Jump to content

Panthera spelaea

Daga Wikipedia, Insakulofidiya ta kyauta.
Panthera spelaea
Scientific classification
ClassMammalia (mul) Mammalia
OrderCarnivora (mul) Carnivora
DangiFelidae (mul) Felidae
GenusPanthera (mul) Panthera
jinsi Panthera spelaea
Goldfuss, 1810

Panthera spelaea, wanda aka fi sani da zakin kogon (ko kasa da haka a matsayin zaki na steppe ), wani nau'in Panthera ne wanda ya kasance daga Eurasia da arewa maso yammacin Arewacin Amirka a lokacin zamanin Pleistocene . Binciken kwayoyin halitta na tsohuwar DNA ya nuna cewa yayin da yake da alaƙa, wani nau'i ne na musamman wanda ya keɓe daga zakin zamani ( Panthera leo ), [1] tare da bambancin jinsin tsakanin nau'in biyu da aka kiyasta a kusan shekaru 500,000 da suka wuce. [2]


Ya yi kama da zakoki masu rai tare da rigar Jawo mai launin rawaya-launin toka ko da yake ba kamar zakoki na zamani ba, maza da alama ba su da makin. Ko zakunan kogo sun rayu a cikin ƙungiyoyin jama'a kamar zakoki masu rai ba tabbas, amma galibi ana ba da shawarar cewa sun kasance kaɗai kaɗai, kama da damisa masu rai. [3]

Panthera spelaea ta yi hulɗa da Neanderthals da mutane na zamani, waɗanda suka yi amfani da fatarsu kuma game da ƙarshen, sun nuna su a cikin ayyukan fasaha.

Zaki na kogo sun ƙare kimanin shekaru 13,000 da suka gabata a matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙarshen ƙarshen Pleistocene, ainihin dalilin da ba a sani ba, kodayake canjin yanayi, canje-canje a cikin yawan ganima, da gasa tare da wasu masu cin nama da mutane an ba da shawarar su a matsayin yiwuwar abubuwan haifar da hakan.[4]

Research history and taxonomy

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Cave lion skull exhibited in the Muséum de Toulouse, France

A shekara ta 1774, Johan Friedrich Esper ya kawo hankalin kimiyya ga Kogin Zoolithenhöhle kusa da ƙauyen Burggaillenreuth a Bavaria, kudancin Jamus, wanda ya fahimci cewa ƙasusuwan da suka ƙare sun kasance a cikin kogon.[5] A cikin 1810, Georg August Goldfuss ya ba da wani burbushin burbushin daga kogon Sunan kimiyya Felis spelaea . Wataƙila ya kasance ne a lokacin Glacial na Ƙarshe.[6][1][4]

Several anatomical studies of remains of Panthera spelaea were conducted during the early-mid 19th century, who found the morphology of the species most similar to lions, tigers and jaguars. A monograph by W. Dawkins and W. Sandford studying P. spelaea published in 1868 found that it had closest affinities with the modern lion. At the end of the 19th century, the earliest remains of P. spelaea from Siberia were reported by M. Tschersky, who mistook them for those of a tiger.[5] During the 20th century and the first decade of the 21st century, Panthera spelaea was often regarded as a subspecies of the modern lion, and therefore as Panthera leo spelaea.[7][8][1] However, other authors considered the cave lion to be more closely related to the tiger,[5] based in part on a comparison of skull shapes, with some proposing that it should be considered a subspecies of the tiger as Panthera tigris spelaea.[9] Analysis of cave lion mitochondrial genomes published in 2004 supported the modern lion as the closest relative of P. spelaea,[1] with this result being later confirmed by analysis of the nuclear genome.[2] Results from morphological studies showed that it is distinct in cranial and dental anatomy to justify the specific status of Panthera spelaea.[10][11] Results of genetic studies also support this assessment.[12][13][14]

A cikin 2001, an gabatar da nau'ikan nau'ikan Panthera spelaea vereshchagini don samfurori bakwai da aka samu a Siberiya da Yukon, waɗanda ke da ƙananan kwanyar kai da hakora fiye da matsakaicin P. spelaea . [15] Kafin 2020, nazarin kwayoyin halitta ta amfani da DNA na d ¯ a ya ba da wata shaida game da takamaiman matsayinsu; Sa hannun DNA daga P. spelaea daga Turai da Alaska ba a iya bambanta su ba, yana nuna babban yawan jama'a . [13] [16] Duk da haka, nazarin jerin kwayoyin halittar mitochondrial daga 31 kogon zakuna ya nuna cewa sun fada cikin nau'i biyu na monophyletic . Ɗayan ya rayu a yammacin Turai kuma ɗayan an iyakance shi ga Beringia a lokacin Pleistocene . Saboda wannan dalili, ana ɗaukar yawan Beringian a matsayin nau'i na musamman, P. s. vereshchagini . [16] [17]

Juyin Halitta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Felids pantherine mai kama da zaki ya fara bayyana a cikin Kogin Olduvai na Tanzaniya kimanin 1.7 ku 1.2 miliyan shekaru da suka wuce . Wadannan kuliyoyi sun watse zuwa Eurasia daga Gabashin Afirka a kusa da ƙarshen Pleistocene na Farko da farkon Pleistocene ta Tsakiya, wanda ya haifar da burbushin Panthera . Kasusuwan burbushin burbushin P. mafi dadewa da aka yarda da su a Turai sun kai kusan shekaru 700,000-600,000 da suka gabata, irin su daga Pakefield a Ingila, [18] [19] [20] [21] tare da yiwuwar tsofaffin burbushin burbushin halittu daga Yammacin Siberia zuwa marigayi Early Pleistocene, [22] tare da binciken 2024 na baya-bayan nan da suka gabata a Spain. Pleistocene a kusa da shekaru ɗaya da samfurin Siberiya. [23] Mawallafa daban-daban sunyi la'akari da burbushin Panthera a matsayin ko dai jinsin jinsin kakannin P. spelaea, [24] ko kuma a matsayin nau'i na P. spelaea . [21] [25] Shaidar kwayoyin halittar nukiliya na baya-bayan nan sun nuna cewa bambance-bambance tsakanin zakuna na zamani da duk zakin burbushin Eurasian ya faru har zuwa shekaru 500,000 da suka gabata, amma ta hanyar 470,000 shekaru da suka gabata, ba a sami bambance-bambance tsakanin zuriyar biyu ba. [18] [1] [2]Samfuri:CladeZuwan burbushin halittu na Panthera (spelaea) a Turai wani bangare ne na juyin juya hali a kusa da sauyin Pleistocene na Farko-Tsakiya wanda yawancin nau'ikan da ke nuna tsohon Villafranchian ya mutu. A cikin ƙungiyar masu cin nama, wannan musamman ya haɗa da katuwar hyena Pachycrocuta da sabertooth cat Megantereon . Bayan zuwan Panthera (spelaea) burbushin halittu na zaki mai girman sabertooth cat Homotherium da "Jaguar Turai" Panthera gombaszoegensis ya zama mai wuyar gaske, [23] a ƙarshe ya zama bace a Turai a lokacin ƙarshen Pleistocene na tsakiya, tare da gasar tare da zakuna da shawarar zama wani abu mai mahimmanci. [26] [27]

Misalai masu tsaka-tsaki tsakanin P. fossilis da Late Pleistocene P. spelaea ana kiran su da ƙananan nau'ikan P. s. tsaka-tsaki . [19] Sauyi daga P. fossilis zuwa Late Pleistocene P. spelaea yana nuna raguwa mai yawa a cikin girman jiki, da kuma canje-canje a cikin kwanyar kwanyar da hakora. [28] Bayanan jerin DNA na mitochondrial daga burbushin burbushin halittu sun nuna cewa zaki na Amurka yana wakiltar ƙungiyar 'yar'uwar Late Pleistocene P. spelaea, kuma mai yiwuwa ya tashi lokacin da farkon P. spelaea ya zama ware a kudancin Cordilleran Ice Sheet . Da farko an nuna wannan ya kasance a kusa da 340,000 shekaru da suka wuce, [13] amma daga baya binciken ya nuna cewa rabuwa tsakanin nau'in nau'i biyu ya kasance ƙananan ƙananan, a kusa da 165,000 shekaru da suka wuce, daidai da farkon bayyanar P. spelaea a gabashin Beringia (yanzu Alaska da yankunan da ke kusa) a lokacin Illinois (kimanin shekaru 190-000). [29]

Bayani

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Zakoki da bison da aka kwatanta a cikin kogon Chauvet, Faransa [30]

Zane-zane da zane-zanen kogo na zakunan kogo, waɗanda aka gano a cikin kogon Lascaux da Chauvet a Faransa, waɗanda ke da alaƙa da Upper Paleolithic . [30] Wani zane a cikin kogon Chauvet ya nuna zakuna kogo guda biyu suna tafiya tare. Wanda ke gaba yana da ɗan ƙarami fiye da na baya, wanda aka zana shi da ƙugiya kuma ba tare da maniyyi ba. [31] Irin waɗannan zane-zanen kogon suna nuna cewa zakunan kogo na maza gaba ɗaya ba su da mashin, ko kuma galibi suna da ƙananan mayu. [4]

Girman kwatankwacin samfurori daban-daban da aka danganta ga zuriyar P. spelaea / fossilis wanda ya fara daga farkon tsakiyar Pleistocene (1) zuwa ƙarshen Late Pleistocene (5) [lower-alpha 1] yana nuna babban matakin bambancin girman da raguwa girman jiki gaba ɗaya ta hanyar lokaci. Scale bar don kwanyar = 10 centimeters (3.9 in)
Girman kwatanta na tsakiyar Pleistocene <i id="mwAX0">Panthera</i> ( <i id="mwAX4">spelaea</i> ) <i id="mwAX8">burbushin halittu</i> da Late Pleistocene Panthera spelaea idan aka kwatanta da mutum.

Mambobin farko na zuriyar zaki na kogon da aka sanya wa burbushin halittu na Panthera <i id="mwAYY">(</i> <i id="mwAYU">spelaea</i> ) a lokacin Pleistocene ta Tsakiya sun fi girma fiye da daidaikun mutanen P. spelaea daga Zamanin Glacial na Ƙarshe da kuma zakuna na zamani, tare da wasu daga cikin waɗannan mutane suna da kimanin tsawon 2.5–2.9 metres (8.2–9.5 ft), tsayin kafada na 1.4–1.5 metres (4.6–4.9 ft) da nauyin jiki na 400–500 kilograms (880–1,100 lb), bi da bi, sanya su cikin manyan kuliyoyi da suka taɓa rayuwa. Late Pleistocene Panthera spelaea spelaea ya kasance ƙarami sosai duk da cewa har yanzu yana da girma dangane da kuliyoyi masu rai, tare da kiyasin tsayin 2–2.1 metres (6.6–6.9 ft) da tsayin kafada na 1.1–1.2 metres (3.6–3.9 ft), bi da bi, Dabbobin sun nuna raguwar girman ci gaba a tsawon lokacin Glacial na Ƙarshe har zuwa ƙarshensa, tare da yawan mutanen P. spelaea na ƙarshe da aka kwatanta da girman ƙananan zakoki na zamani, tare da nauyin jiki kawai 70–90 kilograms (150–200 lb), tsayin jiki na 1.2–1.3 metres (3.9–4.3 ft) da tsayin kafada na 70–75 centimetres (2.30–2.46 ft) bi da bi. [25] [32]

'P. Spilaea' yana da ɗan gajeren ƙuƙwalwa idan aka kwatanta da na zaki mai rai, tare da yankin zygomatic yana da ƙarfi sosai, tare da hakoran carnassial suna da bambance-bambance a cikin yanayin cusp (yana nuna shirye-shirye). Kamar zakuna na zamani, mata sun fi maza karami.[33] Idan aka kwatanta da burbushin P. (spelaea) na baya, Late Pleistocene P. spelaea spelaea ya bambanta (ban da bambance-bambance masu girman da aka ambata a baya) a cikin samun manyan hakora masu laushi, mafi ƙanƙanta da ƙanƙara, da kuma ƙanƙanin sama da ƙasa na uku da na huɗu, waɗanda ke nuna wasu bambance-mbance a cikin yanayin cusp, tare da ƙancin farko ya fi ƙanƙata kuma ya fi tsayi.[25] Orbites (sockets na ido) na P. spelaea spelaea suma sun fi girma kuma ƙuƙwalwar ƙanƙara idan aka kwatanta da burbushin P. (spelaea), tare da yankin hanci kuma yana da ƙanƙanta, yayin da yankunan postorbital da mastoid na kwanyar sun fi faɗi, tare da bullae na tympanic suna da kumbura.

A cikin 2016, gashin da aka gano a kusa da kogin Maly Ayuy an gano shi a matsayin gashin zaki na kogo ta hanyar nazarin DNA . Kwatanta da gashin zaki na zamani ya nuna cewa gashin zaki mai yiwuwa ya yi kama da na zaki na zamani, ko da yake ya ɗan yi haske. Bugu da kari, zakin kogon ana tunanin yana da rigar kauri mai kauri da yawa wanda ya hada da rufaffiyar gashi mai kauri daga rawaya zuwa fari tare da karamin gashin gadi masu launin duhu, maiyuwa dacewa da yanayin zamanin Ice Age . [34] Yayin da launin gashin gashi na yara ya kasance rawaya, manyan zakuna na kogo ana ba da shawarar sun yi launin toka. [17]

Rarraba da wurin zama

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Zakunan kogo suna ciyar da barewa a cikin shimfidar wuri mai faɗi a arewacin Spain wanda ya haɗa da karkanda masu ulu, mammoth mai ulu da dokin daji . Art ta Mauricio Antón

A lokacin Glacial na Ƙarshe, P. spelaea ya kafa yawan jama'a a fadin mammoth steppe, daga Yammacin Turai zuwa arewa maso yammacin Arewacin Amirka. [4] [35] An rarraba shi sosai a cikin Iberian Peninsula, [36] Italiyanci, Kudu maso Gabashin Turai, [37] Biritaniya, [4] Tsakiyar Turai, [38] [39] [40] Filin Gabashin Turai, [4] tsaunin Ural, [41] [42] yi nisa zuwa kudu maso gabas da Sin Tsibirin Koriya [43] ), da kuma ƙetare gadar Bering zuwa Alaska, Yukon, [4] da yiwuwar Alberta . [44] Zakin kogon yana da nisa mai faɗin tsayi, wanda aka gano ya kai sama da 2,000 metres (6,600 ft) sama da matakin teku a cikin Alps na Turai da Buryatia a Arewacin Asiya, kodayake wataƙila ba su mamaye wuraren tsaunuka ba duk shekara. [45]

Wataƙila zakin kogon ya kasance mafi yawan wuraren buɗaɗɗe kamar su ciyayi da ciyayi ko da yake da ma ya faru a buɗaɗɗen ciyayi kuma. [4] Yayin da lokacin Glacial na Ƙarshe ya kasance sau da yawa yana haɗuwa da yanayin sanyi, nau'in kuma yana zaune a wurare masu zafi, [46] kamar a Turai a lokacin Ƙarshen Interglacial / Eemiyan . [47]

Ilimin nazarin halittu

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Ilimin halittu

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Zakin kogo tare da barewa, wanda Heinrich Harder ya zana [48]

P. spelaea ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin nau'in dutse mai mahimmanci na mammoth steppe, kasancewa ɗaya daga cikin manyan mafarauta tare da kerkeci mai launin toka, hyena kogo da bear mai launin ruwan kasa . [49] An tono kasusuwa masu yawa na P. spelaea a cikin kogo, inda aka gano kasusuwan hyena, kogon kogo da kuma kayan tarihi na Paleolithic . [50] [51] Duk da sunansu na kowa, "zakin kogo" mai yiwuwa ne kawai idan an taɓa yin amfani da kogo, kuma suna cikin yankunan da kogo ba su nan. Wasu daga cikin irin wannan tarin kasusuwan zaki na kogo a cikin ramukan kurayen ana alakanta su da arangama tsakanin kurayen kogo da zakin kogo kan gawawwakin, tare da kashe ragowar zakin kogo a wadannan arangama daga baya aka kai su ramuka. [52] [53]

Binciken isotopic na samfuran collagen na kashi da aka samo daga ragowar a Turai [54] [49] da kuma Gabashin Beringia [55] sun nuna cewa reindeer ya kasance sananne a cikin abincin zakoki na kogo a cikin waɗannan yankuna a lokacin Glacial na ƙarshe. [49] Zakunan kogo kuma da alama sun yi wa ƴan ƴaƴan kogo, [49] [54] tare da manya kogon kogon kuma ana iya kaiwa aƙalla wani lokaci. [32] Binciken Isotopic na sauran samfurori na Turai yana nuna abinci ciki har da doki daji, woolly mammoth da kogon kogo ga waɗannan mutane. [49] Wataƙila ya nemi beyar da ke cikin kogon montane a matsayin tushen abinci a lokacin hunturu. [56] Alamun cizon da aka samu akan kasusuwan giwaye masu kai-tsaye a Neumark Nord, Jamus, sun hadu da Interglacial na karshe, an nuna su zama sakamakon zakin kogo. [57]

Mummy na Blue Babe, wani mutum mai suna Steppe Bison mai shekaru 36,000 da aka gano a Alaska tare da alamun farata a bayansa da huda hakora a fatarsa, wanda ke nuna cewa zaki kogo ne ya kashe bison. [58]

Sauran nau'in ganima da za a iya samu su ne manyan barewa, jajayen barewa, muskox, aurochs, masu hikima, bison bison, da ƙananan karkanda . Yana yiwuwa ya yi gasa don ganima tare da damisa na Turai, kurayen kogo, berayen launin ruwan kasa da kyarkeci masu launin toka a cikin Eurasia, [59] tare da beyar gajeriyar fuska, da sabertooth cat Homotherium, da Wolves Beringian a Beringia . [49]

Halin zamantakewa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Ko zakunan kogo sun kasance masu girma kamar zakuna na zamani ba a sani ba. [17] Sabol da Puzachenko a cikin takarda na 2024 sun bayyana cewa zakoki na kogon "ana tunanin" sun kasance kadai, amma "ra'ayoyin wannan sun bambanta" kuma tambayar ta kasance a bude. [3] Wasu masana, irin su Guthrie suna jayayya cewa zaki na kogon ya rayu shi kadai ko kuma a cikin ƙananan ƙungiyoyin iyali, bisa ga rashin ma'aikata (wanda ke da mahimmanci ga tsarin zamantakewa na zakuna na zamani) wanda aka nuna akan zane-zane na Paleolithic. [17] Yamaguichi da abokan aikinsa sun soki wannan hujja, sun bayar da hujjar cewa bullowar rukunin da ke zaune a cikin zakuna mai yiwuwa ya kasance kafin rabuwa tsakanin zakuna kogo da zakuna na zamani da kuma juyin halittar mane a cikin zakuna na zamani. A gefe guda, mawallafa sun yi jayayya da gregariousness ta hanyar jima'i dimorphism. Dimorphism na jima'i a cikin girman canine yana nuna zakuna kogo suna da kamanceceniya ta jima'i ga zakuna, kuma a cikin mahallin juyin halitta na iya nuna cewa sun rayu cikin rukuni bisa ga Yamaguichi da abokan aiki. [31] Boeskorov da abokan aikinsu sun ba da shawarar cewa mafi girman dimorphism na jima'i da aka gani a cikin zakoki na kogo na iya nuna cewa sun rayu cikin girman kai. Duk da haka sun yarda cewa babu isassun shaidun da za su ƙare kan tsarin zamantakewar su. [17] Akasin haka, Valkenburgh da Sacco sun yi gargadin cewa dimorphism na jima'i ba hanya ce mai dogara don ƙayyade halin rukuni ba, kamar yadda damisa ma suna da jima'i na jima'i a cikin girman canine amma suna rayuwa ne kawai. [60]

Binciken da Hervé Bocherens da abokan aikinsa suka yi a kan kogon zakuna ya kai su ga nuna cewa zakin kogon na iya zama kadaitaka, saboda zakin kogon da ke canza abincinsu bayan bacewar kurayen, gawawwakin kurayen kuma suna cinye kurayen, yana nuna cewa sun kasance cikin gasa mai gasa, kuma tarwatsewar bayanai tsakanin daidaikun mutane ne. [54] [49] [61] A cikin tsaunin tsaunuka da wuraren tsaunuka masu tsayi, zakuna kogo na iya zama su kaɗai ko farauta a cikin ma'aurata, kamar zakuna na yau. Zakuna sukan yi farautar girman kai a tsayin da ke ƙasa da mita 1,500, amma a cikin tsaunuka masu tsayi, suna zama kaɗai ko farauta a cikin ma'aurata. Wannan dabi'ar da aka tsara na zakin kogo ya sami goyon baya daga rabon maza da mata daga Moravian Karst kasancewa 1:1. [56] [62]

Dangantaka da mutane

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

  Bayan zuwan mutanen zamani zuwa Turai a cikin Upper Paleolithic, sun zana zane-zane na kogo na zakuna, sun zana kamanninsu a kan ƙasusuwa kuma sun ƙirƙira zane-zanen su, gami da sanannen zaki mai ɗan adam ( Löwenmensch) daga kogon Hohlenstein-Stadel a Jamus wanda ke da kusan shekaru 41-35 da shugaban jikin mutum. Ƙwayoyin zaki na kogo tare da ramukan ramuka ƙila an sa su azaman kayan ado na sirri. [63] An samo duwatsun da aka yi wa ado tare da zane-zane masu wakiltar zakuna kogo a kudancin Italiya. [64] Mutanen zamani kuma kamar Neanderthals sun yi amfani da pelts, kamar yadda aka nuna ta phalanges da aka samu a rukunin La Garma a Spain dangane da Magdalenian, kusan shekaru 16,800 da suka wuce. [65] Wasu kasusuwa na zakoki na kogo da aka samu a cikin Upper Paleolithic layers (irin su Aurignacian da Gravettian ) na Swabian Jura na kudancin Jamus suna nuna alamar yankewa da gyare-gyare a cikin kayan aiki, wanda zai iya wakiltar shaida na farauta, ko da yake shaidar zakin farauta na kogon farauta ta mutanen zamani a lokacin Upper Paleolithic ba a sani ba. [65]

Kashewa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Radiocarbon Dating yana nuna cewa nau'in ya ɓace kusan lokaci guda a cikin kewayon sa a cikin 'yan shekaru dubun da suka gabata na Late Pleistocene, kimanin shekaru 14-15,000 da suka wuce, mai yiwuwa ya rayu kusan shekaru 1000 daga baya a cikin yankin gabas ta Arewa mai nisa na Arewacin Amurka. Wannan lokacin yayi daidai da farkon lokacin zafi na Bølling-Allerød Interstadial da sakamakon rugujewar yanayin yanayin mammoth steppe . Ba a san takamaiman dalilin da ya sa ya bace ba, amma mai yiwuwa ya haɗa da sauyin yanayi daga buɗaɗɗen wuraren zama zuwa dazuzzukan da aka rufe, da sauye-sauyen yawan ganima, da kuma tasirin ɗan adam, ko da yake yana da wuya a warware ainihin musabbabin bacewarsa. [4] Gasa tare da kyarkeci na iya zama muhimmiyar mahimmanci a cikin lalacewa. [32] Zakunan kogo sun bayyana sun sha fama da matsalar yawan jama'a wanda ya rage bambancin jinsin su tsakanin shekaru 47,000 zuwa 18,000 da suka wuce, mai yiwuwa a kalla a wani bangare na rashin kwanciyar hankali. [66]

Ƙarshen ya zama wani ɓangare na babban taron ƙarewar Pleistocene, wanda yawancin manyan dabbobi masu shayarwa a duniya suka zama bace, ciki har da manyan masu cin nama. [67]

Mummified samfurori

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A shekara ta 2008, an gano wani samfurin zaki na kogon da ya balaga da kyau a kusa da kogin Maly Anyuy a Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, wanda har yanzu yana riƙe da wasu guntun gashi. [68]

"Sparta", 'yar shekara 28,000 da aka yi wa zakin kogon zakin mummed daga bakin kogin Semyuelyakh a Siberiya. [17]

A shekarar 2015, an gano wasu ’ya’yan zaki biyu masu daskararre, wadanda aka kiyasta suna tsakanin shekaru 25,000 zuwa 55,000, kusa da kogin Uyandina a Yakutia, Siberiya a cikin permafrost . Sakamakon bincike ya nuna cewa 'ya'yan sun yi kusan mako guda a lokacin mutuwarsu, saboda haƙoran madara ba su cika fitowa ba. Wasu karin bayanai sun nuna cewa an boye yaran a wani rami har sai da suka yi karfin da za su bi mahaifiyarsu zuwa ga girman kai, kamar yadda ake yi da zakuna na zamani. Masu bincike sun yi imanin cewa, an kama yaran ne sakamakon zaftarewar kasa, kuma rashin iskar oxygen da ke karkashin kasa ya hana su rubewa kuma ya ba da damar adana yaran a cikin yanayi mai kyau. An shirya balaguro na biyu zuwa wurin da aka gano ’ya’yan a shekarar 2016, da fatan gano ko dai ragowar ’ya’ya na uku ko kuma watakila mahaifiyar yaran.

A cikin 2017, an gano wani samfurin daskararre, wanda ake tunanin ɗan zaki ne, a Yakutia da ke gabar kogin Tirekhtyakh ( Russian ), wani tributary na kogin Indigirka . An yi tunanin cewa wannan dan jaririn ya girmi 'ya'yan 2015 a lokacin mutuwarsa; an kiyasta ya kai kusan wata daya da rabi zuwa biyu. A cikin 2018, an gano wani gawar ɗan yaro da aka adana a wani wuri 15 m (49 ft) zuwa. An yi la'akarin yana da kusan wata guda lokacin da ya mutu kusan shekaru 50,000 da suka wuce, kuma an ɗauka cewa ɗan'uwan ɗan'uwan namiji ne. Duk da haka, haɗin gwiwar carbon ya nuna su sun rayu kimanin shekaru 15,000, tare da mace an kiyasta cewa ta rayu shekaru 28,000 da suka wuce, kuma namiji 43,448 shekaru da suka wuce. [69] Dukan 'ya'yan biyu an kiyaye su da kyau, duk da cewa suna da 'yan lalacewa, tare da mace mai yiwuwa ita ce "mafi kyawun adana" dabba da aka gano tun lokacin Ice .

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Burger, J.; Rosendahl, W.; Loreille, O.; Hemmer, H.; Eriksson, T.; Götherström, A.; Hiller, J.; Collins, M. J.; Wess, T.; Alt, K. W. (2004). "Molecular phylogeny of the extinct cave lion Panthera leo spelaea". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 30 (3): 841–849. Bibcode:2004MolPE..30..841B. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2003.07.020. PMID 15012963.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Manuel, M. d.; Ross, B.; Sandoval-Velasco, M.; Yamaguchi, N.; Vieira, F. G.; Mendoza, M. L. Z.; Liu, S.; Martin, M. D.; Sinding, M.-H. S.; Mak, S. S. T.; Carøe, C.; Liu, S.; Guo, C.; Zheng, J. & Zazula, G. (2020). "The evolutionary history of extinct and living lions". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 117 (20): 10927–10934. Bibcode:2020PNAS..11710927D. doi:10.1073/pnas.1919423117. PMC 7245068. PMID 32366643.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Sabol, Martin; Puzachenko, Andrey Yu. (September 2024). "Distribution of cave lions (Panthera spelaea ssp.) in mountain areas". Earth History and Biodiversity (in Turanci). 1: 100009. doi:10.1016/j.hisbio.2024.100009. ... the question of [cave lion] ethology and way of life (solitary life vs life in prides) also opens [sic]. ... Cave lions are generally thought to live a solitary [sic] rather than living in a pack, although opinions on this vary.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 Stuart, A. J. & Lister, A. M. (2011). "Extinction chronology of the cave lion Panthera spelaea". Quaternary Science Reviews. 30 (17): 2329–2340. Bibcode:2011QSRv...30.2329S. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2010.04.023. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Stuart2011" defined multiple times with different content
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Argant, Alain (September 2024). "A history of research on the cave lion Panthera spelaea (Goldfuss, 1810)". Earth History and Biodiversity (in Turanci). 1: 100004. doi:10.1016/j.hisbio.2024.100004.
  6. ↑ Diedrich, C. G. (2008). "The holotypes of the upper Pleistocene Crocuta crocuta spelaea (Goldfuss, 1823: Hyaenidae) and Panthera leo spelaea (Goldfuss, 1810: Felidae) of the Zoolithen Cave hyena den (South Germany) and their palaeo-ecological interpretation". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 154 (4): 822–831. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00425.x.
  7. ↑ Hemmer, H. (1974). "Untersuchungen zur Stammesgeschichte der Pantherkatzen (Pantherinae) Teil 3. Zur Artgeschichte des Löwen Panthera (Panthera) leo (Linnaeus, 1758)". Veröffentlichungen der Zoologischen Staatssammlung 17: 167–280.
  8. ↑ Turner, A. (1984). "Dental sex dimorphism in European lions (Panthera leo L.) of the Upper Pleistocene: palaeoecological and palaeoethological implications". Annales Zoologici Fennici. 21: 1–8.
  9. ↑ Groiss, J. Th. (1996). "Der Höhlentiger Panthera tigris spelaea (Goldfuss)". Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie (7): 399–414. doi:10.1127/njgpm/1996/1996/399.
  10. ↑ amp. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  11. ↑ Sotnikova, M.; Nikolskiy, P. (2006). "Systematic position of the cave lion Panthera spelaea (Goldfuss) based on cranial and dental characters" (PDF). Quaternary International. 142-143: 218–228. Bibcode:2006QuInt.142..218S. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2005.03.019. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 February 2023. Retrieved 22 January 2023.
  12. ↑ Christiansen, P. (2008). "Phylogeny of the great cats (Felidae: Pantherinae), and the influence of fossil taxa and missing characters". Cladistics. 24 (6): 977–992. doi:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2008.00226.x. PMID 34892880 Check |pmid= value (help). S2CID 84497516.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 Barnett, R.; Shapiro, B.; Barnes, I. A. N.; Ho, S. Y.; Burger, J.; Yamaguchi, N.; Higham, T. F.; Wheeler, H.; Rosendahl, W.; Sher, A. V. & Sotnikova, M. (2009). "Phylogeography of lions (Panthera leo ssp.) reveals three distinct taxa and a late Pleistocene reduction in genetic diversity" (PDF). Molecular Ecology. 18 (8): 1668–1677. Bibcode:2009MolEc..18.1668B. doi:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2009.04134.x. PMID 19302360. S2CID 46716748. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 January 2012. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Barnett2009" defined multiple times with different content
  14. ↑ Barnett, R.; Mendoza, M. L. Z.; Soares, A. E. R.; Ho, S. Y. W.; Zazula, G.; Yamaguchi, N.; Shapiro, B.; Kirillova, I. V.; Larson, G.; Gilbert, M. T. P. (2016). "Mitogenomics of the Extinct Cave Lion, Panthera spelaea (Goldfuss, 1810), Resolve its Position within the Panthera Cats". Open Quaternary. 2: 4. doi:10.5334/oq.24. |hdl-access= requires |hdl= (help)
  15. ↑ Baryshnikov, G. F. & Boeskorov, G. (2001). "The Pleistocene cave lion, Panthera spelaea (Carnivora, Felidae) from Yakutia, Russia". Cranium. 18 (1): 7–24. Archived from the original on 1 January 2018. Retrieved 31 December 2017.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Stanton, D.W.; Alberti, F.; Plotnikov, V.; Androsov, S.; Grigoriev, S.; Fedorov, S.; Kosintsev, P.; Nagel, D.; Vartanyan, S.; Barnes, I. & Barnett, R. (2020). "Early Pleistocene origin and extensive intra-species diversity of the extinct cave lion". Scientific Reports. 10 (1): 12621. Bibcode:2020NatSR..1012621S. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-69474-1. PMC 7387438. PMID 32724178.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 17.3 17.4 17.5 Boeskorov, G. G.; Plotnikov, V. V.; Protopopov, A. V.; Baryshnikov, G. F.; Fosse, P.; Dalén, L.; David, S. W. G.; Pavlov, I. S.; Naoki, S. & Alexey, N. T. (2021). "The preliminary analysis of Cave Lion cubs Panthera spelaea (Goldfuss, 1810) from the permafrost of Siberia". Quaternary. 4 (3): 24. Bibcode:2021Quat....4...24B. doi:10.3390/quat4030024. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Boeskorov_al.2021" defined multiple times with different content
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Sotnikova, M.V. & Foronova, I.V. (2014). "First Asian record of Panthera (Leo) fossilis (Mammalia, Carnivora, Felidae) in the Early Pleistocene of Western Siberia, Russia". Integrative Zoology. 9 (4): 517–530. doi:10.1111/1749-4877.12082. PMID 24382145.
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Marciszak, Adrian; Lipecki, Grzegorz; Pawłowska, Kamilla; Jakubowski, Gwidon; Ratajczak-Skrzatek, Urszula; Zarzecka-Szubińska, Katarzyna; Nadachowski, Adam (20 December 2021). "The Pleistocene lion Panthera spelaea (Goldfuss, 1810) from Poland – A review". Quaternary International. The Quaternary of Europe and Adjacent Areas: Stratigraphical Perspectives and Tools for Correlations – SEQS-2019. 605-606: 213–240. Bibcode:2021QuInt.605..213M. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2020.12.018. ISSN 1040-6182. Archived from the original on 18 May 2024. Retrieved 22 March 2024 – via Elsevier Science Direct. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":0" defined multiple times with different content
  20. ↑ Marciszak, Adrian; Schouwenburg, Charles; Gornig, Wiktoria; Lipecki, Grzegorz; Mackiewicz, Paweł (November 2019). "Morphometric comparison of Panthera spelaea (Goldfuss, 1810) from Poland with the lion remains from Eurasia over the last 700 ka". Quaternary Science Reviews. 223: 105950. Bibcode:2019QSRv..22305950M. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2019.105950.
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 Iannucci, A.; Mecozzi, B.; Pineda, A.; Raffaele, S.; Carpentieri, M.; Rabinovich, R.; Moncel, M.-H. (2024-06-24). "Early occurrence of lion (Panthera spelaea) at the Middle Pleistocene Acheulean site of Notarchirico (MIS 16, Italy)". Quaternary Science. 39 (5): 683–690. Bibcode:2024JQS....39..683I. doi:10.1002/jqs.3639. ISSN 0267-8179.
  22. ↑ Sotnikova, Marina V.; Foronova, Irina V. (August 2014). "First Asian record of Panthera (Leo) fossilis (Mammalia, Carnivora, Felidae) in the Early Pleistocene of Western Siberia, Russia". Integrative Zoology. 9 (4): 517–530. doi:10.1111/1749-4877.12082. ISSN 1749-4877. PMID 24382145.
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 Madurell-Malapeira, Joan; Prat-Vericat, Maria; Bartolini-Lucenti, Saverio; Faggi, Andrea; Fidalgo, Darío; Marciszak, Adrian; Rook, Lorenzo (September 2024). "A Review on the Latest Early Pleistocene Carnivoran Guild from the Vallparadís Section (NE Iberia)". Quaternary (in Turanci). 7 (3): 40. Bibcode:2024Quat....7...40M. doi:10.3390/quat7030040. ISSN 2571-550X. |hdl-access= requires |hdl= (help) Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":3" defined multiple times with different content
  24. ↑ Sabo, Martin; Tomašových, Adam; Gullár, Juraj (August 2022). "Geographic and temporal variability in Pleistocene lion-like felids: Implications for their evolution and taxonomy". Palaeontologia Electronica. 25 (2): 1–27. doi:10.26879/1175. ISSN 1094-8074. S2CID 251855356 Check |s2cid= value (help).
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 Marciszak, Adrian; Ivanoff, Dmitry V.; Semenov, Yuriy A.; Talamo, Sahra; Ridush, Bogdan; Stupak, Alina; Yanish, Yevheniia; Kovalchuk, Oleksandr (March 2023). "The Quaternary lions of Ukraine and a trend of decreasing size in Panthera spelaea". Journal of Mammalian Evolution. 30 (1): 109–135. doi:10.1007/s10914-022-09635-3. ISSN 1064-7554. |hdl-access= requires |hdl= (help) Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":1" defined multiple times with different content
  26. ↑ Anton, M; Galobart, A; Turner, A (May 2005). "Co-existence of scimitar-toothed cats, lions and hominins in the European Pleistocene. Implications of the post-cranial anatomy of (Owen) for comparative palaeoecology". Quaternary Science Reviews (in Turanci). 24 (10–11): 1287–1301. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2004.09.008.
  27. ↑ Marciszak, A.; Lipecki, G. (2022). "Panthera gombaszoegensis (Kretzoi, 1938) from Poland in the scope of the species evolution". Quaternary International. 633: 36–51. Bibcode:2022QuInt.633...36M. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2021.07.002.
  28. ↑ Persico, Davide (June 2021). "First fossil record of cave lion (Panthera (Leo) spelaea intermedia) from alluvial deposits of the Po River in northern Italy". Quaternary International. 586: 14–23. Bibcode:2021QuInt.586...14P. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2021.02.029.
  29. ↑ Salis, Alexander T.; Bray, Sarah C. E.; Lee, Michael S. Y.; Heiniger, Holly; Barnett, Ross; Burns, James A.; Doronichev, Vladimir; Fedje, Daryl; Golovanova, Liubov; Harington, C. Richard; Hockett, Bryan; Kosintsev, Pavel; Lai, Xulong; Mackie, Quentin; Vasiliev, Sergei (December 2022). "Lions and brown bears colonized North America in multiple synchronous waves of dispersal across the Bering Land Bridge". Molecular Ecology. 31 (24): 6407–6421. Bibcode:2022MolEc..31.6407S. doi:10.1111/mec.16267. ISSN 0962-1083. PMID 34748674 Check |pmid= value (help). |hdl-access= requires |hdl= (help)
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 amp. Missing or empty |title= (help) Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Chauvet1996" defined multiple times with different content
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 Yamaguchi, N.; Cooper, A.; Werdelin, L.; MacDonald, D. W. (2004). "Evolution of the mane and group-living in the lion (Panthera leo): a review". Journal of Zoology. 263 (4): 329–342. doi:10.1017/S0952836904005242.
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 32.2 Marciszak, Adrian; Gornig, Wiktoria (September 2024). "From giant to dwarf: A trend of decreasing size in Panthera spelaea (Goldfuss, 1810) and its likely implications". Earth History and Biodiversity (in Turanci). 1: 100007. doi:10.1016/j.hisbio.2024.100007.
  33. ↑ Diedrich, C. G. (2011). "Late Pleistocene Panthera leo spelaea (Goldfuss, 1810) skeletons from the Czech Republic (central Europe); their pathological cranial features and injuries resulting from intraspecific fights, conflicts with hyenas, and attacks on cave bears". Bulletin of Geosciences. 86 (4): 817–840. doi:10.3140/bull.geosci.1263.
  34. ↑ Chernova, O. F.; Kirillova, I. V.; Shapiro, B.; Shidlovskiy, F. K.; Soares, A. E. R.; Levchenko, V. A.; Bertuch, F. (2016). "Morphological and genetic identification and isotopic study of the hair of a cave lion (Panthera spelaea Goldfuss, 1810) from the Malyi Anyui River (Chukotka, Russia)". Quaternary Science Reviews. 142: 61–73. Bibcode:2016QSRv..142...61C. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2016.04.018.
  35. ↑ Ersmark, E.; Orlando, L.; Sandoval-Castellanos, E.; Barnes, I.; Barnett, R.; Stuart, A.; Lister, A.; Dalén, L. (2015). "Population Demography and Genetic Diversity in the Pleistocene Cave Lion". Open Quaternary. 1 (1): Art. 4. doi:10.5334/oq.aa.
  36. ↑ Álvarez-Lao, D. J.; Álvarez-Vena, A.; Ballesteros, D.; García, N.; Laplana, C. (2020). "A cave lion (Panthera spelaea) skeleton from Torca del León (NW Iberia): Micromammals indicate a temperate and forest environment corresponding to GI-11 (MIS 3)". Quaternary Science Reviews. 229: 106123. Bibcode:2020QSRv..22906123A. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2019.106123. |hdl-access= requires |hdl= (help)
  37. ↑ Smith, Geoff M.; Spasov, Rosen; Martisius, Naomi L.; Sinet-Mathiot, Virginie; Aldeias, Vera; Rezek, Zeljko; Ruebens, Karen; Pederzani, Sarah; McPherron, Shannon P.; Sirakova, Svoboda; Sirakov, Nikolay; Tsanova, Tsenka; Hublin, Jean-Jacques (December 2021). "Subsistence behavior during the Initial Upper Paleolithic in Europe: Site use, dietary practice, and carnivore exploitation at Bacho Kiro Cave (Bulgaria)". Journal of Human Evolution. 161: 103074. Bibcode:2021JHumE.16103074S. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2021.103074. PMID 34628301 Check |pmid= value (help). Retrieved 22 March 2024 – via Elsevier Science Direct.
  38. ↑ Sabol, Martin; Döppes, Doris (January 2020). "The first radiocarbon dating of a cave lion fossil from the Slovakian Western Carpathians". Acta Geologica Slovaca. 11 (1): 11–14 – via ResearchGate.
  39. ↑ Diedrich, Cajus G.; Rathgeber, Thomas (12 October 2011). "Late Pleistocene steppe lion Panthera leo spelaea (Goldfuss 1810) skeleton remains of the Upper Rhine Valley (SW Germany) and contributions to their sexual dimorphism, taphonomy and habitus". Historical Biology. 24 (1): 1–28. doi:10.1080/08912963.2010.549943. ISSN 0891-2963. Archived from the original on 18 May 2024. Retrieved 24 March 2024 – via Taylor and Francis Online.
  40. ↑ Marciszak, Adrian; Schouwenburg, Charles; Gornig, Wiktoria; Lipecki, Grzegorz; Mackiewicz, Paweł (1 November 2019). "Morphometric comparison of Panthera spelaea (Goldfuss, 1810) from Poland with the lion remains from Eurasia over the last 700 ka". Quaternary Science Reviews. 223: 105950. Bibcode:2019QSRv..22305950M. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2019.105950. Archived from the original on 29 March 2023. Retrieved 24 March 2024 – via Elsevier Science Direct.
  41. ↑ Sherani, Shaheer; Perng, Liongvi; Sherani, Maryam (2023-06-03). "Evidence of cave lion (Panthera spelaea) from Pleistocene Northeast China". Historical Biology. 35 (6): 988–996. Bibcode:2023HBio...35..988S. doi:10.1080/08912963.2022.2071711. ISSN 0891-2963.
  42. ↑ Gimranov, Dmitry; Kosintsev, Pavel (30 April 2020). "Quaternary large mammals from the Imanay Cave". Quaternary International. Quaternary Stratigraphy and Karst & Cave Sediments: the INQUA-SEQS 2018 Meeting. 546: 125–134. Bibcode:2020QuInt.546..125G. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2020.01.014. ISSN 1040-6182. Archived from the original on 18 May 2024. Retrieved 22 March 2024 – via Elsevier Science Direct.
  43. ↑ Puzachenko, A. Yu.; Argant, A.; Baryshnikov, G. F.; Boeskorov, G. G.; Kirillova, I. V.; Klimovsky, A. I.; Kosintsev, P. A.; Marciszak, A.; Plotnikov, V. V.; Sabol, M.; Vasiliev, S. K. (2024). "Distribution history of the cave lion (Panthera spelaea (Goldfuss, 1810))". Earth History and Biodiversity. 1. 100006. doi:10.1016/j.hisbio.2024.100006.
  44. ↑ Reynolds, A. R.; Seymour, K. L.; Evans, D. C. (2019). "Late Pleistocene records of felids from Medicine Hat, Alberta, including the first Canadian record of the sabre-toothed cat Smilodon fatalis". Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 56 (10): 1052–1060. Bibcode:2019CaJES..56.1052R. doi:10.1139/cjes-2018-0272. S2CID 134586651. |hdl-access= requires |hdl= (help)
  45. ↑ Sabol, Martin; Puzachenko, Andrey Yu. (September 2024). "Distribution of cave lions (Panthera spelaea ssp.) in mountain areas". Earth History and Biodiversity (in Turanci). 1: 100009. doi:10.1016/j.hisbio.2024.100009.
  46. ↑ Álvarez-Lao, Diego J.; Álvarez-Vena, Adrián; Ballesteros, Daniel; García, Nuria; Laplana, César (February 2020). "A cave lion (Panthera spelaea) skeleton from Torca del León (NW Iberia): Micromammals indicate a temperate and forest environment corresponding to GI-11 (MIS 3)". Quaternary Science Reviews. 229: 106123. Bibcode:2020QSRv..22906123A. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2019.106123. |hdl-access= requires |hdl= (help)
  47. ↑ Diedrich, Cajus G. (June 2011). "A diseased Panthera leo spelaea (Goldfuss 1810) lioness from a forest elephant graveyard in the Late Pleistocene (Eemian) interglacial lake at Neumark-Nord, central Germany". Historical Biology. 23 (2–3): 195–217. Bibcode:2011HBio...23..195D. doi:10.1080/08912963.2010.507814. ISSN 0891-2963.
  48. ↑ amp. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  49. ↑ 49.0 49.1 49.2 49.3 49.4 49.5 49.6 Bocherens, H. (2015). "Isotopic tracking of large carnivore palaeoecology in the mammoth steppe". Quaternary Science Reviews. 117: 42–71. Bibcode:2015QSRv..117...42B. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2015.03.018.
  50. ↑ Diedrich, C. G. (2011). "The largest European lion Panthera leo spelaea (Goldfuss 1810) population from the Zoolithen Cave, Germany: specialised cave bear predators of Europe". Historical Biology. 23 (2–3): 271–311. Bibcode:2011HBio...23..271D. doi:10.1080/08912963.2010.546529. S2CID 86638786.
  51. ↑ Diedrich, C. G. (2011). "Pleistocene Panthera leo spelaea (Goldfuss 1810) remains from the Balve cave (NW Germany) - a cave bear, hyena den and middle palaeolithic human cave – and review of the Sauerland Karst lion cave sites". Quaternaire. 22 (2): 105–127. doi:10.4000/quaternaire.5897. Archived from the original on 11 April 2021. Retrieved 18 September 2020.
  52. ↑ Diedrich, Cajus G. (1 July 2011). "Late Pleistocene steppe lion Panthera leo spelaea (Goldfuss, 1810) footprints and bone records from open air sites in northern Germany – Evidence of hyena-lion antagonism and scavenging in Europe". Quaternary Science Reviews. 30 (15): 1883–1906. Bibcode:2011QSRv...30.1883D. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2011.03.006. ISSN 0277-3791. Archived from the original on 18 May 2024. Retrieved 4 February 2024 – via Elsevier Science Direct.
  53. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named diedrich&zak
  54. ↑ 54.0 54.1 54.2 Bocherens, H.; Drucker, D. G.; Bonjean, D.; Bridault, A.; Conard, N. J.; Cupillard, C.; Germonpré, M.; Höneisen, M.; Münzel, S. C.; Napierala, H. & Patou-Mathis, M. (2011). "Isotopic evidence for dietary ecology of cave lion (Panthera spelaea) in North-Western Europe: prey choice, competition and implications for extinction" (PDF). Quaternary International. 245 (2): 249–261. Bibcode:2011QuInt.245..249B. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2011.02.023. S2CID 129706533. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 May 2020. Retrieved 18 September 2020.
  55. ↑ Drucker, Dorothée G. (2022-05-31). "The Isotopic Ecology of the Mammoth Steppe". Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences (in Turanci). 50 (1): 395–418. Bibcode:2022AREPS..50..395D. doi:10.1146/annurev-earth-100821-081832. ISSN 0084-6597.
  56. ↑ 56.0 56.1 Sabol, M.; Gullár, J.; Horvát, J. (2018). "Montane record of the late Pleistocene Panthera spelaea (Goldfuss, 1810) from the Západné Tatry Mountains (northern Slovakia)". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 38 (3): e1467921. Bibcode:2018JVPal..38E7921S. doi:10.1080/02724634.2018.1467921.
  57. ↑ Diedrich, Cajus G. (September 2014). "Late Pleistocene Eemian hyena and steppe lion feeding strategies on their largest prey—Palaeoloxodon antiquus Falconer and Cautley 1845 at the straight-tusked elephant graveyard and Neanderthal site Neumark-Nord Lake 1, Central Germany". Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences (in Turanci). 6 (3): 271–291. Bibcode:2014ArAnS...6..271D. doi:10.1007/s12520-013-0150-7. ISSN 1866-9557.
  58. ↑ "Blue Babe | Museum | Museum of the North". www.uaf.edu. Retrieved 2025-01-02.
  59. ↑ Diedrich, C. G. (2013). "Late Pleistocene leopards across Europe – northernmost European German population, highest elevated records in the Swiss Alps, complete skeletons in the Bosnia Herzegowina Dinarids and comparison to the Ice Age cave art". Quaternary Science Reviews. 76: 167–193. Bibcode:2013QSRv...76..167D. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2013.05.009.
  60. ↑ Van Valkenburgh, B.; Sacco, T. (2002). "Sexual dimorphism, social behavior and intrasexual competition in large Pleistocene carnivorans". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 22 (1): 164–169. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2002)022[0164:sdsbai]2.0.co;2. JSTOR 4524203. S2CID 86156959.
  61. ↑ Bocherens, Hervé; Kirillova, Irina (2024). "Cave lion: Isotopes and dietary paleoecology". Earth History and Biodiversity. 3. Bibcode:2013QSRv...76..167D. doi:10.1016/j.hisbio.2024.100015.
  62. ↑ Sabol, Martin; Puzachenko, Andrey Yu. (September 2024). "Distribution of cave lions (Panthera spelaea ssp.) in mountain areas". Earth History and Biodiversity (in Turanci). 1: 100009. doi:10.1016/j.hisbio.2024.100009.
  63. ↑ Russo, G.; Milks, A.; Leder, D.; Koddenberg, T.; Starkovich, B. M.; Duval, M.; Zhao, J.-X.; Darga, R.; Rosendahl, W.; Terberger, T. (2023). "First direct evidence of lion hunting and the early use of a lion pelt by Neanderthals". Scientific Reports. 13 (1): 16405. Bibcode:2023NatSR..1316405R. doi:10.1038/s41598-023-42764-0. PMC 10570355 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 37828055 Check |pmid= value (help).
  64. ↑ Sigari, D.; Bourdier, C.; Conti, C.; Conti, J.; Forti, L.; García-Diez, M.; Lai, G.; Mazzini, I.; Pieruccini, P.; Sardella, R. (15 June 2024). "The last cave lion of the late Upper Palaeolithic: The engraved feline of Grotta Romanelli (southern Italy)". Quaternary Science Reviews. 334: 108670. Bibcode:2024QSRv..33408670S. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2024.108670.
  65. ↑ 65.0 65.1 Cueto, M.; Camarós, E.; Castaños, P.; Ontañón, R.; Arias, P. (2016). "Under the skin of a Lion: Unique evidence of Upper Paleolithic exploitation and use of Cave Lion (Panthera spelaea) from the Lower Gallery of La Garma (Spain)". PLOS ONE. 11 (10): e0163591. Bibcode:2016PLoSO..1163591C. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0163591. PMC 5082676. PMID 27783697.
  66. ↑ Ersmark, Erik; Orlando, Ludovic; Sandoval-Castellanos, Edson; Barnes, Ian; Barnett, Ross; Stuart, Anthony; Lister, Adrian; Dalén, Love (2015-03-09). "Population Demography and Genetic Diversity in the Pleistocene Cave Lion". Open Quaternary. 1 (1): 4. doi:10.5334/oq.aa. ISSN 2055-298X.
  67. ↑ Svenning, Jens-Christian; Lemoine, Rhys T.; Bergman, Juraj; Buitenwerf, Robert; Le Roux, Elizabeth; Lundgren, Erick; Mungi, Ninad; Pedersen, Rasmus Ø. (2024). "The late-Quaternary megafauna extinctions: Patterns, causes, ecological consequences and implications for ecosystem management in the Anthropocene". Cambridge Prisms: Extinction (in Turanci). 2: e5. doi:10.1017/ext.2024.4. ISSN 2755-0958. PMC 11895740 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 40078803 Check |pmid= value (help).
  68. ↑ Kirillova, I. V.; Tiunov, A. V.; Levchenko, V. A.; Chernova, O. F.; Yudin, V. G.; Bertuch, F.; Shidlovskiy, F. K. (2015). "On the discovery of a cave lion from the Malyi Anyui River (Chukotka, Russia)". Quaternary Science Reviews. 117: 135–151. Bibcode:2015QSRv..117..135K. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2015.03.029.
  69. ↑ Boeskorov, G. G.; Plotnikov, V. V.; Protopopov, A. V.; Baryshnikov, G. F.; Fosse, P.; Dalén, L.; David, S. W. G.; Pavlov, I. S.; Naoki, S. & Alexey, N. T. (2021). "The preliminary analysis of Cave Lion cubs Panthera spelaea (Goldfuss, 1810) from the permafrost of Siberia". Quaternary. 4 (3): 24. Bibcode:2021Quat....4...24B. doi:10.3390/quat4030024.


Cite error: <ref> tags exist for a group named "lower-alpha", but no corresponding <references group="lower-alpha"/> tag was found

Daga "https://ha.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Panthera_spelaea&oldid=720241"