Paulo José Gumane
Paulo José Gumane (1918 – c. 1977) ɗan gwagwarmayar ƙungiyar ƴan ƙasar Mozambique ne, ɗan siyasa kuma jagoran ‘yan daba mai fafutuka a lokacin Yaƙin ‘Yancin kai na Mozambik. Wanda ya kafa kungiyar 'yancin kai FRELIMO (Frente de Libertação de Moçambique), daga baya ya rabu da ita kuma ya kasance tare da ƙungiyoyin adawa da dama, musamman COREMO na Zambia (Comite Revolucionário de Moçambique).
Tare da Uria Simango da ɗimbin sauran ƴan adawar FRELIMO, ana tsammanin an kashe Gumane a wani lokaci a cikin lokacin 1977–81.
Rayuwa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Gumane yawanci ana bayyana cewa an haife shi ne a cikin shekara ta 1918; wasu bayanan Portuguese sun ba da ranar haihuwarsa a matsayin 15 ga Janairu shekara ta 1922, a Malorane, Magaíça, gundumar Jangamo, a Lardin Inhambane. Shi ɗa ne ga Samuel João Gumane, manomi kuma shugaban cocin Methodist wanda daga baya ya koma Katolika, da Mahigo Chicafo Marrengula. Bayan karatun firamare ya halarci kwalejin horar da malamai a Manhiça kuma ya koyar a makarantun gwamnati da na mishan daga 1936 zuwa shekara ta 1942. Daga baya ya bar Mozambik don neman aiki, kuma ya fuskanci tunanin siyasa na kishin kasa da na hagu a tsakanin al'ummar Mozambique da ke gudun hijira a Afirka ta Kudu da Rhodesia. A Afirka ta Kudu ya shiga Majalisar Wakilan Afirka daga baya kuma ya zama Majalisar Dokokin Afirka ta Pan-Africanist, kuma ya zama sakataren kungiyar ma'aikatan wanki da bushewa reshen Cape Town. A cikin shekara ta 1952 ya kasance fitaccen mai shirya shirye-shirye a cikin Kamfen na Defiance, wanda ya nuna adawa da dokokin wariyar launin fata. Da ya koma Mozambik, Gumane ya yi yunkurin kafa kungiyar kwadago ta manoma: hukumomin mulkin mallaka na Portugal sun ba da sammacin kama shi, amma bayan da wani abokinsa da ke cikin gwamnati ya sanar da shi, sai ya kaucewa kama shi, ya kuma tsere ta hanyar kitsawa cikin jirgin ruwa zuwa Cape Town.
Gumane ya kasance daya daga cikin wadanda suka kafa kungiyar rajin samun ‘yancin kai ta kasar Mozambique (UDENAMO) a shekarar 1960, sannan ya taimaka wajen samun magajinsa FRELIMO a shekarar 1962, inda ya zama mataimakin babban sakatarenta. Sai dai daga baya an kore shi daga kungiyar bayan da aka yi ta samun sabani kan alakar Amurka da shugaban kungiyar ta FRELIMO Eduardo Mondlane. Bayan ɗan taƙaitaccen sake fasalin UDENAMO a Alkahira, a cikin 1965 Gumane da sauran 'yan adawa sun kafa ƙungiyar 'yan tsagera', COREMO (Comite Revolucionário de Moçambique). COREMO, da farko a karkashin jagorancin Adelino Gwambe, kasar Sin ce ta dauki nauyin daukar nauyinta, kuma ya kasance a kasar Zambia, inda ta gudanar da kananan ayyukan ta'addanci a kan iyaka. Yayin da kasar Sin ke ba da horo, an ba da makamai da sauran kayayyaki zuwa COREMO ta hanyar gwamnatin Zambia da majalisar wakilan jama'ar Afirka.
A ranar 12 – 16 ga Mayu, 1966 Gumane ya kira taron jam’iyya na gaggawa kuma ya kori Gwambe saboda “mummunan zagon-kasa na kudi da gudanarwa”. Gumane ya karbi shugabancin COREMO kuma ya tafiyar da ita a cikin wata sabuwar alkiblar siyasa mai kishin jama'a: don bambanta kungiyar da FRELIMO ya ayyana babu wani kulawa ta musamman ga yaran shugabanninta, ba fararen fata ba, kuma ya kula da wasu kananan ofisoshi a Alkahira, Nairobi da Dar es Salaam. Ya yi amfani da dabarar kafa kananan manufofi, da fitar da sahihan bayanai na gaskiya da kuma jagorancin kungiyar daga kan iyakokin Mozambique, wadanda dukkansu suka samu yabo daga wajen masu sa ido da magoya bayansu. Har ila yau, Gumane ya burge ’yan jarida, wanda ya ƙware cikin harsunan Faransanci da Ingilishi da Fotigal da Sipaniya ban da harsunan Afirka da yawa, kuma yana sonsa sosai a cikin masu fafutukar siyasa na ƙaura: Andreas Shipanga ya tuna cewa an fi saninsa da “Uncle Gumane” Duk da haka, bayan wasu nasarorin da sojoji suka samu a lardin Tete, COREMO ya fara rasa kuzari, kuma rigingimun cikin gida ya ruguza su: Duk da haka Gumane ya ci gaba da samun goyon bayan shugaban Zambia Kenneth Kaunda, wanda ya girmama shi. COREMO ya ci gaba da shiga cikin fadace-fadacen lokaci-lokaci tare da sojojin Portugal da FRELIMO, kuma a takaice dai ya sami karin hankulan jama'a a cikin watan Janairun 1971 lokacin da mayakan sa-kai suka sace kwararrun masana aikin gona na kasar Portugal guda shida, wadanda daga baya aka yi imanin an kashe su, da kuma 'yan kasar Mozambique biyar daga tashar noma ta Mussangadzi.
Daga shekarar 1971 gwamnatin kasar Sin ta fara mai da hankali kan tallafawa FRELIMO na musamman, kuma COREMO da sauran kananan kungiyoyin adawa sun fara bacewa daga idon jama'a. Daga karshe Kaunda ya ba da izinin kai farmakin soji a asirce a kan iyakar Mozambique domin kawar da 'yan ta'addar COREMO na karshe. Yayin da aka kama yawancin manyan jami'anta, Gumane ya tsere ya nufi kasar Swaziland, inda ya ci gaba da shirya adawa da FRELIMO.
Bayan juyin mulkin 1974 na Portugal ya mayar da 'yancin kai na Mozambique, Gumane tare da wasu shugabannin adawa na daya daga cikin wadanda suka kafa jam'iyyar National Coalition Party (PCN), wadda ta yi kira da a gudanar da zabe cikin 'yanci bayan mika mulki. Koyaya, Yarjejeniyar Lusaka na Satumba 1974 ta ba da iko kai tsaye ga FRELIMO kuma ya ba shi damar ci gaba da kawar da adawa na cikin gida. An kira Gumane da sauran shugabannin PCN zuwa Blantyre a Malawi bisa dalilin taron majalisar ministocin gaggawa, kuma an kama su a kan iyaka kafin a mika su ga sojojin FRELIMO.
Gumane ya kasance a tsare tsawon shekaru da dama. A cikin 1975 an nuna shi a bainar jama'a a Nachigwea, Tanzaniya tare da Uria Simango da wasu tsofaffin 'yan adawa na FRELIMO: dukansu biyun sun gabatar da dogon 'ikirci' na ayyukan cin amana, bayan haka aka tura su sansanonin 'sake karatu'. Daga baya fursunonin sun bace kuma ana kyautata zaton an kashe su ne a tsakanin shekarun 1977-81, ko da yake har yau gwamnatin Mozambique ta ki tabbatar da makomarsu.
Bayan bacewarsa, matar Gumane Priscilla na da alaka da kungiyar adawa ta RENAMO.