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Orthorexia nervosa

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Orthorexia nervosa
Description (en) Fassara
IriCutar cin abinci
Identifier (en) Fassara
MeSHD000088102

Orthorexia / ( / ˌ ɔːr θə ˈrəks iə )​​ nər ˈvoʊsə / ; ON ; wanda aka fi sani da orthorexia ) wata matsala ce ta cin abinci da aka gabatar wadda ke da alaƙa da yawan damuwa da cin abinci mai kyau. Likitan Amurka Steven Bratman ne ya gabatar da wannan kalmar a shekarar 1997, wanda ya ba da shawarar cewa ƙuntatawa kan abincin da wasu mutane ke ci don inganta lafiya na iya haifar da sakamako mara kyau, kamar ware kai daga jama'a, damuwa, rashin iya cin abinci ta hanyar da ta dace, da kuma rage sha'awar sauran ayyukan lafiya na ɗan adam, da kuma, a lokuta da ba kasafai ake samun su ba, rashin abinci mai gina jiki mai tsanani ko ma mutuwa.

A shekara ta 2009, Ursula Philpot, shugabar ƙungiyar abinci mai gina jiki ta Birtaniya kuma babbar malamar jami'a a Jami'ar Leeds Metropolitan, [1] ta bayyana mutanen da ke fama da ciwon orthorexia a matsayin "masu damuwa kawai da ingancin abincin da suke sakawa a jikinsu, suna tacewa da kuma takaita abincin da suke ci bisa ga fahimtarsu ta kansu game da waɗanne abinci ne masu 'tsarkakakku'." Wannan ya bambanta da sauran matsalolin cin abinci, kamar anorexia nervosa da bulimia nervosa, inda waɗanda abin ya shafa suka fi mai da hankali kan yawan abincin da ake ci.

Ciwon Orthorexia kuma ya bambanta da ciwon anorexia nervosa domin ba ya shafar jinsi ɗaya. Bincike ya gano cewa ciwon orthorexia nervosa yana samuwa daidai a cikin maza da mata ba tare da wani bambanci mai mahimmanci tsakanin jinsi ba kwata-kwata. Bugu da ƙari, bincike ya gano alaƙa mai kyau tsakanin ciwon orthorexia nervosa da narcissism da kamala, amma babu wata alaƙa mai mahimmanci tsakanin ciwon orthorexia nervosa da girman kai. [2] Wannan yana nuna cewa mutanen da ke fama da ciwon orthorexia mai tsanani suna iya alfahari da halayen cin abinci masu kyau fiye da wasu kuma wannan shine abin da ke haifar da ciwon orthorexia maimakon siffar jiki kamar anorexia. [ <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">ana buƙatar ambato</span> ]

Ƙungiyar Masu Ilimin Halayyar Dan Adam ta Amurka ba ta amince da Orthorexia nervosa a matsayin matsalar cin abinci ba, don haka ba a ambaci shi a matsayin wata cuta ta hukuma a cikin Littafin Bincike da Ƙididdiga na Cututtukan Hankali (DSM) da ake amfani da shi sosai ba. [lower-alpha 1]

Alamomi da Alamomi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Alamomin orthorexia nervosa sun haɗa da "mayar da hankali kan zaɓin abinci, tsarawa, siye, shiri, da cin abinci; abincin da ake ɗauka a matsayin tushen lafiya maimakon jin daɗi; damuwa ko ƙyama idan ana kusa da abincin da aka haramta; ƙarin imani cewa haɗa ko kawar da wasu nau'ikan abinci na iya hana ko warkar da cututtuka ko shafar jin daɗin yau da kullun; sauye-sauye lokaci-lokaci a cikin imani na abinci yayin da wasu hanyoyin ba su canzawa ba; hukuncin ɗabi'a ga wasu bisa ga zaɓin abinci; rikitar da hoton jiki game da jin "ƙazanta" ta jiki maimakon nauyi; dagewa da imani cewa ayyukan abinci suna inganta lafiya duk da shaidar rashin abinci mai gina jiki." [6]

Dalili

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Duk da cewa binciken da ake yi a yanzu kan musabbabin cutar orthorexia nervosa ba shi da iyaka, shaidu masu yawa suna goyon bayan ra'ayin abubuwan da ke haifar da haɗari. Gabaɗaya, matsalolin cin abinci suna shafar abubuwa da dama, ciki har da: tasirin halittu, tunani, da kuma al'adun zamantakewa. [7]

Tasirin Halittu

Ba a gano ainihin abubuwan da suka shafi orthorexia nervosa kai tsaye ba. Duk da haka, nazarin wasu matsalolin cin abinci kamar anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, da kuma matsalar cin abinci mai yawa sun lura da tasirin halittu da dama. Waɗannan abubuwan sun haɗa da matakan hormones, neurotransmitters, har ma da abubuwan da suka shafi kwayoyin halitta. Bugu da ƙari, masu bincike sun gano alaƙa mai ƙarfi tsakanin orthorexia nervosa da obsessive-compulsive disorder . [8]

Tasirin Ilimin Halayyar Dan Adam

Halayyar Orthorexic yawanci tana faruwa ne a cikin mutanen da ke da ƙarancin girman kai, wanda ya samo asali daga kwatancen zamantakewa. Cin abinci mai yawa na iya nuna alamun kamala da buƙatar iko. [9] Waɗannan halaye iri ɗaya kuma suna aiki a matsayin hanyoyin magance matsalolin motsin rai ko abubuwan da suka faru masu ban tausayi. Wasu ma sun lura da alaƙa tsakanin orthorexia nervosa da shan muggan kwayoyi. [10]

Tasirin Al'adu

Kamar anorexia nervosa da bulimia nervosa, orthorexia nervosa yawanci yana samo asali ne daga matsin lamba na zamantakewa, mummunan hoton jiki, da sha'awar zama siriri. [11] Tsarin Tasirin Uku ya gano iyaye, takwarorinsu, da kafofin watsa labarai a matsayin manyan tasirin da ke kan hoton jiki da rashin cin abinci mai kyau. [12]

Ganewar Ganewa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A shekarar 2016, an gabatar da ka'idoji na yau da kullun don maganin orthorexia a cikin mujallar Cin Behaviors ta Thom Dunn da Steven Bratman suka yi bita. [6] Waɗannan sharuɗɗan sune kamar haka:

Ma'auni A. Mayar da hankali kan cin abinci mai "lafiya", kamar yadda aka bayyana ta hanyar ka'idar abinci ko wasu imani waɗanda takamaiman bayanai na iya bambanta; wanda aka nuna ta hanyar damuwa mai yawa dangane da zaɓin abinci da ake ganin ba shi da lafiya; asarar nauyi na iya faruwa, amma an fahimci wannan a matsayin wani ɓangare na lafiya mai kyau maimakon babban burin. Kamar yadda aka tabbatar ta hanyar waɗannan:

  1. Halayyar tilastawa da/ko damuwa ta hankali game da hanyoyin cin abinci masu inganci da ƙuntatawa waɗanda mutum ke yarda da su don inganta lafiya mafi kyau. (Bayanan da ke ƙasa sun ƙara da cewa: Ayyukan abinci na iya haɗawa da amfani da " karin abinci mai yawa". Ana iya ɗaukar aikin motsa jiki da/ko yanayin jiki a matsayin wani ɓangare ko alamar lafiya.)
  2. Keta dokokin abinci da kai ya sanya wa mutum yana haifar da fargabar cuta mai yawa, jin rashin tsarkin jiki da/ko kuma mummunan jin daɗin jiki, tare da damuwa da kunya.
  3. Takaitawar abinci yana ƙaruwa akan lokaci, kuma yana iya haɗawa da kawar da dukkan rukunin abinci kuma yana iya haɗawa da "tsarkakewa" akai-akai da/ko tsananin azumi (na ɗan lokaci) wanda ake ɗauka a matsayin tsarkakewa ko kawar da guba. Wannan ƙaruwar yawanci yakan haifar da raguwar nauyi, amma sha'awar rage kiba ba ta nan, ɓoye ko ƙarƙashin ra'ayin abinci mai kyau.

Ma'auni na B. Halayyar tilastawa da kuma sha'awar tunani suna zama masu illa ga asibiti ta hanyar ɗayan waɗannan:

  1. Rashin abinci mai gina jiki, raguwar nauyi mai tsanani ko wasu matsalolin lafiya da suka taso sakamakon takaitaccen abinci mai gina jiki
  2. Damuwa ko rashin aikin zamantakewa, ilimi ko sana'a a tsakanin mutane ya biyo bayan imani ko halaye game da abinci mai kyau.
  3. Kyakkyawan siffar jiki, darajar kai, asali da/ko gamsuwa ya dogara ne da bin ƙa'idodin cin abinci mai "lafiya" da aka ayyana.

An ƙirƙiro wata takardar tambayoyi game da ganewar asali ga masu fama da orthorexia, kamar tambayoyin wasu matsalolin cin abinci, mai suna ORTO-15. [13] Duk da haka, Dunn da Bratman sun yi suka ga wannan kayan aikin binciken a matsayin wanda bai da ingantaccen inganci na ciki da na waje. [6]

Ilimin Cututtuka

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Sakamakon binciken kimiyya bai sami cikakkiyar ƙarshe ba tukuna don tallafawa ko ɗaliban abinci mai gina jiki da ƙwararru suna cikin haɗari mafi girma fiye da sauran ƙungiyoyin jama'a, saboda bambance-bambancen sakamako a cikin littattafan bincike. Akwai wasu shahararrun ayyukan kimiyya waɗanda, a cikin yunƙurin bincika faɗin da zurfin cutar da har yanzu ba a fahimce ta ba, suka yi ƙoƙarin gano waɗanne ƙungiyoyi a cikin al'umma ne suka fi fuskantar haɗarin kamuwa da ita. [14] Wannan ya haɗa da wani bincike na Jamusanci na 2008, [15] wanda ya dogara da bincikensa kan zato da ake yi cewa waɗanda suka fi sanin abinci mai gina jiki, kamar ɗaliban abinci mai gina jiki na jami'a, rukuni ne mai yuwuwar haɗarin kamuwa da matsalar cin abinci, saboda tarin ilimi mai yawa game da abinci da alaƙarsa da lafiya; ra'ayin shine cewa da zarar mutum ya san game da lafiya, da yuwuwar kamuwa da rashin lafiya game da kasancewa cikin koshin lafiya zai iya haɓaka. Wannan binciken ya kuma yi hasashen cewa sha'awar orthorexic na iya haifar da sha'awar nazarin kimiyya, yana nuna cewa da yawa a cikin wannan fanni na iya fama da matsalar kafin fara karatun. Duk da haka, sakamakon ya gano cewa ɗaliban da ke cikin binciken, bayan fara karatunsu na farko, ba su da ƙimar orthorexic mafi girma fiye da sauran ɗaliban jami'a marasa abinci mai gina jiki, don haka rahoton ya kammala da cewa ana buƙatar ƙarin bincike don fayyace alaƙar da ke tsakanin ilimin abinci da kuma farkon ON. [ <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2019)">ana buƙatar ambato</span> ]

Hakazalika, a wani bincike da aka yi a Portugal kan ɗaliban jami'a masu abinci mai gina jiki, [16] sakamakon orthorexic na mahalarta (bisa ga tambayoyin bincike na ORTO-15 [17] ) ya ragu yayin da suke ci gaba da karatunsu, haka kuma haɗarin kamuwa da matsalar cin abinci ya kai kashi 4.2 cikin ɗari, wanda marubutan suka rarraba a matsayin ƙaramin matakin. Mahalarta sun kuma amsa tambayoyi don ba da haske game da halayen cin abincinsu da halayensu, kuma duk da wannan binciken ya gano cewa ɗaliban kimiyyar abinci mai gina jiki da lafiya suna da halaye na cin abinci masu tsauri, duk da haka, waɗannan binciken ba su sami wata shaida da ke nuna cewa waɗannan ɗaliban suna da "tsarin cin abinci mai rikitarwa ko rashin tsari fiye da sauran ɗalibai" ba. [15] Waɗannan binciken guda biyu da aka ambata sun kammala da cewa fahimtar abincin da mutum yake ci ba lallai ba ne ya zama babban abin haɗari ga ON, yana mai bayanin cewa bayanan da aka tattara sun nuna cewa ƙwararrun masu cin abinci ba sa cikin haɗarin hakan.

Duk da haka, an yi suka ga waɗannan nazarin cututtuka a matsayin amfani da kayan aikin bincike mai inganci wanda ke ƙara yawan kamuwa da cuta. [6] Masana sun yi tambaya game da inganci da ingancin ORTO-15. [18]

Yawancin binciken kimiyya sun yarda, duk da haka, matasa da matasa suna da matuƙar saurin kamuwa da matsalar cin abinci. Wani bincike ya gano cewa babu wata alaƙa tsakanin maki na BOT da babban digiri na kwaleji, wanda zai iya nuna yawan matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa da matsalolin cin abinci a harabar jami'a kuma cewa manyan fannoni na lafiya da kimiyya ba su ne kawai abin ya shafa ba. [19] An kuma gudanar da ƙarin bincike kan alaƙar da ke tsakanin ƙaruwar amfani da Instagram da Orthorexia nervosa. Al'ummar lafiya da ke da tushe a shafukan sada zumunta kwanan nan ta shahara musamman a dandamali kamar Instagram. hashtag #food yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan hashtags 25 mafi shahara a Instagram. [20] Wani bincike da ya binciki wannan alaƙar ya gano cewa ƙaruwar amfani da Instagram yana da alaƙa da alamun ON ba tare da wani dandamali na kafofin sada zumunta da ke da irin wannan tasiri ba. [21] Ganin cewa matasa da matasa sun zama mafi yawan masu amfani da kafofin sada zumunta, fallasa ga wannan nau'in abun ciki na iya haifar da haɓaka halaye marasa kyau.

Tarihi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A cikin wani kasidar da aka buga a mujallar Yoga Journal a shekarar 1997, likitan Amurka Steven Bratman ya ƙirƙiro kalmar "orthorexia nervosa" daga kalmar Helenanci ὀρθο- ( ortho, "daidai" ko "daidai"), da kuma ὄρεξις ( orexis, "ci"), wanda a zahiri yana nufin 'ciwon da ya dace', amma a aikace yana nufin 'abinci mai kyau'. [22] An yi amfani da kalmar a kan anorexia, wanda a zahiri yana nufin "ba tare da ci ba", kamar yadda aka yi amfani da shi a cikin ma'anar yanayin anorexia nervosa. (A duka kalmomin biyu, "nervosa" yana nufin yanayin tunani mara kyau.) Bratman ya bayyana orthorexia a matsayin rashin lafiyan da ya dace da abin da mutum ke ɗauka a matsayin cin abinci mai kyau . Imani game da abin da ya ƙunshi cin abinci mai kyau yawanci yana farawa ne daga ka'idar abinci ɗaya ko wata kamar rashin abinci mai kyau ko macrobiotics, amma sai a kai shi ga matsanancin matsayi, wanda ke haifar da rashin daidaituwar tsarin cin abinci da nakasa ta hankali da/ko ta jiki. Bratman ya dogara ne akan wannan yanayin da aka gabatar bisa ga abubuwan da ya fuskanta a shekarun 1970, da kuma halayen da ya lura da su a tsakanin marasa lafiyarsa a shekarun 1990.

Bayan buga littafin, a shekara ta 2004, wata ƙungiyar masu bincike ta Italiya daga Jami'ar La Sapienza ta Rome, ta buga wani bincike na farko da aka gudanar wanda ke ƙoƙarin samar da kayan aiki don auna yawan orthorexia, wanda aka sani da ORTO-15. [23]

A shekarar 2015, yayin da take mayar da martani ga labaran labarai inda aka yi amfani da kalmar orthorexia ga mutanen da ke bin ka'idar cin abinci mai kyau wadda ba ta da tushe, Bratman ya bayyana haka: "Ka'ida na iya zama ta al'ada ko ta al'ada, mai tsauri ko kuma mai laushi, mai hankali ko kuma mai wayo gaba ɗaya, amma, ba tare da la'akari da cikakkun bayanai ba, masu bin ka'idar ba lallai bane su kamu da orthorexia. Kawai masu bin ka'idar cin abinci ne. Kalmar 'orthorexia' tana aiki ne kawai lokacin da matsalar cin abinci ta taso a kusa da wannan ka'idar." [24] Bratman a wani wuri ya bayyana cewa ban da wasu 'yan kaɗan, yawancin masu bin ka'idodin cin abinci mai kyau suna bin su lafiya; duk da haka, "ga wasu mutane, bin hanyar cin abinci mai ƙuntatawa don neman lafiya na iya ƙarawa zuwa kamalar abinci." [25] Karin Kratina, PhD, tana rubutu ga Ƙungiyar Cututtukan Cin Abinci ta Ƙasa, ta taƙaita wannan tsari kamar haka: "A ƙarshe zaɓin abinci ya zama mai takurawa, a cikin nau'i da adadin kuzari, har lafiya ta sha wahala - wani abin ban mamaki ga mutumin da ya sadaukar da kansa ga cin abinci mai lafiya." [26]

Duk da cewa Ƙungiyar Masu Ilimin Halayyar Dan Adam ta Amurka ba ta amince da cutar orthorexia a matsayin matsalar tabin hankali ba, kuma ba a lissafa ta a cikin DSM-5, kamar yadda aka rubuta a watan Janairun 2016 ba, an buga rahotannin shari'o'i huɗu da wasu labarai sama da 40 kan wannan batu a cikin mujallu daban-daban da takwarorinsu suka yi nazari a kansu a ƙasashen duniya. [6] A cewar wani bincike da aka buga a shekarar 2011, kashi biyu bisa uku na samfurin ƙwararrun masana matsalar cin abinci 111 da ke magana da harshen Holland sun ji cewa sun lura da wannan cuta a cikin aikinsu na asibiti. [27]

A cewar Macmillan English Dictionary, kalmar tana shiga cikin ƙamus ɗin Turanci . [28] Manufar orthorexia a matsayin sabuwar matsalar cin abinci da ta bulla ta jawo hankalin kafofin watsa labarai sosai a ƙarni na 21. [29] [30]

Orthorexia da sauran cututtuka

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Orthorexia ta bambanta da anorexia da bulimia a alaƙarta da abinci. Maimakon mai da hankali kan cin abinci don ƙoƙarin rage nauyi da rage cin abinci, orthorexia "sha'awa ce game da ingancin cin abinci" kuma ana ƙarfafa ta ta hanyar jin cimma kamala da tsarki ta hanyar cin abinci "masu lafiya" kawai. [31]

Halayen Orthorexic sau da yawa na iya haifar da rashin abinci mai gina jiki da raguwar nauyi, kuma galibi ana danganta shi da anorexia nervosa. [32] Bincike ya kuma nuna cewa halayen obsessive-compulsive suna da alaƙa da haɓakar orthorexia, kuma wasu masu bincike sun ba da shawarar cewa ya kamata a gano orthorexia a matsayin OCD saboda sha'awar samun cikakken abinci yana haifar da shi. [31]

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ "Supersize vs Superskinny - Expert Profiles - Ursula Philpot". Channel 4. 7 April 2011. Archived from the original on 28 January 2013. Retrieved 19 October 2010.
  2. ↑ Oberle CD, Samaghabadi RO, Hughes EM (January 2017). "Orthorexia nervosa: Assessment and correlates with gender, BMI, and personality". Appetite. 108: 303–310. doi:10.1016/j.appet.2016.10.021. PMID 27756637. S2CID 24263386.
  3. ↑ "ICD10 Codes". Psychiatry On-Line. Retrieved 16 October 2010.
  4. ↑ "APA Diagnostic Classification". BehaveNet. Archived from the original on 26 October 2011. Retrieved 16 October 2010.
  5. ↑ "Disorders Usually First Diagnosed in Infancy, Childhood, or Adolescence". American Psychiatric Association. Retrieved 16 October 2010.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 Dunn TM, Bratman S (April 2016). "On orthorexia nervosa: A review of the literature and proposed diagnostic criteria". Eating Behaviors. 21: 11–7. doi:10.1016/j.eatbeh.2015.12.006. PMID 26724459. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Dunn, T.M 2016" defined multiple times with different content.
  7. ↑ Polivy, Janet; Herman, C. Peter (February 2002). "Causes of Eating Disorders". Annual Review of Psychology (in Turanci). 53 (1): 187–213. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.53.100901.135103. ISSN 0066-4308. PMID 11752484.
  8. ↑ "Orthorexia: When eating healthy becomes an unhealthy obsession". Today's Dietitian. June 2009. Retrieved 2009-10-13.
  9. ↑ Bóna, Enikő; Erdész, Anett; Túry, Ferenc (2021-12-01). "Low self-esteem predicts orthorexia nervosa, mediated by spiritual attitudes among frequent exercisers". Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity (in Turanci). 26 (8): 2481–2489. doi:10.1007/s40519-020-01095-z. ISSN 1590-1262. PMC 8602160 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 33502732 Check |pmid= value (help).
  10. ↑ Oberle, Crystal D.; Marcell, Haley S.; Noebel, Natalie A. (2022-03-01). "Orthorexia nervosa and substance use for the purposes of weight control, conformity, and emotional coping". Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity (in Turanci). 27 (2): 553–561. doi:10.1007/s40519-021-01190-9. ISSN 1590-1262. PMID 33866529 Check |pmid= value (help).
  11. ↑ McComb, Sarah E.; Mills, Jennifer S. (September 2019). "Orthorexia nervosa: A review of psychosocial risk factors". Appetite (in Turanci). 140: 50–75. doi:10.1016/j.appet.2019.05.005. PMID 31075324.
  12. ↑ van den Berg, Patricia; Thompson, J. Kevin; Obremski-Brandon, Karen; Coovert, Michael (2002-11-01). "The Tripartite Influence model of body image and eating disturbance: A covariance structure modeling investigation testing the mediational role of appearance comparison". Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 53 (5): 1007–1020. doi:10.1016/S0022-3999(02)00499-3. ISSN 0022-3999. PMID 12445590.
  13. ↑ Donini LM, Marsili D, Graziani MP, Imbriale M, Cannella C (June 2005). "Orthorexia nervosa: validation of a diagnosis questionnaire". Eating and Weight Disorders. 10 (2): e28-32. doi:10.1007/bf03327537. PMID 16682853. S2CID 18145686.
  14. ↑ Varga M, Dukay-Szabó S, Túry F, van Furth EF, van Furth Eric F (June 2013). "Evidence and gaps in the literature on orthorexia nervosa" (PDF). Eating and Weight Disorders. 18 (2): 103–11. doi:10.1007/s40519-013-0026-y. PMID 23760837. S2CID 35709655.
  15. 1 2 Korinth A, Schiess S, Westenhoefer J (January 2010). "Eating behaviour and eating disorders in students of nutrition sciences". Public Health Nutrition. 13 (1): 32–7. doi:10.1017/S1368980009005709. PMID 19433007. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Korinth et al 2010" defined multiple times with different content.
  16. ↑ Mealha V, Ferreira C, Guerra I, Ravasco P (2013). "Students of dietetics & nutrition; a high risk group for eating disorders?". Nutricion Hospitalaria. 28 (5): 1558–66. doi:10.3305/nh.2013.28.5.6695. PMID 24160216.
  17. ↑ Donini LM, Marsili D, Graziani MP, Imbriale M, Cannella C (June 2005). "Orthorexia nervosa: validation of a diagnosis questionnaire". Eating and Weight Disorders. 10 (2): e28-32. doi:10.1007/BF03327537. PMID 16682853. S2CID 18145686.
  18. ↑ Missbach B, Hinterbuchinger B, Dreiseitl V, Zellhofer S, Kurz C, König J (2015). "When Eating Right, Is Measured Wrong! A Validation and Critical Examination of the ORTO-15 Questionnaire in German". PLOS ONE. 10 (8). Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1035772M. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0135772. PMC 4539204. PMID 26280449.
  19. ↑ Bundros J, Clifford D, Silliman K, Neyman Morris M (June 2016). "Prevalence of Orthorexia nervosa among college students based on Bratman's test and associated tendencies". Appetite. 101: 86–94. doi:10.1016/j.appet.2016.02.144. PMID 26923745. S2CID 10301614.
  20. ↑ "Ofcom Internet Use and attitudes" (PDF). Ofcom. 2015.
  21. ↑ Turner PG, Lefevre CE (June 2017). "Instagram use is linked to increased symptoms of orthorexia nervosa". Eating and Weight Disorders. 22 (2): 277–284. doi:10.1007/s40519-017-0364-2. PMC 5440477. PMID 28251592.
  22. ↑ Empty citation (help)
  23. ↑ Donini LM, Marsili D, Graziani MP, Imbriale M, Cannella C (June 2004). "Orthorexia nervosa: a preliminary study with a proposal for diagnosis and an attempt to measure the dimension of the phenomenon". Eating and Weight Disorders. 9 (2): 151–7. doi:10.1007/BF03325060. PMID 15330084. S2CID 39557383.
  24. ↑ "Healthy Eating vs. Orthorexia". orthorexia.com. 2015. Archived from the original on 10 November 2017. Retrieved 1 January 2016.
  25. ↑ "Orthorexia Nervosa". Mirror-Mirror.org. 2015. Archived from the original on 21 September 2017. Retrieved 1 January 2016.
  26. ↑ "Orthorexia Nervosa". NationalEatingDisorders.org. 2015. Archived from the original on 2015-12-24. Retrieved 1 January 2016.
  27. ↑ Vandereycken W (2011). "Media hype, diagnostic fad or genuine disorder? Professionals' opinions about night eating syndrome, orthorexia, muscle dysmorphia, and emetophobia". Eating Disorders. 19 (2): 145–55. doi:10.1080/10640266.2011.551634. PMID 21360365. S2CID 9697551.
  28. ↑ "Macmillan English Dictionary entry for Orthorexia Nervosa". Archived from the original on 2007-04-16. Retrieved 2007-03-28.
  29. ↑ "Orthorexia nervosa: How becoming obsessed with healthy eating can lead to malnutrition". The Independent. 2015-08-30. Archived from the original on 2022-05-24. Retrieved 30 August 2015.
  30. ↑ "My Life With Orthorexia". Refinery29. 2015-11-04. Retrieved 1 January 2016.
  31. 1 2 Brytek-Matera A (March 2012). "Orthorexia Nervosa – an Eating Disorder, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, or Disturbed Eating Habit?". Archives of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy: 55–60 – via EBSCO. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Brytek-Matera_2012" defined multiple times with different content.
  32. ↑ Parra Carriedo A, Tena-Suck A, Barajas-Márquez MW, Bilbao Y, Morcelle GM, Díaz Gutiérrez MC, Flores Galicia I, Ruiz-Shuayre A (2020-10-26). "When clean eating isn't as faultless: the dangerous obsession with healthy eating and the relationship between Orthorexia nervosa and eating disorders in Mexican University students". Journal of Eating Disorders. 8 (1). doi:10.1186/s40337-020-00331-2. PMC 7586686. PMID 33117538.
  1. ↑ Medical manuals that do not recognise orthorexia nervosa include ICD-10,[3] the DSM-IV,[4] and the DSM-5.[5]
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