Operation Green Sea
| ||||
| Iri |
military operation (en)  | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bangare na | Yakin Neman Ƴancin Guinea-Bissau | |||
| Kwanan watan | 22 Nuwamba, 1970 | |||
| Wuri | Conakry | |||
| Ƙasa | Gine | |||
| Participant (en) | ||||
Operation Green Sea ( Portuguese ) wani mummunan hari ne a Conakry, babban birnin Guinea, tsakanin sojojin Portugal 350 zuwa 420 da mayakan Guinea karkashin jagorancin Portugal a watan Nuwamba shekara ta 1970. [1] [2] Makasudin aikin sun hada da hambarar da gwamnatin Ahmed Sékou Touré, da kama shugaban jam'iyyar Afirka ta 'yantacciyar kasar Guinea da Cape Verde (PAIGC), Amílcar Cabral, lalata jiragen ruwa da jiragen sama na PAIGC da magoya bayanta na Guinea, da kuma ceto POWs Portuguese da aka yi a Conakry.
Masu kai hare-hare sun janye bayan sun ceci POWs kuma sun lalata wasu jiragen PAIGC da kayan aikin Sojojin Sama na Guinea, amma sun kasa kama Amílcar Cabral, shugaban 'yan tawaye na PAIGC (wanda yake a Turai a lokacin), ko kuma su hambarar da mulkin shugaban Guinea Ahmed Sékou Touré.
Tarihi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A shekara ta 1952, Ahmed Sékou Touré ya zama shugaban Jam'iyyar Democrat ta Guinea (PDG). A shekara ta 1957, Guinea ta yi zabe inda PDG ta lashe 56 daga cikin kujeru 60. PDG ta gudanar da kuri'a a watan Satumbar 1958 inda Guineans suka zaɓi samun 'yancin kai nan take maimakon ci gaba da hulɗa da Faransa. Faransanci sun janye kuma, a ranar 2 ga Oktoba shekara ta 1958, Guinea ta ayyana kanta a matsayin jamhuriya mai zaman kanta tare da Touré a matsayin shugabanta.
A cikin shekara ta 1960, Touré ya yi maraba da Guinea kuma ya ba da tallafi ga Amílcar Cabral da ƙungiyarsa, PAIGC, wanda ke neman 'yancin kai na Guinea ta Portugal (yanzu Guinea-Bissau) da Cape Verde daga Daular Portugal. [3] A cikin shekara ta 1963, PAIGC ta fara Yakin Independence na Guinea-Bissau.
Harin
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
A daren 21-22 Nuwamba shekara ta 1970 kimanin 'yan Guinean 200 masu dauke da makamai - sun yi ado da kayan aiki kamar na Sojojin Guinea kuma jami'an Portuguese ne suka umarce su - kuma sojoji 220 na Afirka da Turai sun mamaye wasu maki a kusa da Conakry. Sojojin sun sauka daga jiragen ruwa huɗu da ba a san su ba, ciki har da LST da jirgin ruwa, kuma sun lalata jiragen ruwa 4 ko 5 na PAIGC. Sauran sun sauka kusa da gidan bazara na Shugaba Touré, wanda suka ƙone. Masu mamayewa sun mayar da hankali kan lalata hedikwatar Jam'iyyar Afirka don Independence of Guinea-Bissau da Tsibirin Cape Verde (Partido Africano da Independência da Guiné e do Cabo-Verde - PAIGC) a cikin yunkurin da bai yi nasara ba don kama shugaban PAIGC Amilcar Cabral, wanda ke Turai a lokacin. Sauran sun kwace sansanonin fursunoni na siyasa kuma sun saki fursunoni da yawa, ciki har da POWs 26 na Fotigal da aka tsare a Camp Boiro, waɗanda sojojin PAIGC suka kama su a baya kuma suka mika su ga Guineans don kiyayewa; wasu an tsare su a cikin waɗannan sansanonin har tsawon shekaru bakwai. Babban rundunar da ta kai hari ta isa amma ta yi watsi da filin jirgin sama kuma a bayyane ta kai hari kan abin da suka yi tunanin shi ne tashar rediyo mai aiki, ba tare da sanin cewa an dakatar da amfani da shi ba lokacin da aka maye gurbinsa da sabon tashar a baya.
A wannan lokacin, rabin sojojin da suka mamaye sun janye tare da fursunonin da aka saki zuwa jiragen da ke jira, suna barin aikin hambarar da gwamnatin Guinea ga rundunar da aka kiyasta a kasa da mutane 150. Wannan rukuni a bayyane yake yana fatan tashin hankali daga jama'a, amma irin wannan martani ya kasa faruwa. Masu kallo na waje sun yi hasashen cewa ba a sami tallafin jama'a ba saboda masu mamayewa sun kasa kama tashar rediyo ta dama, wacce ta ci gaba da aiki a karkashin ikon gwamnati. Bugu da ƙari, mafi mahimman jami'an gwamnati ko jam'iyya sun guje wa kamawa. Tun da ba a iya samun Cabral da Touré ba, 'yan fashi na Portugal sun janye bayan sun sha wahala kaɗan.
Sakamako
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Tsarkakewa na ciki a Guinea
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A cikin mako guda na mamayewar, Touré ya kafa kwamitin mutum goma: Haut-Commandement (High Command). Tare da ma'aikatan da ke da aminci na Ofishin Siyasa, Babban Kwamandan ya gudanar da Guinea ta hanyar doka. Babban Kwamandan ya kula da kamawa, tsare-tsare ba tare da shari'a ba, da kuma kisa. Ayyukan Babban Kwamandan sun lalata matsayi na gwamnati da jami'an 'yan sanda. Shahararren daga cikin wadanda abin ya shafa sun kasance Shugaban Babban Bankin Jamhuriyar Guinea da Ministan Kudi Ousmane Baldé . Bayan shari'ar kwana biyar, a ranar 23 ga watan Janairun 1971, Kotun Juyin Juya Halin Koli ta ba da umarnin kisa 29 (wanda aka gudanar bayan kwana uku), hukuncin kisa 33 ba tare da izini ba, hukuncin rai da rai 68 a aiki tukuru, da umarni 17 na kwace duk dukiya.
'Yan ƙasar Guinea da aka kama waɗanda suka shiga cikin sojojin Portugal-Afirka kuma suka sauya sheka zuwa gefen Portugal na aikin sun sami hukuncin rai da rai a aiki tukuru a Guinea. An saki mutum tamanin da tara daga cikin wadanda ake tuhuma, amma masu adawa sun ce wasu mutane "sun ɓace" a kurkuku ko kuma an kashe su ba tare da shari'a ba. Wadanda aka yanke musu hukuncin kisa sun hada da mambobin jam'iyyar da ke mulki (ciki har da shugabannin jam'iyyar makwabta a Conakry), Shugaban 'yan sanda na Conakry, sakataren Shugaban kasa, mataimakin ministan kudi, da akalla sojoji biyar na Guinea. Wadanda aka kwace dukiyarsu Faransanci ne ko Lebanon. Ba a san makomar sauran 'yan Turai da aka kama ba. Daga cikin wadanda aka yanke musu hukuncin rai da rai sun kasance tsoffin Ministocin gwamnati, shugabannin masana'antu, tsohon gwamnan yanki, da manyan jami'ai biyu na Gidan Tarihi na Kasa.
A watan Yulin 1971, Touré ya wanke sojojin wasu daga cikin jami'anta. A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1973, ya wanke mulkinsa daga wasu ministocinsa.[4]
Laifin siyasa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A ranar 8 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 1970, Majalisar Tsaro ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta zartar da Resolution 290, wanda ya yi Allah wadai da Portugal don mamaye Guinea, kuma ya yi kira ga Portugal da ta mutunta ka'idodin 'yancin kai da' yancin kai game da Guinea ta Portugal.[5] A ranar 11 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 1970, Kungiyar hadin kan Afirka (OAU) ta zartar da ƙuduri tare da hukunta mamayewar.
Najeriya da Aljeriya sun ba da tallafi ga Guinea-Conakry kuma Tarayyar Soviet ta aika da jiragen yaki zuwa yankin (wanda NATO ta sani da Patrol na Yammacin Afirka) don hana ci gaba da ayyukan soja a kan mulkin Touré da kuma sansanonin PAIGC a Guinea.
Ƙarin karantawa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- (a cikin Portuguese) António Luís Marinho. Operation Green Sea - takarda don tarihi. Lisbon: Batutuwa da Tattaunawa, 2006. 8°. ISBN 972-759-817-X
- ((in Portuguese)) 'Green Sea': an bayyana takardu game da aikin soja har yanzu sirri. Manuel Carlos Freire Jaridar Labarai. 17 ga Afrilu 2006.
- "Guinea ta ba da rahoton mamayewa daga teku ta Portuguese; Lisbon ta ƙi cajin Majalisar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta kira don kawo karshen kai farmaki Guinea ta ba da rahoto game da mamayewa Daga teku ta Portugais" ta Associated Press, The New York Times, 23 ga Nuwamba 1970, Litinin shafi na 1, 644 kalmomi.
- (Jamusanci) Cord Eberspächer / Gerhard Wiechmann: Systemkonflikt a Afrika. Deutsch-deutsche Auseinandersetzungen im Kalten Krieg am example Guineas 1969-1972 (System rikice-rikicen a Afirka. Rikicin Jamus da Jamus a cikin Cold War ta misalin Guinea 1969-1972) a cikin: Zeitschrift des Forschungsverbundes SED-Staat, Nr. 23, Berlin 2008, ISSN 0948-9878, shafi na 30-41.
- (Jamusanci) Adalbert Rittmueller: "Portugal schoss, die DDR gewann, die Bundesrepublik verlor". Die Rolle der DDR beim Abbruch der diplomatischen Beziehungen durch Guineas 1970/1971 ("Portugal harbi, GDR ya ci, FRG ya rasa" - rawar da GDR ta taka wajen yanke dangantakar diflomasiyya ta Guinea 1970/1971), a cikin: Zeitschrift des Forschungsverbundes SED-Staat, Nr. 27, Berlin 2010, ISSN 0948-9878, shafi na 230-147.
Dubi kuma
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- António de Spínola: Gwamnan Guinea na Portuguese a lokacin.
- Gabashin Gabas
- Aikin Gordian Knot
- Operation Ivory Coast, irin wannan hari da Sojojin Amurka suka kai a Arewacin Vietnam don ceto 'yan fashi na Amurka
- Yaƙin mulkin mallaka na Portugal
- Kwamitin Tsaro na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya 290
- Kwamitin Tsaro na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya 295: 3 ga Agusta 1971 ƙuduri game da ci gaba da mamaye kan iyaka.
Bayanan da aka ambata
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ "Guinea Reports Invasion From Sea by Portuguese". The New York Times. 23 November 1970. Retrieved 26 June 2021.
- ↑ "Cascon Case GPG: Guinea-Portuguese Guinea 1970". Retrieved 10 February 2015.
- ↑ "ISS Africa - Home". ISS Africa. Retrieved 10 February 2015.
- ↑ "Winne.com - Report on Guinea, From Rags to Riches". Retrieved 10 February 2015.
- ↑ United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. "Refworld - Resolution 290(1970) of 8 December 1970". Refworld. Archived from the original on 10 October 2012. Retrieved 10 February 2015.
Haɗin waje
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Abubuwan da sojoji na Portugal suka tuna
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- (a cikin Portuguese) João Tunes. Guinea 63/74 - DCCXXXII: Ina kuka kasance a ranar 22 ga Nuwamba 1970 ? Luís Graça & Camaradas da Guiné, 4 ga Mayu 2006. An samo shi a shekara ta 2008-03-18.
- (a cikin Portuguese) João Tunes. Za a iya samun ƙarin bayani a wannan talifin a dandalin www.jw.org. An samo shi a shekara ta 2008-03-18.
- (a cikin Portuguese) Carlos Fortunato. Operation Mar Verde - 22 Nuwamba 1970, Tarihin Carlos Fortunato, tsohon ɗan fashi na CCaç. 13. 24 Fabrairu 2003, an sake duba shi 21 Yuli 2006. An samo shi a shekara ta 2008-03-18.