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Orion (spacecraft)

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Orion (spacecraft)
vehicle model (en) Fassara
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare naspace capsule (en) Fassara, crewed spacecraft (en) Fassara da reusable spacecraft (en) Fassara
Bangare naArtemis program (en) Fassara
Farawa22 ga Augusta, 2006
Suna a harshen gidaOrion
Suna sabodaOrion (mul) Fassara
Wanda yake biCrew Exploration Vehicle (en) Fassara
Ƙasa da aka faraTarayyar Amurka
Type of orbit (en) Fassaralow Earth orbit (en) Fassara
Manufacturer (en) FassaraLockheed Martin (mul) Fassara da Airbus Defence and Space (mul) Fassara
Shafin yanar gizonasa.gov…

 

Motar Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle ( MPCV ) wani jirgin sama ne mai amfani da iskar gas da NASA ke amfani da shi don shirin binciken duniyar wata na Artemis . Ya ƙunshi tsarin ma'aikata (CM), wani kapsul na sararin samaniya da Lockheed Martin ya gina, kuma an haɗa shi da Tsarin Sabis na Turai (ESM) wanda Hukumar Sararin Samaniya ta Turai (ESA) ta samar kuma Airbus Defence and Space ta ƙera. Orion tana tallafawa ma'aikata huɗu a bayan sararin samaniya na ƙasa har zuwa kwanaki 21 ba tare da an buɗe shi ba ko kuma har zuwa watanni shida idan an sanya shi a tashar jiragen ruwa. An sanye shi da tashar jiragen ruwa ta NASA Docking System da nunin gilashin cockpit . An yi niyyar harba shi a saman rokar Space Launch System (SLS) tare da tsarin tserewa da aka ɗora a hasumiya.

An ƙirƙiro Orion a farkon shekarun 2000 ta hannun Lockheed Martin a matsayin shawara don amfani da Crew Exploration Vehicle (CEV) a cikin shirin NASA na Constellation kuma NASA ta zaɓe shi a shekarar 2006. Bayan soke shirin Constellation a shekarar 2010, an sake tsara Orion sosai don amfani da shi a cikin shirin NASA na Tafiya zuwa Mars; daga baya aka sanya masa suna Moon zuwa Mars. SLS ya zama babban motar harbawa ta Orion, kuma an maye gurbin sashin sabis ɗin da ƙira bisa ga Motar Canja wurin Kai tsaye ta ESA.

As of 2026 three flight-worthy vehicles had been built along with several boilerplates and test articles. Three additional flight-worthy vehicles are under construction.

A watan Mayun 2025, gwamnatin Trump ta biyu ta gabatar da shawarar dakatar da shirin jirgin sama na Orion bayan Artemis III. Dokar Daya Mai Kyau Mai Girma da aka sanya wa hannu a watan Yulin 2025 ta kunshi tanadin samar da kudin sayen Orion don Artemis IV da kuma sake amfani da shi a ayyukan da za a yi nan gaba. [1]

Bayani

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Tsarin jirgin saman Orion. Kapsul ɗin da aka nuna a hoton sigar farko ce ta ƙirar Orion.
Module ɗin ma'aikatan jirgin
Jiragen sama masu aiki a halin yanzu (aƙalla ajin kewayawa)
Interactive 3D models of the spacecraft, with the spacecraft on the right in exploded view.
Tsarin Orion mai hulɗa na 3D, tare da sararin samaniyar da aka haɗa gaba ɗaya a hagu da kuma cikin yanayin fashewa a dama

Orion yana amfani da tsari iri ɗaya kamar tsarin umarni da sabis na Apollo (CSM) wanda ya fara kai 'yan sama jannati zuwa Wata, amma tare da ƙarin diamita, tsarin kariya ta zafi da aka sabunta, da sauran fasahohin zamani. An tsara shi don tallafawa ayyukan zurfin sararin samaniya na dogon lokaci tare da har zuwa kwanaki 21 na lokacin ma'aikata masu aiki tare da rayuwar jirgin sama mai natsuwa na watanni 6. [1] A lokacin kwanciyar hankali, wani sashi zai samar da tallafin rayuwar ma'aikatan jirgin ta hanyar wani sashi, kamar yadda aka tsara Ƙofar Lunar . Ana iya haɓaka tallafin rayuwar jirgin sama, turawa, kariyar zafi, da tsarin avionics yayin da sabbin fasahohi ke samuwa.

A lokacin ƙaddamar da jirgin, jirgin saman Orion ya ƙunshi duka ma'aikatan jirgin da na sabis, adaftar jirgin sama da kuma tsarin dakatar da saukar jiragen sama na gaggawa. Tsarin ma'aikatan jirgin ' ya fi na Apollo girma kuma zai iya tallafawa ƙarin ma'aikatan jirgin don ayyukan gajere ko na dogon lokaci. Tsarin sabis na Turai yana turawa da kuma ƙarfafa jirgin sama tare da adana iskar oxygen da ruwa ga 'yan saman jannati. Orion ya dogara ne akan makamashin rana maimakon ƙwayoyin mai, wanda ke ba da damar yin ayyuka masu tsawo.

Module ɗin ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa (CM)

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Ma'aikatan Artemis II suna atisaye a cikin wani gwaji na Orion a watan Janairu 2025
Hoton da aka yi wa lakabi da Orion, wanda aka yi masa ado don kwaikwayon aikin da aka yi wa ma'aikata, 2021
Gwajin tsarin parachute na Orion
Samfurin Module na Orion Crew ( Cibiyar Binciken Jiragen Sama ta Neil A. Armstrong )

Module ɗin ƙungiyar Orion (CM) wani kapsul ne na jigilar kaya da za a iya sake amfani da shi wanda ke samar da wurin zama ga ma'aikatan jirgin, yana ba da wurin ajiya ga abubuwan amfani da kayan bincike, kuma yana ɗauke da tashar jiragen ruwa don canja wurin ma'aikatan jirgin. [2] [3] [4] Module ɗin ma'aikatan jirgin shine kawai ɓangaren jirgin da ke dawowa Duniya bayan kowane aiki kuma yana da siffar frustum 57.5° tare da ƙarshensa mai santsi, 5.02 metres (16 ft 6 in) a diamita da 3.3 metres (10 ft 10 in) tsayi, tare da nauyin kimanin 8.5 metric tons (19,000 lb) . Kamfanin Lockheed Martin ne ke kera shi a Michoud Assembly Facility da ke New Orleans, Louisiana. [5] [6] [7] Yana da girma fiye da na Apollo capsule da kashi 50% kuma zai ɗauki 'yan sama jannati huɗu. Bayan nazari mai zurfi, NASA ta zaɓi tsarin ablator na Avcoat don samar da kariya daga zafi da aka samu yayin sake shiga cikin ƙungiyar Orion crew module. Avcoat, wanda ya ƙunshi zaruruwan silica tare da resin a cikin zumar zuma da aka yi da fiberglass da phenolic resin, an yi amfani da shi a baya a ayyukan Apollo da kuma a kan sararin samaniya na Space Shuttle don tashi da wuri.

CM yana amfani da tsarin sarrafa dijital na gilashin cockpit da aka samo daga na Boeing 787. Ya haɗa da fasalin "autodock", kamar na Progress, Automatic Transfer Vehicle, da Dragon 2, tare da tanadi ga ma'aikatan jirgin don karɓar iko a cikin gaggawa. Yana da wuraren sarrafa sharar gida, tare da ƙaramin bayan gida mai kama da sansani da kuma "bututun taimako" na unisex da ake amfani da shi a kan Sararin Samaniya. Yana da nitrogen/oxygen ( N2 / O2 ) yanayi mai gauraya a matakin teku ( 101.3 kilopascals (14.69 psi) ) ko kuma ragewa ( 55.2 to 70.3 kilopascals (8.01 to 10.20 psi) ) matsin lamba.

Na'urar motsa jiki ta Orion's flywheel

CM ɗin ya haɗa da ƙaramin na'urar motsa jiki mai amfani da ƙafafun tashi da 'yan sama jannati ke amfani da su yayin tashi don yin atisayen motsa jiki na aerobic da juriya . Tsarin yana amfani da hanyar da kebul ke amfani da ita don samar da juriya mai daidaitawa yayin da yake biyan ƙa'idodin nauyi da girma na jirgin sama. [8] [9]

An gina CM ɗin ne da ƙarfe na aluminum-lithium . Parachutes ɗin da za a iya sake amfani da su sun dogara ne akan parachutes da aka yi amfani da su akan jirgin saman Apollo da Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Boosters, kuma an gina su da zane na Nomex . Saukar ruwa ita ce hanya ta musamman ta dawo da Orion CM. [10] [11]

Domin baiwa Orion damar yin mu'amala da wasu motoci, za a sanya masa na'urar sanyaya daki ta NASA . Jirgin saman yana amfani da tsarin dakatar da jirage (LAS) tare da "Murfin Kariya Mai Ƙarawa" (wanda aka yi da fiberglass ), don kare Orion CM daga matsin lamba na iska da kuma tasirin da ke faruwa a lokacin farko. na hawan. An tsara Orion don ya fi aminci sau 10 yayin hawan da dawowa fiye da Jirgin Saman Sararin Samaniya . [12] An tsara CM ɗin don a gyara shi kuma a sake amfani da shi. Bugu da ƙari, an tsara dukkan sassan Orion don su kasance masu sassauƙa gwargwadon iko, don haka tsakanin gwajin farko na jirgin a 2014 da kuma hasashen tafiyarsa ta Mars a 2030s, za a iya haɓaka jirgin saman yayin da sabbin fasahohi ke samuwa. [2]

Ya zuwa shekarar 2019, ana shirin amfani da na'urar sa ido ta sararin samaniya a cikin Orion CM. [13]

Tsarin Sabis na Turai (ESM)

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Ra'ayin mai zane game da jirgin sama na Orion wanda ya haɗa da Tsarin Sabis na Turai tare da Matsayi na Upper Cryogenic na wucin gadi a baya

A watan Mayun 2011, babban daraktan ESA ya sanar da yiwuwar haɗin gwiwa da NASA don yin aiki kan wanda zai maye gurbin Motar Canja wurin Aiki ta atomatik (ATV). [14] A ranar 21 ga Yuni, 2012, an bayyana bincike biyu da Astrium ta yi a bainar jama'a. Na farko ya duba yiwuwar gina wani tsarin sabis wanda za a yi amfani da shi tare da Orion CM. [15] Na biyu ya binciki yiwuwar samar da wata motar orbital mai amfani da yawa. [16]

A ranar 21 ga Nuwamba, 2012, ESA ta yanke shawarar ƙirƙirar wani tsarin sabis na ATV daga Orion. [17] Kamfanin Airbus Defence and Space da ke Bremen, Jamus ne ke kera wannan tsarin sabis. [18] NASA ta sanar a ranar 16 ga Janairu, 2013 cewa tsarin sabis na ESA zai fara tashi da Artemis I, farkon ƙaddamar da Tsarin ƙaddamar da Sararin Samaniya. [19]

An fara gwajin tsarin sabis na Turai a watan Fabrairun 2016, a Cibiyar Wutar Lantarki ta Sararin Samaniya . [20]

A ranar 16 ga Fabrairu, 2017, an sanya hannu kan kwangilar Yuro miliyan 200 tsakanin Airbus da Hukumar Kula da Sararin Samaniya ta Turai don samar da wani sashe na biyu na sabis na Turai don amfani a cikin jirgin farko na Orion, Artemis II .

A ranar 26 ga Oktoba, 2018, an haɗa na'urar farko ta Artemis I gaba ɗaya a masana'antar Airbus Defence and Space da ke Bremen, Jamus. [21]

Kaddamar da Tsarin Kashewa (LAS)

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Idan aka sami gaggawa a kan faifan harbawa ko kuma yayin hawa, Tsarin Hana Fasawa (LAS) zai raba tsarin ma'aikatan jirgin daga motar harbawa ta amfani da injunan roka guda uku masu ƙarfi : motar hana fasawa (AM), [22] motar sarrafa hali (ACM), da kuma motar jettison (JM). AM tana samar da ƙarfin da ake buƙata don hanzarta kapsul ɗin, yayin da ake amfani da ACM don nuna AM [23] kuma motar jettison tana raba LAS da kapsul ɗin ma'aikatan jirgin. [24] A ranar 10 ga Yuli, 2007, Orbital Sciences, babban mai kwangilar LAS, ya ba Alliant Techsystems (ATK) ƙaramin kwangila na dala miliyan 62.5 don "ƙirƙira, haɓakawa, samarwa, gwadawa da isar da motar hana fasawa," wanda ke amfani da ƙirar "juyawa". A ranar 9 ga Yuli, 2008, NASA ta sanar da cewa ATK ta kammala gina wurin gwaji a tsaye a wani wuri da ke Promontory, Utah don gwada injunan hana fasawa don jirgin saman Orion. [25] Wani ɗan kwangilar injinan sararin samaniya na dogon lokaci, Aerojet, an ba shi kwangilar ƙira da haɓaka motar jettison don LAS. Ya zuwa watan Satumba na 2008, Aerojet, tare da membobin ƙungiyar Orbital Sciences, Lockheed Martin da NASA, sun yi nasarar nuna gwajin gwaji guda biyu na injin jettison. Ana amfani da wannan injin a kowane jirgin sama, domin yana raba LAS da motar bayan nasarar harbawa da kuma dakatarwar harbawa. [26]

Kayayyakin da kuma aikin jirgin sama na sararin samaniya

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Da sanarwar da aka fitar a shekarar 2019 game da niyyar samar da Tsarin Saukar Dan Adam don ayyukan Artemis, NASA ta samar da ƙimar ƙarfin ƙarfin Orion da ƙarfin turawa. Bayan rabuwa da matakin SLS na sama, ana sa ran Orion zai sami nauyin 26,375 kg (58,147 lb) kuma suna iya yin motsa jiki da ke buƙatar har zuwa 1,050 m/s (3,445 ft/s) na delta-v . [27]

manazarta

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  1. ↑ "One Big Beautiful Bill Act". Public Law 119–21. 119th United States Congress. July 4, 2025. 139 Stat. 134 (SEC. 40005, appropriations for SLS, Orion, and Artemis Missions IV and V). Retrieved January 18, 2026.
  2. 1 2 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named "Space.com1".
  3. ↑ "NASA – A 21st Century-Style Return to the Moon". nasa.gov. Archived from the original on September 5, 2017. Retrieved June 3, 2018.
  4. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named "NSF-20141030".
  5. ↑ LaNasa, Shannon (2021). "Michoud Tenants: Lockheed Martin". Marshall Space Flight Center. NASA. Archived from the original on March 18, 2021. Retrieved June 27, 2021.
  6. ↑ Cristina, Victoria (April 26, 2021). "Behind the scenes at NASA Michoud: Assembly of the Orion Crew Modules". WGNO. Nexstar Media Group. Archived from the original on November 16, 2022. Retrieved February 12, 2022.
  7. ↑ @NASA_Orion. (Tweet) https://twitter.com/ – via Twitter. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  8. ↑ "Artemis II Flight Day 2: Orion Completes TLI Burn, Crew Begins Journey to the Moon". NASA. 2026-04-02.
  9. ↑ Hanson, Mike (2026-04-03). "Artemis II crew space moon mission". WESH. Retrieved 2026-04-09.
  10. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named "NSF-20070805".
  11. ↑ "NASA Denies Making Orion Water Landing Decision – and Deleting Touchdowns on Land". NASA Watch. August 6, 2007. Retrieved November 23, 2010.[permanent dead link]
  12. ↑ "NASA Announces Key Decision For Next Deep Space Transportation System". NASA. May 24, 2011. Archived from the original on September 15, 2016. Retrieved May 25, 2011.
  13. ↑ Hill, Denise (July 23, 2019). "S.A.M. Goes to Work Aboard ISS". NASA. Archived from the original on November 7, 2020. Retrieved July 31, 2019.
  14. ↑ "US and Europe plan new spaceship". BBC News. May 5, 2011. Archived from the original on May 6, 2011. Retrieved May 14, 2011.
  15. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named "SFN-20120621".
  16. ↑ "Airbus Defence and Space awarded two ATV evolution studies from ESA". Astrium. June 21, 2012. Archived from the original on April 3, 2013. Retrieved June 23, 2012.
  17. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named "NSF-20121121".
  18. ↑ "Multi Purpose Crew Vehicle – European Service Module for NASA's Orion programme". Airbus Defence and Space. Archived from the original on March 6, 2016. Retrieved March 7, 2016.
  19. ↑ "NASA Signs Agreement for a European-Provided Orion Service Module". nasa.gov. January 16, 2013. Archived from the original on March 28, 2014. Retrieved March 28, 2014.
  20. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named "NSF-20151201".
  21. ↑ "Call for media: The European Service module meets Orion". European Space Agency. October 26, 2018. Archived from the original on February 6, 2020. Retrieved February 6, 2020.
  22. ↑ "Mission to the Moon: How We'll Go Back – and Stay This Time". popularmechanics.com. Archived from the original on February 3, 2008. Retrieved February 8, 2008.
  23. ↑ Mika McKinnon (December 4, 2014). "Meet Orion, NASA's New Deep Space Explorer". Earth & Space. Space.io9.com. Archived from the original on November 8, 2015. Retrieved October 31, 2016.
  24. ↑ "Launch Abort System Jettison Motor | Aerojet Rocketdyne". Rocket.com. Archived from the original on January 25, 2016. Retrieved October 31, 2016.
  25. ↑ "Orion's New Launch Abort Motor Test Stand Ready for Action". NASA. Archived from the original on June 4, 2011. Retrieved January 5, 2012.
  26. ↑ Rhian, Jason (July 17, 2018). "Jettison Motor Readied For Integration Into Orion's LAS". spaceflightinsider.com (in Turanci). Spaceflight Insider. Archived from the original on July 1, 2019. Retrieved July 1, 2019. The jettison motor separates the LAS from the Orion capsule on its way to orbit.
  27. ↑ "NextSTEP-2 Appendix H, Attachment F: Human Landing System to Orion Interface Requirements Document (HLS-IRD-005)". NASA. September 30, 2019.
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