Pálné Veres
 Pálné Veres | |
|---|---|
_uncut.jpg) | |
| Rayuwa | |
| Haihuwa |
Trebeľovce (en)  , 13 Disamba 1815 |
| ƙasa | Hungariya |
| Mutuwa |
Váchartyán (mul) , 28 Satumba 1895 |
| Karatu | |
| Harsuna |
Hungarian (en) |
| Sana'a | |
| Sana'a |
ilmantarwa da feminist (en) |
| Mamba |
Országos Nőképző-Egyesület (en) |
| Imani | |
| Addini |
Lutheranism (en) |
Hermína Karolína Benická Verešová wanda aka fi sani da Pálné Veres (née: Hermina Benická ko Beniczky, 1815-1895) malama ce kuma yan mata daga yankin Slovak na Masarautar Hungary. Iyalinta 'yan Lutheran ne masu jin Jamusanci. Mahaifinta jami'i ne a gundumar Nógrád, amma bayan mutuwarsa a shekara ta 1816, iyalin suka ƙaura zuwa Buda . Mahaifiyarta ce ta yi karatun ta har zuwa shekara sha shida, malamin da ya mutu a annobar kwalara ta 1831. Kakanta ne ya shigo da ita, ta shiga karatun kanta daga ɗakin karatunsa. Bayan ya koma Pest tare da taimakon inna, Benická ya yi aiki don inganta harshen Hungarian kuma ya ci gaba da karatu. Bayan aurenta, ta karɓi sunan Pálné Veres.
Daga 1840s Veres ya zama mai ba da shawara ga ilimin mata da 'yan mata. Ta gabatar da jawabai tare da rubuta kasidu game da mahimmancin horarwa don samar da uwayen da za su iya ilimantar da ‘ya’yansu da daliban da za su zama ‘yan kasa nagari. Ta shirya wani taro a 1867, wanda ya haifar da kafa Ƙungiyar Ilimin Mata ta Hungary kuma ta zama shugabar ta. A cikin 1868, Diet na Hungary ya zartar da doka da ke sanya karatun firamare ga yara ya zama tilas, amma ya ƙi sanya takunkumi ga 'yan mata. Bayan shirya wani koke na matsawa majalisar dokoki kan batun ya ci tura, kungiyar ta bude makarantar sakandare ta farko ta mata a kasar Hungary, wadda Veres ta zama darekta. Ta sami lambar yabo ta Golden Cross tare da Crown saboda kokarinta na ilimin mata. A wani titi a Budapest mai sunanta, an gina wani mutum-mutumi don girmama ta a shekara ta 1906.
Rayuwar farko da ilimi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]An haifi Hermína Karolína Benická a ranar 13 Disamba 1815 a kan gidan mahaifinta a Trebeľovce -Láza, [1] [2] [3] [ Bayanan kula 1 ] (kusa da abin da yake yanzu Lučenec, Slovakia), a gundumar Novohradská, a cikin yankin Slovak na Masarautar Hungary . [1] [2] [3] Mahaifinta Pavol Benický (kuma Pál Beniczky) [3] [4] [ Bayanan kula 2 ] ya kasance mai mallakar gidan Furotesta daga dangi mai daraja, wanda ya zama mataimakin shugaban gundumar Novohradská. [2] [3] [4] Iyalin su ne Lutherans na Jamusanci, [4] [5] kuma an haifi Pavol a Banská Bystrica (wanda aka sani a lokacin Neusohl). [6] Mahaifiyarta Karolina Sturmann, 'yar hamshakin attajiri mai arzikin ƙarfe, Márton Sturmann da matarsa Anna Mária (née Sembery v. Felsőszud), [6] [5] malami ne. [3] Benická da kyar ta san dangin mahaifinta sa’ad da ya mutu sa’ad da take ɗan shekara ɗaya [5] kuma mahaifiyarta ta ƙaura tare da ƙanwarta da ’ya’yanta, Maria, Hermína, da Lotti zuwa Buda . Sun zauna a wani gida da kakansu Sturmann ya saya, [4] inda Karolina ta koyar da 'ya'yanta mata har zuwa mutuwarta a cikin annobar kwalara a 1831. [3]
Lokacin da mahaifiyarsu ta mutu, 'yan'uwa mata uku sun koma gidan kakan su Sturmann a Turčok, inda Benická ta ci gaba da karatu a babban ɗakin karatu na kakanta. [3] [ Bayanai na 3 ] 'Yan matan sun keɓe sosai a kan gidan. [2] Tare da taimakon inna, Terézia Benická, Hermína ta koma Pest da fatan ta ci gaba da karatunta. Ta gano cewa ba ta da isasshen ƙware a harshen Hungarian kuma ta fara koyon darussa a cikin yaren. [2] [3] Ta kuma ƙirƙira darussan karatun kai a cikin fasaha, labarin ƙasa, tarihi, adabi, da kimiyya, [3] [4] amma saboda ciwon ido, yana da wahalar karantawa. [4] A lokacin da ta kasance a cikin Pest, Benická ya sadu da abokantaka tare da manyan mutane da yawa ciki har da marubuci Imre Madách, ɗan siyasa Pál Szontágh, ɗan sharhin adabi Ferenc Toldy, kuma marubucin wasan kwaikwayo Lőrinc Tóth . [6] Ta kuma sadu da Pal Veres (wanda kuma ake kira Pavle Vereš), shugaban notary kuma mataimakin shugaban gundumar Nógrád. [3] [4] A cikin 1839, Benická da Veres sun yi aure a gidan danginsa a Vanyarc . [4] [6] A lokacin aurenta, Benická ta ɗauki sunan mijinta, kuma bisa ga al'adar Hungarian, sa'an nan kuma ta sanya ma'anar "né" (ma'anar matar), ga sunan mijinta, ta zama Palné Veres. [3] Ba da daɗewa ba, ma'auratan sun ƙaura zuwa Vanyarc, inda suka haifi 'ya Szilárda a 1842, da ɗa, wanda ya mutu ba da daɗewa ba bayan haihuwa a 1844. [4]
Ayyukan aiki
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A farkon 1840, Veres ya haɓaka sha'awar haɓaka ilimin mata. Bayan da ta yi nazarin ayyukan masanin falsafar Swiss Jean-Jacques Rousseau da mai gyara harkokin ilimi na Switzerland Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi, ta fara ba da shawara ga horar da 'yan mata mafi kyau. [3] Ta dauki malamai masu koyarwa a jami'a don karatun 'yarta kuma ta shiga cikin darussan. Ta samu tabbacin cewa ilimi zai kara kwarin gwiwa, wanda hakan zai sa mata su zama masu kima a cikin al'umma. Bayan 'yarta ta yi aure kuma ta bar gida a shekara ta 1861, Veres ta zama mai aiki a bainar jama'a a kokarinta na inganta ilimi. [6] [4] Ta fara ba da jawabi kuma a cikin 1865 ta buga " Felhívás a nőköz " ("Kira ga Mata") a cikin jaridar kasa A Hon ( The Homeland ), yana jayayya cewa ilimin mata yana da mahimmanci don tarbiyyar yara su zama 'yan kasa nagari. Ta yi kira ga mata da su taru domin tattaunawa kan lamarin, ta kuma fara hada kai da manyan kungiyoyin mata da daidaikun mutane domin shirya wani taro, wanda aka yi a Pest a watan Mayun 1867. [4] A wannan shekarar, ta kafa Országos Nőképző Egyesület ( Hungarian National Association for Women's Education ) don taimakawa wajen biyan kuɗin karatun mata da 'yan mata. [6] [7] Ma'aikatar Harkokin Cikin Gida ta Hungary ta ba da izini ga kungiyar a hukumance a cikin 1868, tare da Veres a matsayin shugaba da Countess Josefin Teleki a matsayin mataimakin shugaban kasa. [4] Daga cikin wadanda suka kafa har da marubuci kuma 'yar jarida Emilia Kánya . [3]
A cikin 1867, an ƙirƙiri Ostiryia-Hungary yana ba kowane yanki na masarautu biyu ikon sarrafa al'amuran cikin gida. [8] Abinci na Hungary ya zartar da doka a cikin 1868, wanda ya sa karatun firamare ga 'yan mata da maza ya zama tilas, amma bai yi tanadin 'yan mata su sami ilimin sakandare ba. Veres ya jagoranci wani gangamin tattara sa hannun majalisar dokokin kasar inda ya bukaci mata da su kara ilimi. Ta fara tafiya tare da yin magana da kungiyoyin mata game da bukatar jihar don samar da damar ilimi, har ma da gabatar da jawabi a wani taro a Jamus wanda Allgemeiner Deutscher Frauenverein (Ƙungiyar Mata ta Jamus ta Jamus) ta dauki nauyin a 1869. [4] Ko da yake an tattara sa hannun sama da 9,000, gwamnati ta yi watsi da ra'ayin karatun 'yan mata na sakandare. [3] A cikin Oktoba 1869, Országos Nőképző Egyesület . ya bude makaranta mai zaman kansa na shekaru biyu ga 'yan mata sama da shekaru goma sha uku, tare da Veres a matsayin darekta. [4] Ita ce makaranta ta farko da ke ba da ilimin sakandare ga 'yan mata a Hungary. [3] [9] [10] Tsarin karatunsa na da nufin koya wa 'yan mata su zama masu dogaro da kansu da kuma sanya akidun Kirista cikin halayensu. [9] Lokacin da makarantar ta buɗe, tana da ɗalibai goma sha huɗu kuma tana cikin ɗakuna biyu a cikin wani gida a cikin Pest. [4] Ya bayar da azuzuwan matakin firamare hudu, darussa na tsaka-tsaki guda hudu, da manyan darajoji uku wadanda suka hada da koyarwar addini; Harsunan Faransanci, Jamusanci, da Harsunan Hungarian; Adabin Hungary; kayan ado ; ilmantarwa ; ilimin halin dan Adam da ilimin halin dan Adam; dabaru; tarihin wayewa (fiye da duka, kamar yadda ya shafi mata); ilmin lissafi, algebra da lissafi; fasaha da zane; kiɗan murya da kayan aiki; da gymnastics. [9]
Veres ya kusan yin murabus daga Országos Nőképző Egyesület a cikin 1870s, lokacin da iyaye suka bukaci malamai a makarantar su zama Katolika. Ta tabbata ba za ta tafi ba don kawai ba za ta amfana da makarantar ba. [4] Haka kuma ta ji takaicin yawan fitar da dalibai kafin matakin na gaba. Iyalan bourgeoisie na sama da arziƙi waɗanda 'ya'yanta mata ɗalibanta ne ba su ga wani dalili mai kyau na 'ya'yansu mata su halarta fiye da wani takamaiman shekaru ba. An kalli manyan azuzuwan a matsayin masu amfani kawai ga matasa mata waɗanda suka yi niyyar zama malaman makaranta da kansu. Ta yi nasara wajen rinjayar babban bourgeoisie da aristocracy wajen amincewa da fa'idodin ilimi gabaɗaya ga yara na jinsin biyu [9] kuma a cikin 1879, ta sami Golden Cross of Merit tare da Crown . [4] [10] Wannan yana daya daga cikin lokutan farko da aka baiwa mace mara mutunci. Bugu da kari, makarantar da kanta ta sami Golden Cross of Merit daga Emperor Franz Joseph . [4] [ Bayanai na 4 ]
Yawanci ta hanyar ayyukan tara kuɗi na Veres, a cikin 1881 makarantar ta ƙaura zuwa manyan wurare, wanda ya ba su damar ba da izinin shiga, a wani wuri a kan titin Zöldfa a Budapest. [4] [9] [10] Veres ya yi ritaya a shekara ta 1889 amma ya kasance mai fafutuka a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan ilimin mata. [3] [6] A shekara ta 1893, makarantar tana da ɗalibai sama da 800, [4] kuma ban da wuraren kwana, an ba da horon makaranta na yau da kullun . [2] [10] Tare da taimakon 'yarta, a tsakiyar shekarun 1890 ta tsara tsarin koyarwa na darussan tattalin arziki na gida ga dalibai. Ta kuma tattara abubuwan da ta samu da na sauran malamai a cikin wani littafi, Tapasztalati lélektan felnőttek számára ( Perctical Psychology for Adults ), wanda aka buga a 1895. [4]
Mutuwa da gado
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Veres ya mutu a ranar 28 ga Satumba 1895 a Váchartyan, Austria-Hungary [1] [6] kuma an binne shi a makabarta a Vanyarc. [3] Ba da daɗewa ba bayan ta mutu, Diet na Hungary ya zartar da doka don shigar da mata zuwa jami'a. [3] [4] A cikin 1896, makarantar 'yan mata da ta kafa ta zama gidan motsa jiki, nau'in makarantar share fage . A shekara ta 1906, an gina wani mutum-mutumi don girmama sadaukarwarta ga ilimin mata a Budapest. [4] Daga baya, titin da makarantar take a kai aka sake masa suna Veres Pálné utca (Pálné Veres Street) don girmama ta. [4]
Bayanan kula
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Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]ambato
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- 1 2 3 Mináč 1982.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 Novohradská Library 2023.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Okoličányová 2021.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Loutfi 2006.
- 1 2 3 Kozák 2019.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Bernád 2017.
- ↑ Nagyová & Šebová 2021.
- ↑ Somogyi 2017.
- 1 2 3 4 5 Gubernatis 1885.
- 1 2 3 4 Mináč 1986.
Littafi Mai Tsarki
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]