Pamela Colman Smith

Pamela Colman Smith
Rayuwa
Haihuwa	Pimlico (en) , 16 ga Faburairu, 1878
ƙasa	Birtaniya
Mazauni	Landan Brooklyn (mul) Manchester Kingston Bude
Mutuwa	Bude, 18 Satumba 1951
Makwanci	Cornwall (mul)
Karatu
Makaranta	Pratt Institute (en)
Harsuna	Turanci
Sana'a
Sana'a	illustrator (en) , mai zanen hoto, marubuci, painter (en) , edita, mai wallafawa da masu kirkira
Sunan mahaifi	Pixie
Imani
Addini	Cocin katolika

Pamela Colman Smith (16 ga Fabrairu 1878 - 16 ga Satumba 1951), wacce aka yi wa laƙabi da "Pixie", ƙwararriyar mai zane ce ta Burtaniya, mai zane, marubuciya, mai wallafa littattafai, kuma mai sihiri . An fi saninta da yin zane-zanen Rider-Waite Tarot (wanda kuma aka sani da Rider-Waite-Smith ko Waite-Smith Tarot) ga Arthur Edward Waite . Wannan tarot ɗin ya zama misali a tsakanin masu karanta katin tarot, kuma ya kasance mafi yawan amfani da shi a yau. Smith ya kuma zana littattafai sama da 20, ya rubuta tarin tatsuniyoyi guda biyu na Jamaica, ya gyara mujallu biyu, sannan ya gudanar da Green Sheaf Press, ƙaramin jarida da ta mayar da hankali kan marubuta mata.

Tarihin Rayuwa

An haifi Smith a 28 Belgrave Road a Pimlico, wani ɓangare na tsakiyar London . Ita kaɗai ce 'ya ga wani ɗan kasuwa daga Brooklyn, New York (kafin ya zama wani ɓangare na Birnin New York ), Charles Edward Smith (ɗan magajin garin Brooklyn Cyrus Porter Smith ), da matarsa Corinne Colman ('yar'uwar mai zane Samuel Colman ). Iyalin sun zauna a Manchester a farkon shekaru goma na rayuwar Smith. A shekara ta 1889, sun ƙaura zuwa Jamaica lokacin da Charles Smith ya ɗauki aiki tare da Kamfanin Inganta Harkokin West India, wata ƙungiyar kuɗi da ke da hannu wajen faɗaɗa tsarin layin dogo na Jamaica . Smiths sun zauna a babban birnin, Kingston, tsawon shekaru da yawa, suna tafiya zuwa London da New York.

A shekarar 1893, Smith ta koma Brooklyn, inda, tana da shekaru 15, ta yi rajista a Cibiyar Pratt, wadda aka kafa shekaru shida da suka gabata. A can ta yi karatun fasaha a ƙarƙashin Arthur Wesley Dow, mai zane, mai yin bugu, mai ɗaukar hoto, da kuma mai koyar da fasaha mai tasiri. Salon zanenta na balaga yana nuna alamun hangen nesa na Alamar Fin-de-siècle da kuma Soyayya ta ƙungiyar Fasaha da Sana'o'i da ta gabata.

A shekarar 1896, lokacin da Smith ke makarantar zane-zane, mahaifiyarta ta mutu a Jamaica. Smith da kanta tana rashin lafiya a kowane lokaci a cikin waɗannan shekarun, kuma a ƙarshe ta bar Pratt ba tare da digiri ba a 1897. Ta zama mai zane-zane; wasu daga cikin ayyukanta na farko sun haɗa da The Illustrated Verses of William Butler Yeats, littafi kan jarumar fim Dame Ellen Terry ta Bram Stoker, da kuma littattafanta guda biyu, Widdicombe Fair da Fair Vanity (wani nuni ga Vanity Fair ).

A shekarar 1899, mahaifinta ya mutu, inda ya bar Smith maraya yana da shekaru 21. Ta koma Ingila a wannan shekarar, ta ci gaba da aiki a matsayin mai zane-zane, sannan ta fara kirkirar zane-zane na wani ƙaramin gidan wasan kwaikwayo. A Landan, an ɗauke ta a ƙarƙashin ƙungiyar Lyceum Theatre ƙarƙashin jagorancin Terry (wanda aka ce ya ba ta laƙabi 'Pixie'), Henry Irving, da Bram Stoker kuma suka yi tafiya tare da su a faɗin ƙasar, suna aiki a kan kayan sawa da tsara dandamali.

Anansi kamar yadda Smith ya ɗauki hotonsa

A shekarar 1901, ta kafa wani situdiyo a Landan kuma ta gudanar da taron buɗe ido na mako-mako ga masu fasaha, marubuta, 'yan wasan kwaikwayo, da sauran waɗanda ke da hannu a cikin zane-zane. Arthur Ransome, wanda a lokacin yake cikin farkon shekarunsa na 20, ya bayyana ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan maraicen "a gida", da kuma da'irar fasaha mai ban sha'awa da ke kewaye da Smith, a cikin fim ɗinsa na Bohemia na 1907 a Landan .

Smith ya rubuta kuma ya zana littattafai biyu game da tatsuniyar Jamaica : Labarun Annancy (1899) da Chim-Chim, Labarun Jama'a daga Jamaica (1905). Waɗannan littattafan sun haɗa da nau'ikan tatsuniyoyin Jamaica da suka shafi fitaccen ɗan Afirka na gargajiya Anansi the Spider. Ta kuma ci gaba da aikin zane-zanenta, tana ɗaukar ayyukan William Butler Yeats da ɗan'uwansa, mai zane Jack Yeats . Ta zana littafin ƙarshe na Bram Stoker, The Lair of the White Tsotson a 1911, da littafin Ellen Terry kan Ballets Russes na Diaghilev, The Russian Ballet a 1913.

Smith ta goyi bayan gwagwarmayar neman 'yancin zaɓe, kuma ta hanyar ƙungiyar masu zane-zane ta Suffrage Atelier, ƙungiyar ƙwararrun masu zane-zane, ta ba da gudummawar zane-zane don haɓaka manufar zaɓen mata a Burtaniya . Smith ta kuma ba da gudummawar ayyukanta na zane-zane da kayan wasan yara ga Red Cross a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya.

A shekarar 1903, Smith ta ƙaddamar da mujallarta a ƙarƙashin taken The Green Sheaf, tare da gudummawar Yeats, Christopher St John ( Christabel Marshall ), Cecil French, AE ( George William Russell ), Gordon Craig (ɗan Ellen Terry), John Todhunter, da sauransu. The Green Sheaf ta rayu na ɗan shekara ɗaya, jimilla bugu 13.

Saboda rashin nasarar kuɗi da The Green Sheaf ta samu, Smith ta mayar da hankalinta ga kafa ƙaramin gidan jarida a Landan. A shekarar 1904, ta kafa The Green Sheaf Press wadda ta buga littattafai iri-iri, waƙoƙi, tatsuniyoyi, da tatsuniyoyi har zuwa aƙalla 1906, galibin marubuta mata ne.

A shekara ta 1907, Alfred Stieglitz ya ba da baje kolin zane-zanen Smith a New York a Little Galleries of the Photo-Secession (wanda kuma aka sani da gallery 291 ), wanda ya sa Smith ya zama mai zane na farko da ya yi wani baje koli a abin da har zuwa lokacin yake a wani gidan tarihi da aka keɓe musamman ga mai daukar hoto na gaba . Stieglitz ta yi sha'awar fahimtar Smith game da yadda yake ji ; a wannan lokacin, Smith zai zana wahayi da suka zo mata yayin da take sauraron kiɗa. Nunin ya yi nasara sosai har Stieglitz ya fitar da fayil ɗin buga platinum na zane-zanenta 22 kuma ya nuna mata aikinta sau biyu, a 1908 da 1909. Wasu ayyukan Smith waɗanda ba su sayar ba sun kasance tare da Stieglitz kuma sun ƙare a cikin Taskar Stieglitz/ Georgia O'Keeffe a Jami'ar Yale .

Pamela Colman Smith, Mage Mai Shuɗi (1907), ruwan launi a kan allo na takarda

Yeats ta gabatar da Smith ga Tsarin Hermetic na Golden Dawn, wanda ta shiga a shekarar 1901 kuma a cikin wannan tsari ta haɗu da Arthur Edward Waite. Lokacin da Golden Dawn ta rabu saboda rikice-rikicen halayen mutum, Smith ya koma tare da Waite zuwa Tsarin Independent da Rectified na Golden Dawn (ko Holy Order of the Golden Dawn). A cikin 1909, Waite ya umarci Smith da ya samar da tsarin tarot wanda ke jan hankalin duniyar fasaha, kuma sakamakon shine tsarin tarot na Waite-Smith na musamman. William Rider & Son of London ne suka buga shi, ya kasance a matsayin tsarin tarot mafi shahara a duniya mai katunan 78. Katunan kirkire-kirkire suna nuna cikakkun yanayi tare da siffofi da alamomi akan duk katunan ciki har da pips, kuma zane-zane na musamman na Smith sun zama tushen ƙirar fakiti da yawa daga baya.

Baya ga ayyukan zane-zane na littattafai da kuma tarot deck, fasaharta ba ta da wani tasiri ga shagunan kasuwanci bayan nasararta ta farko tare da Stieglitz a New York. Ɗan uwanta, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na Amurka Sherlock Holmes William Gillette, ya tattara misalai da dama na ayyukanta na gouache, kuma ana iya samun su a yau a cikin ginin gidansa da ke Connecticut.

A shekara ta 1911, Smith ta koma addinin Katolika na Roman. Bayan ƙarshen Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya, Smith ta sami gado daga wani kawunta wanda ya ba ta damar hayar gida a yankin Lizard da ke Cornwall, wani yanki da masu fasaha suka shahara da shi. Don samun kuɗi, ta kafa gidan hutu ga firistocin Katolika a wani gida maƙwabci. Abokiyarta ta daɗe, Nora Lake, ta haɗu da ita a Cornwall kuma ta taimaka wajen gudanar da gidan hutu.

Bayan shekaru da dama na matsalar kuɗi, Smith ya bar Lizard ya fara ƙaura zuwa Exeter a 1939, sannan ya koma Bude a farkon shekarun 1940. Duk da cewa ta ci gaba da rubutu da zane-zane, ba ta sami damar samun masu wallafawa don aikinta ba, wataƙila saboda canje-canje a cikin sha'awar jama'a bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya.

Smith ta mutu a gidanta da ke Bencoolen House a Bude a ranar 18 ga Satumba, 1951. An yi gwanjon kadarorinta don biyan basussukanta. Ba a san inda kabarinta yake ba, amma akwai yiwuwar an binne ta a cikin wani kabari da ba a yi wa alama ba a Makabartar St. Michael da ke Bude.

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  Fosta ta zamanin Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya ta Smith, tana ƙarfafa mutane su sayi bulldog, tare da kuɗin da za a samu zai amfani sojoji
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  Mujallar The Green Sheaf, fitowa ta 1, mujallar adabi ce da Smith ya shirya kuma ya buga

Waite-Smith Tarot

Katin "The Fool" daga Waite-Smith Tarot

Zane-zane 78 da suka haɗa da Waite-Smith Tarot "suna wakiltar batutuwa na gargajiya waɗanda kowannensu ya zama hanyar shiga wani yanki na alamu da alamomi marasa ganuwa, waɗanda ake kyautata zaton ana bi ta hanyar hanyoyin duba." Su ayyukan fasaha ne na asali kuma na musamman dangane da salon katunan, zane-zane, da kuma tsarinsu, wanda babban nasara ce ta kyau. Su ne ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun misalai na tunanin Smith don tatsuniya, wauta, farin ciki, mutuwa, da kuma mummunan yanayi.

An yi wa bene mai ɗauke da zane-zanen Smith lakabi da Katunan Tarot, waɗanda Rider ya fara bugawa a Ingila a watan Disamba na 1909, kuma an yi masa lakabi da Katunan Tarot ne kawai, tare da jagorar Maɓallin Tarot ta Arthur Edward Waite. An sabunta jagorarsa a shekara mai zuwa tare da zane-zanen baƙi da fari na Smith, kuma an sake buga su a matsayin Maɓallin Hotuna ga Tarot .

Wasannin Amurka sun sami haƙƙin buga benen a shekarar 1971, wanda aka fitar daban-daban kamar The Rider Tarot Deck, kawai Rider Tarot, da Rider Waite Tarot . Dangane da bambance-bambancen da ke cikin dokar haƙƙin mallaka ta Amurka da Burtaniya, ana jayayya kan girman haƙƙin mallaka a cikin benen Waite-Smith. Masana na baya-bayan nan, waɗanda suka fahimci mahimmancin gudummawar Smith, galibi suna kiran benen da Waite-Smith Tarot, yayin da wasu suka fi son taƙaitaccen bayani na RWS, don Rider-Waite-Smith.

A cikin ƙarni tun lokacin da aka fara buga teburin, an buga bugu da dama da mawallafa daban-daban suka fitar; wasu daga cikinsu an sake zana zane-zanen Smith ta wasu masu fasaha, wasu kuma an sake ɗaukar hotunan katunan don ƙirƙirar sabbin faranti na bugawa. An sake yin launin iri-iri saboda launin yana da tsauri a cikin teburin asali, saboda iyakokin bugawar launi a lokacin. Misali ɗaya shine Tarot na Albano-Waite na 1968, wanda ke da launuka masu haske da aka lulluɓe akan zane-zanen alkalami da tawada iri ɗaya. Wasu bugu na Wasannin Amurka na baya-bayan nan sun cire taken Smith da aka zana da hannu ga kowane kati, suna maye gurbin rubutu a cikin nau'in rubutu na yau da kullun. Gabaɗaya, waɗannan katunan sun ƙunshi cikakken kewayon daga bugu bisa ga bugu na asali zuwa bene wanda a mafi yawan lokuta ana iya kiransa 'wahayi' ta hanyar benen Waite-Smith.

Sau da yawa ana ambaton Waite a matsayin wanda ya tsara Tarot na Waite-Smith, amma zai fi dacewa a ɗauke shi a matsayin rabin ƙungiyar ƙira, tare da alhakin manyan manufofi, tsarin katunan mutum ɗaya, da kuma tsarin alama gaba ɗaya. Saboda Waite ba mai fasaha ba ne da kansa, ya ba Smith umarnin ƙirƙirar ainihin bene.

Wataƙila Smith ya yi aiki daga umarnin Waite da na baki maimakon daga zane-zane; wato, daga cikakkun bayanai na zane-zanen da ake so. Wannan shine yadda masu zane-zane ke aiki sau da yawa, kuma a matsayin mai zane-zane na kasuwanci, Smith wataƙila ya ji daɗin irin wannan aikin. Da alama Waite ya ba da cikakkun bayanai musamman ko musamman ga Manyan Arcana, da kuma jerin ma'anoni masu sauƙi na Ƙananan Arcana ko katunan 'pip'. Don haka abubuwan da ba za a manta da su na Ƙananan Arcana sun dogara ne akan ƙirƙirar Smith. Ƙananan Arcana suna ɗaya daga cikin manyan nasarorin wannan bene, kamar yadda yawancin tsoffin bene na tarot, musamman waɗanda suka fito daga nau'in Marseilles, suna da katunan pip masu sauƙi. Zane-zanen Smith na Ƙananan Arcana, tare da alamunsu masu wadata, sun sanya bene na Waite-Smith ya zama samfurin da aka kwaikwayi sosai ga sauran bene na tarot.

Smith da Waite sun yi amfani da hanyoyi da dama a matsayin wahayi ga zane-zanen benen. Musamman ma, da alama Waite ya ɗauki wahayinsa ga manyan abubuwan da suka faru galibi daga Tarot na Faransa na Marseilles . Tsohon kwanan wata daga ƙarni na 16, tare da samfurinsa wataƙila benen Marseilles ne daga ƙarni na 18. Ba zai yiwu ba a yi amfani da sauran benen tarot na Italiya irin na Marseilles daga ƙarni na 18 ko 19 a matsayin ƙarin samfura. Ga pips, da alama Smith ya zana galibi akan tarot na Italiya na Sola Busca na ƙarni na 15; misali, 3 na Takobi, yana nuna daidaito tsakanin benen biyu a sarari. Bugu da ƙari, akwai shaida cewa wasu siffofi a cikin benen hotunan abokan Smith ne, musamman 'yan wasan kwaikwayo Ellen Terry ( Sarauniyar Wands ) da Florence Farr ( Duniya ).

Smith ya kammala zane-zanen benen a cikin watanni shida tsakanin Afrilu da Oktoba 1909. Wannan ɗan gajeren lokaci ne ga mai zane ya kammala hotuna kusan 80, lambar da Smith ya yi iƙirarin yi a cikin wasiƙar da ya aika wa Stieglitz a 1909 kuma ta yi daidai da tsarin bene na tarot mai katunan 78. An yi zane-zanen da alkalami da tawada, wataƙila a kan fensir mai tushe; zane-zanen asali sun ɓace don haka ba za a iya tantance wannan da tabbas a yanzu ba. Smith ne ya yi musu fenti da ruwan launi ko kuma wani ya yi musu fenti bayan haka.

Nunin bayan mutuwa

An gudanar da baje kolin ga dukkan masu imani—Fasaha ta Pamela Colman Smith a Amurka a shekarar 1975, wanda Jami'ar Delaware da Gidan Tarihi na Delaware suka dauki nauyin daukar nauyinsa tare da hadin gwiwar kungiyar Victorian a Amurka reshen Delaware. An gudanar da baje kolin a Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Delaware daga ranar 11 ga Satumba zuwa 19 ga Oktoba, da kuma a Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha, Jami'ar Princeton, daga ranar 4 ga Nuwamba zuwa 7 ga Disamba.

An gudanar da wani baje koli, Georgia O'Keeffe and the Women of the Stieglitz Circle, a tsakanin 2007–2008. An yi shi ne a gidajen tarihi guda uku: Gidan Tarihi na Georgia O'Keeffe da ke Santa Fe, New Mexico; Babban Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha a Atlanta, Georgia; da Gidan Tarihi na San Diego da ke San Diego, California. Nunin ya haɗa da ayyukan Smith da sauran mata masu fasaha waɗanda suka kasance masu himma a fagen fasaha da daukar hoto kafin O'Keeffe. Ayyukansu sun taimaka wajen sanya fasahar O'Keeffe cikin yanayin lokacin. Nunin ya dogara ne akan littafin ilimi mai suna Modernism and the Feminine Voice: O'Keeffe and the Women of the Stieglitz Circle na Kathleen Pyne, wanda ya ƙunshi babi kan Smith.

Ɗakunan karatu na Cibiyar Pratt ta Cibiyar Brooklyn sun hau baje kolin Pamela Colman Smith: Rayuwa da Aiki a shekarar 2019, wanda ya haɗa da littattafai, kwafi, kwafi na zane-zane da zane-zane, katunan tarot, da hotuna.

Nazarin ilimi

A shekarar 2022, rayuwar Smith da ayyukansa sun zama jigon littafin Sarauniyar Wands: Labarin Pamela Colman Smith, Mai Zane a Bayan Mai Rider-Waite Tarot Deck, wani zane mai zane na tarihin rayuwa ta Cat Willett.