Orange River Colony

Orange River Colony
	Orange River Colony (en); Oranjerivierkolonie (nl)
Flag of the Orange River Colony (en)	Coat of arms of the Orange River Colony (en)
Wuri
	29°06′00″S 26°13′00″E / 29.1°S 26.2167°E
Babban birni	Bloemfontein
Yawan mutane
Harshen gwamnati	Nederlands (mul) ; Turanci
Addini	Nederduitse Gereformeerde Kerk (en)
Labarin ƙasa
Yawan fili	129,480 km²
Bayanan tarihi
Mabiyi	Orange Free State (en)
Ƙirƙira	1902
Rushewa	31 Mayu 1910
Ta biyo baya	Orange Free State Province (en)
Tsarin Siyasa
Tsarin gwamnati	constitutional monarchy (en)

Orange River Colony shine mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya da aka kirkira bayan Biritaniya ta fara mamaya a shekarar (1900) sannan ta haɗe a (1902) Orange Free State a cikin Yakin Boer na Biyu.^[1] Mulkin mallakar ya daina wanzuwa a cikin shekarar 1910, lokacin da aka mamaye shi cikin Tarayyar Afirka ta Kudu a matsayin lardin Orange Free State.^[2]

Tarihin tsarin mulki

A lokacin yakin Boer na biyu, sojojin Birtaniya sun mamaye Orange Free State, sun mamaye babban birnin ƙasar, Bloemfontein a ranar 13 ga watan Maris 1900. Bayan watanni biyar, a ranar 6 ga watan Oktoba, 1900, gwamnatin Birtaniya ta ayyana a hukumance na mamaye cikakken yankin Orange Free State, duk da cewa ba su riga sun mamaye yankin ba, kuma ba su ci cikakken yankin ba.

Gwamnatin Free State ta koma Kroonstad a farkon watanni na yakin kuma sojojinta sun ci gaba da aiki a filin har zuwa ƙarshen yakin. Daga ra'ayi na Orange Free State, da 'yancin kai ba a rasa ba har sai sun amince da Yarjejeniyar Vereeniging a ranar 31 ga watan Mayu 1902.

A ɓangaren Boer, shugaban ƙasar Martinus Theunis Steyn (1857-1916) ya jagoranci gwamnatin har zuwa 30 ga watan Mayu 1902, lokacin da ya tafi hutun jinya kuma Janar Christiaan de Wet ya maye gurbinsa a matsayin shugaban riƙo na jihar. A ɓangaren Biritaniya, Sir Alfred Milner an naɗa shi Mai Gudanar da Mulkin Kogin Orange a ranar 4 ga watan Janairu 1901, tare da Hamilton John Goold-Adams a matsayin Laftanar-Gwamna.

Bayan kawo ƙarshen tashe-tashen hankula, Lord Milner ya ziyarci Bloemfontein a ranar 23 ga watan Yunin 1902 inda ya kaddamar da sabon kundin tsarin mulki, a gaban jami'an soji, da shugabannin ma'aikatun farar hula da wakilan gwamnatin marigayi Boer, ciki har da Janar De Wet.^[3] An rantsar da Milner a matsayin Gwamna da Babban Kwamandan Colony na Orange River a rana guda.

Daga shekarun 1902 zuwa 1910, gwamna ɗaya ne ke mulkin mallaka:

Alfred Milner, Viscount Milner, a ofishin 23 ga watan Yuni 1902 - 1 Afrilu 1905;
William Palmer, 2nd Earl of Selborne, a ofishin 2 ga watan Afrilu 1905 - 7 Yuni 1907;
Sir Hamilton John Goold-Adams, a ofishin 7 ga watan Yuni 1907 - 31 Mayu 1910

Mulkin kai

A shekara ta 1904, tunanin ya ƙaru don wani nau'i na mulkin kai. An kafa Orangia Unie (Jam'iyyar Orange Union) a hukumance a watan Mayu 1906, bayan watanni da yawa na shiri. Irin wannan ƙungiya, mai suna Het Volk, Transvaal Boers ce ta kafa a cikin watan Janairu 1905. Dukkan ƙungiyoyin biyu suna da kundin tsarin mulki kusan daidai da na Afrikaner Bond, tsohon motsi na siyasa na Pan-Afrikaner, kuma manufar su ma sun kasance iri ɗaya don tabbatar da matsayin Afrikaners a cikin jihohi da al'umma. Shugaban ƙungiyar Orangia Unie Abraham Fischer, babban ɗan siyasa na zamanin yakin Boer kuma babban jami'in diflomasiyya na jamhuriyar Boer a lokacin yakin Boer na biyu. Daga cikin sauran fitattun membobin sun haɗa da JBM Hertzog, Christiaan de Wet da Martinus Theunis Steyn.^[1]

Jam'iyyar siyasa ta biyu, Jam'iyyar Tsarin Mulki ta kasance gungun 'yan burger da ke kunshe da mulkin Birtaniya. Shugaban jam'iyyar shine Sir John G. Fraser, kafin yakin Boer na biyu wani shahararren (pro-British) memba na Volksraad na Orange Free State. Jam'iyyar Kundin Tsarin Mulki tana da magoya baya sosai a Bloemfontein, amma ba a wajen babban birnin ƙasar ba. Shirye-shiryen siyasa na jam'iyyun biyu sun yi kama da juna, ainihin bambancin da ke tsakanin su shi ne halin da ake ciki na mamaye Birtaniya da kuma tasirin Afrikaner.^[1]

A cikin shekarar 1905 Lord Selborne, tsohon Lord Admiralty na farko, ya maye gurbin Viscount Milner a matsayin babban kwamishinan Afirka ta Kudu kuma gwamnan yankin Transvaal da Orange River. Selborne ya zo Afirka ta Kudu tare da taƙaitaccen bayani don jagorantar tsohuwar jamhuriyar Boer daga gwamnatin Crown zuwa mulkin kai. Lokacin da jam'iyyar Liberal Party ta shiga ofis a Biritaniya a watan Disamba na 1905, an hanzarta aiwatar da tsarin, tare da yanke shawarar ba da mulkin mallaka na Transvaal da Orange River, ba tare da bata lokaci ba. Selborne ya yarda da yanayin da aka canza, kuma gwajin ya yi nasara. Ya daina zama gwamna na mulkin mallaka na Orange River a lokacin da ya ɗauki mulkin kansa a watan Yuni 1907, amma ya ci gaba da riƙe sauran muƙamansa har zuwa watan Mayu 1910, ya yi ritaya a jajibirin kafa Tarayyar Afirka ta Kudu.^[1]

A ranar 7 ga watan Janairun 1907 Selborne ya fitar da sako, wanda aka fi sani da Memorandum Selborne. Ta yi bitar halin da ake ciki a Afirka ta Kudu a dukkan ɓangarorin ta na tattalin arziki da na siyasa, kuma ta kasance cikakkiyar sanarwa game da hatsarori da ke tattare da tsarin siyasar da ake da su da kuma irin fa'idar da ƙungiyar siyasa ta bayar. Takardun ya yi tasiri sosai kan al'amuran da suka faru kuma tare da tsarin sulhu na Selborne ya taimaka wajen sulhunta al'ummomin Dutch da Birtaniya na Afirka ta Kudu.

Bayan zaɓen shekara ta 1907, mulkin mallaka ya sami mulkin kai a ranar 27 ga watan Nuwamba 1907. Abraham Fischer ya zama Firayim Minista na farko (kuma kawai) na mulkin mallaka (a ofishin 27 ga watan Nuwamba 1907 - 31 May 1910). Majalisar Dokoki ta farko ta ƙunshi mambobi ashirin da tara na Orangia Unie, masu ra'ayin tsarin mulki biyar da masu zaman kansu huɗu. Majalisar ministocin Fischer ta ƙunshi:

JBM Hertzog, babban lauya kuma darektan ilimi;
AEW Ramsbottom, ma'aji;
Christiaan de Wet, ministan noma;
Cornelius Hermanus Wessels, ministan ayyuka na jama'a

Fischer, ban da firimiya, ya rike babban sakataren mulkin mallaka. Majalisar Dokoki ta farko ta kirga mambobi biyar daga Orangia Unie, masu kundin tsarin mulki guda biyar, da kuma memba mai zaman kanta ɗaya, wanda ke riƙe da ma'auni.^[1]

Manufofi

A cikin watan Mayu 1908, Orange River Colony ya shiga cikin taron tsakanin jihohi wanda ya haɗu a Pretoria da Cape Town, kuma ya yanke shawarar sabunta yarjejeniyar kwastam da ake da ita kuma ba za ta yi wani canji a farashin layin dogo ba.^[2] Waɗannan shawarwarin dai sun biyo bayan wata yarjejeniya da aka cimma na gabatar da kuduri a gaban majalisar dokokin ƙasashen da suka yi wa mulkin mallaka da nufin kulla alaka tsakanin kasashen Afirka ta Kudu da naɗa wakilan da za su halarci babban taron ƙasa da za su tsara daftarin kundin tsarin mulkin ƙasar.^[2]

A babban taron ƙasa, tsohon shugaban ƙasar MT Steyn ya ɗauki ɓangare na jagoranci da sasantawa, daga bisani majalisar dokokin kogin Orange ta amince da sharuddan da babban taron ya gindaya na haɗewar ƙasashe huɗu masu cin gashin kansu a cikin Tarayyar Afirka ta Kudu.^[2] Ƙarƙashin dokar daular da aka kafa haɗin kai (31 ga watan Mayu 1910) mulkin mallaka ya shiga Ƙungiyar a ƙarƙashin salon lardin Orange Free State. Fischer da Hertzog sun zama memba na gwamnatin tarayya ta farko, yayin da AEW Ramsbottom ya zama shugaban farko na Orange Free State a matsayin lardin Tarayyar.^[4]

Alkaluma

Yawan jama'a a ƙidayar shekarar 1904

Adadin yawan jama'a a ƙidayar shekarar 1904

Ƙungiyar jama'a	Lamba	kashi dari (%)
Baki	225,101	58.11
Fari	142,679	36.83
Mai launi	19,282	4.97
Asiya	253	0.06
Jimlar	387,315	100.00

Addini a shekarar 1904


Addinai.	Mutane.	Namiji.	Mace.	Kashi
Furotesta	251,904	135,933	115971	65.04%
Katolika	4,590	3,319	1 271	1.19%
Yahudawa	1,616	1176	440	0.42%
Mohammedawa	39	26	13	0.01%
Sauran mazhabobi	93	75	18	0.02%
Babu darika	47	43	4	0.01%
Babu addini	127,637	68,536	59,101	32.95%
Ba a bayyana ba	853	623	230	0.22%
Abin da za a bayyana	536	364	172	0.14%
Jimlar	387,315	210,095	177,220	100.0%

Taken 'babu addini' kuma ya ƙunshi addinan gargajiya na Afirka waɗanda ba a ƙidaya su daban ba kuma sun zama mafi girma na mutanen da ke da'awar ba addini ba.

Addini a shekarar 1904 da ƙabilu


Religion	European or White.			Aboriginal Natives.			Mixed and Other.			All Races.
Religion	Persons.	Males.	Females.	Persons.	Males.	Females.	Persons.	Males.	Females.	Persons.	Males.	Females.
Total Population	142,679	81,571	61,108	229,149	120,064	109,085	15,487	8,460	7,027	387,315	210,095	177,220
I. - Protestants -
Dutch Reformed Church	101,079	52,759	48,320	21,272	10,596	10,676	2,572	1,348	1,224	124,923	64,703	60,220
Gereformeerde Kerk	5,285	2,759	2,526	195	111	84	27	18	9	5,507	2,888	2,619
Church of England	17,879	13,884	4,495	14,782	8,020	6,762	1,887	1,011	876	34,548	22,415	12,133
Presbyterian	3,942	2,884	1,058	1,260	704	556	89	49	40	5,291	3,637	1,654
Independents and Congregationalists -
Independents and Congregationalists	195	136	59	1,383	962	421	214	164	50	1,792	1,262	530
London Missionary Society				8	8		3	3		11	11
Other Independents and Congregationalists
Methodists -
Wesleyan Methodists	5,121	3,016	2,105	51,576	25,650	25,926	4,163	2,141	2,022	60,860	30,807	30,053
Primitive Methodists	5	5		20	7	13	28	13	16	58	25	33
African Methodist Episcopal (Ethiopian)	2	2		3,747	1,856	1,891	361	181	180	4,110	2,039	2,071
Methodists	124	88	36	526	276	250	70	39	31	720	403	317
Other Methodists	1	1								1	1
Other Protestants -
Baptists	664	423	241	473	243	230	38	21	17	1,175	687	488
Berlin Mission
Calvinists	4	3	1							4	3	1
Disciples of Christ, Church of Christ	6	4	2	18	10	8				24	14	10
German Evangelical	6	5	1							6	5	1
Lutheran	700	479	221	5,030	2,517	2,513	1,103	501	502	6,733	3,497	3,236
Moravians or United Brethren				201	117	84	29	17	12	230	134	96
Paris Missionary Society	11	4	7	3,197	1,708	1,489	275	155	120	3,483	1,867	1,615
Plymouth Brethren	18	12	6							18	12	6
Rhenish Mission	3	3		8	5	3	15	9	6	26	17	9
Salvation Army	140	80	60	18	14	4	12	7	5	170	101	69
Society of Friends, Quakers	5	5								5	5
Unitarians	27	26	1	1	1					28	27	1
Other Protestants (defined)	120	71	49	87	54	33	14	5	9	221	130	91
Other Protestants (undefined)	1,248	829	419	544	302	242	91	51	40	1,883	1,182	701
Christians	21	17	4	43	34	9	18	10	8	82	61	21
II. - Catholics -
Roman Catholics	3,286	2,521	765	1,093	640	453	115	71	44	4,494	3,232	1,262
Other Catholics	94	85	9				2	2		96	87	9
III. - Jews -	1,616	1,176	440							1,616	1,176	440
IV. - Mohammedans -	5	5		1	1		33	20	13	39	26	13
V. - Other Sects -	10	6	4	1	1		82	68	14	93	75	18
VI. - No Denomination -	41	38	3	4	4		2	1	1	47	43	4
VII. - No Religion -	121	97	24	123,258	65,947	57,311	4,258	2,492	1,766	127,637	68,536	59,101
VIII. - Unknown and Unspecified -	584	411	173	208	164	44	61	48	13	853	623	230
IX. - Object to State -	316	237	79	195	112	83	25	15	10	536	264	172

Duba kuma

Mulkin Kogin Orange
Lardin Jiha Kyauta
Vicariate Apostolic na Orange River don tarihin mishan na Katolika
Tambayoyi na aikawa da tarihin gidan waya na Jihar Kyauta ta Orange

Manazarta

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 "Census of the British empire. 1901". Openlibrary.org. 1906. p. 169. Retrieved 26 December 2013.
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 Hillier, Alfred Peter; Cana, Frank Richardson (1911). "Orange Free State" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. 20 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 151–160.
↑ Samfuri:Cite newspaper The Times
↑ Smuts I: The Sanguine Years 1870–1919, W.K. Hancock, Cambridge University Press, 1962, pg 219

[britcensus-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 "Census of the British empire. 1901". Openlibrary.org. 1906. p. 169. Retrieved 26 December 2013.

[EB1911-2] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 Hillier, Alfred Peter; Cana, Frank Richardson (1911). "Orange Free State" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. 20 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 151–160.

[3] Samfuri:Cite newspaper The Times

[Smuts-4] Smuts I: The Sanguine Years 1870–1919, W.K. Hancock, Cambridge University Press, 1962, pg 219

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