar 11 ga watan Yuli ne aka sa a yi zaman kotu na biyu, kuma an hana Saro-Wiwa da sauran wadanda ake tuhumar sa halarta. A ranar 18 ga Yuli, an shirya sauraren kara na uku amma aka soke jim kadan bayan haka.

Bayan watanni a gidan yari, an kafa Kotun Membobi uku a ranar 4 ga Nuwamba, 1994. Ya hada da wani jami’in soja, kuma a ranar 21 ga watan Nuwamba aka rantsar da mambobin uku. Babban Lauyan ya bayyana cewa kotun za ta fara aiki ne a ranar 16 ga watan Janairu, inda za ta aiwatar da ranar shari’ar kafin a samu hujjojin da ke nuna cewa wadannan mutanen na da laifi ta kowace fuska. A ranar 16 ga Janairu an dage Kotun. A ranar 28 ga watan Janairu ne aka tuhumi Ogoni tara da laifin kashe sarakunan Ogoni, bayan shafe watanni 8 a gidan yari. An kuma tuhumi karin wasu ‘yan Ogoni 18 da ke gidan yari na tsawon shekara guda da laifin kisan kai. A watan Yuni na 1995 Kotun ta fara. Daga karshe lauyoyin Ken Saro-Wiwa sun fice daga kotun saboda zarge-zargen karya, cin hancin manyan shaidun gabatar da kara, da kuma nakasu. A ranar 30 ga Oktoba, 1995, an tuhumi Saro-Wiwa da sauran mutane takwas da laifin kisan kai, kuma aka yanke masa hukuncin kisa. Al’ummar duniya dai sun nuna rashin amincewarsu da wannan hukunci, kuma a martanin da sojojin suka tura karin sojoji 5,000 zuwa yankin Ogoni. A ƙarshe, a ranar 10 ga Nuwamba, 1995 an rataye tara a Fatakwal. Wani mai lura da shari'ar ya ce "ba wai kuskure ba ne kawai, rashin hankali ko kuma karkatacciya. Rashin gaskiya ne.. Na yi imanin cewa kotun ta fara yanke hukunci a kan hukuncin da ta yanke sannan ta nemi hujja don tabbatar da su".

An haramta binne mutanen Ogoni na gargajiya.

A cewar Lazarus Baribiae Saale na Jami’ar Neja Delta, “Gwamnatin Soja ba ta yarda da farkawa da duk wani muhimmin biki da ake baiwa jarumai a al’adar Ogoni ba, kasar Ogoni a wannan lokaci tana da sojoji kuma an kama wadanda suke sanye da bakaken kaya saboda makokin wadannan masu fafutuka.”

Bayan haka

An binne mutanen tara da aka rataye a makabartar Fatakwal da ke kudu maso gabashin Najeriya. MOSOP har yanzu tana ganawa kuma tana aiki don ƙarin kariya da juriyar al'ummar Ogoni. Suna ci gaba da fafutukar kwato musu hakkinsu da filayensu, ta hanyar hana Shell yin haka a filayensu da kuma yin aiki tare da kasashen duniya kan shari'ar kare muhalli. Tun bayan zartar da hukuncin kisa na Ogoni Tara, a farkon shekarun 2000, an yi ta samun zubar da ruwa da gobara mai alaka da haka a duk fadin Najeriya.

Tun daga 1993, ba a ci gaba da hako hako mai a yankin Ogoni ba; duk da haka, ƙasar ta ci gaba da lalacewa, kuma bututun da ke ƙarƙashin ƙasa na ci gaba da zubewa. Hakan ya kara lalata muhallin yankin. Yayin da Shell bai tsaftace shi ba, sun biya fam miliyan 55 a matsayin diyya a cikin 2014 na malalar mai guda biyu da suka faru a 2008. A duk fadin yankin Ogoni, iskar gas da ruwan sama na acid sun tsaya, amma ciyayi da filaye na ci gaba da gurbata muhalli. Ana ci gaba da gudanar da bikin ranar Ogoni a ranar 4 ga watan Janairu na kowace shekara, wanda ke cika shekaru 30 a shekarar 2023.