Papyrus
 Papyrus | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Bayanai | |
| Ƙaramin ɓangare na |
plant material (en)  , paleographical writing material (en) da painting material (en) |
| Amfani |
papyrus (en) da rotulus (en) |
| Natural product of taxon (en) |
Cyperus papyrus (mul) |
Papyrus / / pəˈpaɪrəs / pə - PY - pə- ) wani abu ne mai kama da takarda mai kauri wanda ake amfani da shi a zamanin da a matsayin kayan rubutu . An yi shi ne daga itacen papyrus, Cyperus papyrus, wani yanki mai dausayi. [1] Papyrus (jam'i: papyri ko papyrus [2] ) kuma yana iya nufin takarda da aka rubuta a kan zanen irin wannan abu, an haɗa shi gefe da gefe aka naɗe shi zuwa gungura, wani nau'in littafi na farko. [3] [4]
An fara sanin cewa ana amfani da Papyrus a Masar (aƙalla tun zamanin Daular Farko ), domin shukar papyrus ta kasance mai yawa a faɗin Kogin Nilu . Haka kuma ana amfani da ita a duk faɗin yankin Bahar Rum . Baya ga kayan rubutu, tsoffin Masarawa sun yi amfani da papyrus wajen gina wasu kayan tarihi, kamar kwale-kwalen reed, tabarmi, igiya, takalma, da kwanduna .
Tarihi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]An fara ƙera Papyrus a Masar tun daga ƙarni na 3 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa (AS). [5] An tono shaidar farko ta kayan tarihi game da papyrus a cikin 2012 da 2013 a Wadi al-Jarf, wani tsohon tashar jiragen ruwa ta Masar da ke bakin tekun Bahar Maliya. Waɗannan takardu, Diary of Merer, sun samo asali ne daga c. 2560 –2550 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa (ƙarshen mulkin Khufu ). [5] Rubutun papyrus sun bayyana shekarun ƙarshe na gina Babban Dala na Giza . [6]
Tsawon shekaru aru-aru, ana yawan naɗe papyrus a cikin naɗaɗɗen littafi a matsayin hanyar ajiya. Duk da haka, a wani lokaci a ƙarshen tarihinta, an fara tattara papyrus tare a cikin nau'in kwafi kamar littafin zamani. [7] Wannan wataƙila yana kwaikwayon nau'in kwafi da aka ƙirƙira da takarda . [ <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">ana buƙatar ambato</span> ] Marubutan Kiristoci na farko sun ɗauki siffar codex ba da daɗewa ba, kuma a duniyar Girka da Romawa, ya zama ruwan dare a yanke takardu daga naɗe-naɗen papyrus don samar da kwafi. Kwafi sun kasance ci gaba a kan naɗe-naɗen papyrus, domin papyrus ba shi da isasshe da za a iya naɗewa ba tare da fashewa ba, kuma ana buƙatar naɗe-naɗe mai tsawo, ko gungura, don ƙirƙirar manyan rubuce-rubuce. Papyrus yana da fa'idar kasancewa mai arha kuma mai sauƙin samarwa, amma yana da rauni kuma yana iya kamuwa da danshi da bushewa mai yawa. Sai dai idan papyrus ɗin yana da inganci mai kyau, saman rubutun ba shi da tsari, kuma kewayon kafofin watsa labarai da za a iya amfani da su ma yana da iyaka.
A hankali an mamaye Papyrus a Yammacin Asiya da Turai ta hanyar wani rubutu mai hamayya wanda ya shahara da aka sani da papyrus, wanda aka yi da fatar dabbobi . A farkon karni na 4 AD, an fara ƙera littattafai mafi mahimmanci da takarda, kuma an canja ayyukan da suka cancanci a adana su daga papyrus zuwa takarda. Papyrus yana da fa'idodi masu yawa fiye da papyrus, gami da juriya mafi girma a yanayin danshi da kuma kasancewa mafi dacewa ga rubutu a ɓangarorin biyu na farfajiyar. [8] Babban fa'idar papyrus shine kayansa masu rahusa - shukar papyrus tana da sauƙin nomawa a cikin yanayi mai dacewa kuma tana samar da kayan rubutu fiye da fatar dabbobi (littattafai mafi tsada, waɗanda aka yi daga vellum na tayi za su ɗauki har zuwa 'yan tayi na shanu da yawa don samarwa). Duk da haka, yayin da hanyoyin kasuwanci suka ragu, samuwar papyrus a wajen shukar papyrus ya zama iyakance kuma don haka ya rasa fa'idar farashi.
Bayyanar Papyrus ta ƙarshe a cikin gidan sarautar Merovingian ta kasance tare da takarda daga 692 CE, kodayake an san ta a Gaul har zuwa tsakiyar ƙarni na gaba. Kwanan wata na ƙarshe na amfani da papyrus a Turai sune 1057 don dokar Paparoma (yawanci ra'ayin mazan jiya ne, duk bijimin Paparoma suna kan papyrus har zuwa 1022), a ƙarƙashin Paparoma Victor II, da 1087 don takardar Larabci. Amfani da shi a Masar ya ci gaba har sai da aka maye gurbinsa da takarda mai rahusa da duniyar Musulunci ta gabatar. A ƙarni na 12, ana amfani da takarda da takarda a Daular Byzantine, amma papyrus har yanzu zaɓi ne.
Har zuwa tsakiyar karni na 19, an san wasu takardu daban-daban da aka rubuta a kan papyrus, kuma gidajen tarihi kawai sun nuna su a matsayin abubuwan ban mamaki. Ba su ƙunshi ayyukan adabi ba. An fara gano takardun papyrus na zamani a Herculaneum a 1752. Har zuwa lokacin, kawai takardun papyrus da aka sani sun kasance kaɗan da suka tsira daga zamanin da. [9] An fara binciken masana kimiyya tare da masanin tarihi na Holland Caspar Jacob Christiaan Reuvens (1793–1835). Ya rubuta game da abubuwan da ke cikin takardun papyrus na Leyden, wanda aka buga a 1830. An yaba wa masanin Birtaniya Charles Wycliffe Goodwin (1817–1878), wanda ya buga wa Cambridge Antiquarian Society ɗaya daga cikin Papyri Graecae Magicae V, wanda aka fassara zuwa Turanci tare da sharhi a 1853. [10]
Inganci daban-daban
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]An yi Papyrus da halaye da farashi iri-iri. Pliny the Elder da Isidore na Seville sun bayyana nau'ikan papyrus guda shida da aka sayar a kasuwar Romawa ta zamanin. An ƙididdige waɗannan ta hanyar inganci bisa ga yadda saman rubutu yake da kyau, ƙarfi, fari, da santsi. Maki ya kama daga babban Augustan, wanda aka samar a cikin takardu masu faɗi na lambobi 13 (inci 10), zuwa mafi ƙarancin tsada da kuma mafi kauri, wanda ya auna lambobi shida (inci huɗu). An ɗauki kayan da ba za a iya amfani da su don rubutu ko ƙasa da lambobi shida a matsayin ingancin kasuwanci kuma an manna su gefe zuwa gefe don amfani kawai don naɗewa. [11]
Asalin Ma'anar
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Kalmar Turanci ta papyrus ta samo asali ne daga Latin, daga Girkanci πάπυρος ( papyros ), kalma ce ta aro wadda ba a san ta ba (watakila Pre-Greek ). [12] Girkanci yana da kalma ta biyu a gare ta, βύβλος ( byblos ), da aka ce ta samo asali ne daga sunan birnin Byblos na Phoenician . Marubucin Girka Theophrastus, wanda ya bunƙasa a ƙarni na 4 KZ, yana amfani da papyrus lokacin da yake magana game da shukar da ake amfani da ita azaman abinci da kuma byblos don shuka iri ɗaya lokacin da ake amfani da ita ga kayayyakin da ba abinci ba, kamar cordage, kwando, ko saman rubutu. Kalmar da ta fi takamaiman βίβλος biblos, wacce ta sami hanyarta zuwa Turanci a cikin kalmomi kamar 'bibliography', 'bibliophile', da 'bible', tana nufin bawon ciki na shukar papyrus. Papyrus kuma shine asalin 'takarda', wani abu makamancin haka.
A cikin harshen Masar, ana kiran papyrus wadj ( w3ḏ ), tjufy ( ṯwfy ) [7] , ko djet ( ḏt ).
Takardu da aka rubuta akan papyrus
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Kalmar da ake amfani da ita don kayan papyrus ana kuma amfani da ita don sanya takardu da aka rubuta a kan zanen gado, waɗanda galibi ana naɗe su zuwa guntu. Jam'i na irin waɗannan takardu shine papyrus. Ana ba da takardun papyrus na tarihi sunaye masu ganewa - gabaɗaya sunan mai ganowa, mai shi na farko, ko cibiyar da ake ajiye su - da lambobi, kamar " Papyrus Harris I ". Sau da yawa ana amfani da gajeriyar sigar, kamar "pHarris I". Waɗannan takardu suna ba da mahimman bayanai game da rubuce-rubucen da suka gabata; suna ba mu kwafin Menander guda ɗaya tilo, Littafin Matattu na Masar, rubuce-rubucen Masar kan magani ( Ebers Papyrus ) da kuma kan tiyata ( Edwin Smith Papyrus ), rubuce-rubucen lissafi na Masar ( Rhind Papyrus ), da tatsuniyoyi na Masar ( Westcar Papyrus ). Lokacin da, a ƙarni na 18, aka sami ɗakin karatu na tsohon papyri a Herculaneum, tarin tsammani ya bazu tsakanin masana na lokacin. Duk da haka, tunda waɗannan takardun papyri sun ƙone sosai, buɗewa da fassara su har yanzu suna ci gaba a yau.
Kera da amfani
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
An yi Papyrus ne daga tushen shukar papyrus, Cyperus papyrus . Da farko an cire haƙoran waje, sannan aka yanke ƙusoshin ciki masu ɗaure mai kama da juna zuwa sirara kamar tsawon santimita 40 centimetres (16 in) tsayi. Sannan aka sanya sandunan gefe da gefe a kan wani wuri mai tauri tare da gefunansu kaɗan suna haɗuwa, sannan aka sanya wani layin sanduna a saman a kusurwoyi madaidaici. Wataƙila an jiƙa sandunan a cikin ruwa na tsawon lokaci har sai sun fara ruɓewa, wataƙila suna ƙara mannewa, amma wannan ba tabbas ba ne. Wataƙila an manne layukan biyu tare. Yayin da suke da danshi, an haɗa layukan biyu tare, an haɗa layukan zuwa takarda ɗaya. Sannan an busar da zanen a ƙarƙashin matsin lamba. Bayan bushewa, an goge zanen da abu mai zagaye, wataƙila dutse, harsashi na teku, ko katako mai zagaye.
Ana iya yanke takardu, ko mollema, don dacewa da girman da aka wajabta ko kuma a manne su tare don ƙirƙirar birgima mai tsayi. Wurin da aka haɗa mollema da manne ana kiransa kollesis . Za a haɗa sandar katako zuwa takardar ƙarshe a cikin birgima, wanda hakan zai sauƙaƙa riƙewa. Don samar da birgima mai tsayi da ake buƙata, an haɗa irin waɗannan takardu da yawa kuma an sanya su don haka duk zaruruwan kwance masu layi ɗaya da tsawon birgima su kasance a gefe ɗaya kuma duk zaruruwan tsaye a ɗayan. Yawanci, ana fara rubuta rubutu akan recto, layukan da ke bin zaruruwan, suna layi ɗaya da gefuna masu tsayi na birgima. Na biyu, sau da yawa ana sake amfani da papyrus, ana rubutu a kan zaruruwan a gefe ɗaya .
Wata majiya da ake amfani da ita wajen tantance hanyar da aka ƙirƙiri papyrus a zamanin da ita ce ta hanyar binciken kaburbura a tsohon birnin Thebes na Masar, wanda ke ɗauke da wani babban makabarta da ke ɗauke da zane-zane da yawa da ke nuna tsarin yin papyrus. Kwamandan Romawa Pliny the Elder shi ma ya bayyana hanyoyin shirya papyrus a cikin littafinsa na Naturalis Historia . [8] : 5
A cikin yanayi mai bushewa, kamar na Masar, papyrus yana da ƙarfi, an samar da shi saboda yana da cellulose mai jure wa ruɓewa sosai, amma adanawa a cikin yanayi mai danshi na iya haifar da ƙuraje suna kai hari da lalata kayan. An adana papyrus na ɗakin karatu a cikin akwatunan katako da akwatunan da aka yi a cikin siffar mutum-mutumi. An tsara naɗaɗɗen papyrus bisa ga wanda aka yi wa rubutu ko marubucin kuma an yi masa alama da lakabin yumbu waɗanda suka ƙayyade abubuwan da ke ciki ba tare da buɗe naɗaɗɗen ba. A cikin yanayin Turai, papyrus ya daɗe yana ɗaukar shekaru da yawa kawai; an ɗauki papyrus mai shekaru 200 a matsayin abin mamaki. Papyrus da aka shigo da shi a da a da aka saba gani a Girka da Italiya tun daga lokacin ya lalace ba tare da gyara ba, amma har yanzu ana samun papyrus a Masar; misalai na musamman sun haɗa da papyrus na Elephantine da shahararrun abubuwan da aka samo a Oxyrhynchus da Nag Hammadi . An kiyaye Fadar Papyri da ke Herculaneum, wadda ke ɗauke da ɗakin karatu na Lucius Calpurnius Piso Caesoninus, surukin Julius Caesar, ta hanyar fashewar Dutsen Vesuvius amma an tono ta ne kawai kaɗan.
An yi yunƙurin farfaɗo da ƙera papyrus akai-akai tun tsakiyar ƙarni na 18. Mai binciken Scotland James Bruce ya yi gwaji a ƙarshen ƙarni na 18 da shuke-shuken papyrus daga Sudan, domin papyrus ya ɓace a Masar. Haka kuma a ƙarni na 18, Sicilian Saverio Landolina ya ƙera papyrus a Syracuse, inda shuke-shuken papyrus suka ci gaba da girma a daji. A shekarun 1920, lokacin da masanin kimiyyar Masar Battiscombe Gunn ya zauna a Maadi, a wajen Alkahira, ya yi gwaji da ƙera papyrus, yana noma shuke-shuken a cikin lambunsa. Ya bugi shuke-shuken papyrus da aka yanka tsakanin layuka biyu na lilin kuma ya samar da misalai masu nasara na papyrus, wanda aka nuna ɗaya daga cikinsu a Gidan Tarihi na Masar da ke Alkahira. An ƙirƙiro dabarun zamani na samar da papyrus da ake amfani da su a Masar don cinikin yawon buɗe ido a shekarar 1962 ta hanyar injiniyan Masar Hassan Ragab ta amfani da shuke-shuken da aka sake shigo da su Masar a shekarar 1872 daga Faransa. Sicily da Masar duka suna da cibiyoyin samar da ƙananan papyrus.
Al'ummomin da ke zaune kusa da fadama suna amfani da papyrus har yanzu, har ma da masu gidaje a karkara ke samun kashi 75% na kuɗin shigarsu daga kayan fadama. [13] Musamman a Gabas da Tsakiyar Afirka, mutane suna girbi papyrus, wanda ake amfani da shi don ƙera abubuwan da ake sayarwa ko amfani da su a gida. Misalan sun haɗa da kwanduna, huluna, tarkon kifi, tire ko tabarmar haƙa rami, da tabarmar bene. Ana kuma amfani da papyrus don yin rufin gida, rufi, igiya, da shinge. Duk da cewa ana samun wasu madadin, kamar eucalyptus, amma har yanzu ana amfani da papyrus a matsayin mai.
Tarin papyrus
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ "Papyrus definition". Dictionary.com. Retrieved 20 November 2008.
- ↑ "Papyrus". Merriam-Webster.com. Retrieved 27 March 2023.
- ↑ Capua, Rebecca (March 1, 2015). "Papyrus-Making in Egypt". The Metropolitan Museum of Art. The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Archived from the original on November 15, 2025. Retrieved January 15, 2026.
- ↑ Owen, Toni (July 15, 2010). "The Egyptian Papyrus "Book"". BKM TECH (Technology blog of the Brooklyn Museum). Brooklyn Museum. Archived from the original on October 6, 2024. Retrieved January 15, 2026.
- 1 2 Tallet, Pierre (2012). "Ayn Sukhna and Wadi el-Jarf: Two newly discovered pharaonic harbours on the Suez Gulf" (PDF). British Museum Studies in Ancient Egypt and Sudan. 18: 147–68. ISSN 2049-5021. Retrieved 21 April 2013.
- ↑ Stille, Alexander. "The World's Oldest Papyrus and What It Can Tell Us About the Great Pyramids". Retrieved 2015-09-27.
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- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs named "Betz". - ↑ Lewis, N (1983). "Papyrus and Ancient Writing: The First Hundred Years of Papyrology". Archaeology. 36 (4): 31–37.
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- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
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