Pelusium

Pelusium
Wuri
31°03′N 32°36′E
Ƴantacciyar ƙasa	Misra
Governorate of Egypt (en)	Gwamnatin Port Said
Port city (en)	Port Said
Labarin ƙasa
Altitude (en)	8 m
Bayanan tarihi
Muhimman sha'ani	Siege of Pelusium (en)
Bayanan Tuntuɓa
Kasancewa a yanki na lokaci	UTC+02:00 (mul)

Pelusium ( Tsohon Masar : pr-jmn ; Coptic

Wuri

Pelusium yana tsakanin gabar teku da kuma dausayin kogin Nilu, kimanin mil biyu da rabi daga teku. Yashi ya shake tashar jiragen ruwa tun farkon ƙarni na farko kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa (AS), kuma bakin tekun yanzu ya wuce iyakokinsa na da, har birnin, har ma a ƙarni na uku bayan haihuwar Annabi Isa (AS), ya kai akalla mil huɗu daga Bahar Rum.

Babban amfanin ƙasashen da ke makwabtaka da ita shine flax, kuma linum Pelusiacum ( Tarihin Halitta na Pliny xix. 1. s. 3) yana da yawa kuma yana da inganci sosai. An kuma san Pelusium da kasancewa farkon mai samar da giya, wanda aka sani da abin sha Pelusian. Pelusium ya tsaya a matsayin sansanin iyaka, wuri mai ƙarfi, a kan iyaka, yana kare Masar dangane da Siriya da teku. Don haka, daga inda take, duk wani mamaya na Masar yana fuskantar hari kai tsaye; sau da yawa ana kewaye ta, kuma an yi yaƙe-yaƙe masu mahimmanci da yawa a kusa da bangon ta.

Pelusium ita ce babban birni mafi girma a gabashin ƙasar Masar ta Lower Egypt, wadda take a gefen gabas na kogin Nilu, Ostium Pelusiacum, wanda ya ba ta suna. Pliny the Elder ya ba da wurin da yake dangane da iyakar Larabawa: "A Ras Straki, mil 65 daga Pelusium, akwai iyakar Larabawa. Sannan Idumaea ta fara, da Falasdinu a wurin da Tafkin Serbonian ya fito. Wannan tafkin... yanzu wani wuri ne mai ban mamaki."

Sunan Romawa "Pelusium" ya samo asali ne daga sunan Girkanci na Koine, kuma Girkanci ya samo asali ne daga sunan Masar. An san shi da Sena da Per -Amun ( Marigayi Masar da Coptic : ) "Gida ko Haikali na allahn rana Amun ", Pelousion ko Saien ( Koine Greek ), Harshen Aramaic na Daular da Hebrew , da kuma Larabcin Masar Tell el-Farama ). A cewar William Smith, shine Zunubin Littafi Mai Tsarki na Ibrananci a cikin Ezekiel 30:15 . Smith ya yi zaton cewa kalmar a cikin siffofin Masar da Girkanci ( Peremoun ko Peromi ; Πήλος Pelos ) yana da ma'anar 'birni da aka yi da laka' ( omi, Coptic, "laka").

Marubucin Targum na Falasɗinu wanda ba a san sunansa ba ya fassara kalmar "Rameses" a cikin Pentateuch da ma'anar Pelusin (Pelusium). Ba a tabbatar ko malamin Falasɗinu na ƙarni na 10 kuma ƙwararre Saadia Gaon ya yarda da wannan ƙudurin ba, kodayake yana da wata al'ada ta yin hakan daga baya, yana rubuta cewa Rameses da aka ambata a cikin Lissafi 33:3, da kuma a cikin Fitowa 1:11 da 12:37, kamar yadda kuma a cikin Farawa 47:11, yana nufin Ain Shams . Masana ilimin ƙasa na zamani suna haɗa ʻAin Shams da Heliopolis .

Tarihi

Ga abubuwan da suka fi daukar hankali a tarihin Pelusium :

• Sennacherib, sarkin Neo-Assyrian, 720-715 BC, a cikin mulkin Sethos the Aethiopian na Daular Masar ta 25, ya ci gaba daga Masarautar Yahuza a kan Pelusium, amma ya yi ritaya ba tare da yaƙi ba daga gaban ganuwarsa a Ishaya 31:8; Herodotus na biyu. 141; Strabo na goma sha uku. shafi na 604. An ba da labarin cewa ya koma baya ne ga ni'imar Hephaestos ga Sethos, firist dinsa. A cikin dare, yayin da Assuriyawa suka yi barci, yawancin beraye sun cinye igiyoyin baka da garkuwar garkuwarsu, waɗanda suka gudu, kuma Masarawa sun kashe da yawa daga cikinsu yayin da suke gudu. Herodotus ya ga a cikin haikalin Hephaestos a Memphis, rikodin wannan nasarar Masarawa: mutum-mutumi na Sethos yana riƙe da linzamin kwamfuta a hannunsa. Wataƙila labarin ya dogara ne akan gaskiyar cewa a cikin alamar Masar, linzamin kwamfuta ya nuna hallaka. (Ka kwatanta Horapolis Hieroglyph. i. 50; Claudius Aelianus, De Natura Animalium vi. 41.)  
• Yaƙin Pelusium (525 BC) wanda ya sauya kursiyin Fir'auna zuwa Cambyses II, sarkin Farisa, an yi yaƙi a kusa da Pelusium. Filin da ke kewaye da su sun cika da ƙasusuwan mayakan lokacin da Herodotus ya ziyarta. Ya lura cewa kwanyar Masarawa za a iya rarrabe su daga na Farisawa ta hanyar tsananin su, gaskiyar da ta tabbatar da shi ta hanyar mummies. Ya danganta wannan ga aske kawunansu na Masarawa tun suna jarirai, da kuma Farisawa da ke rufe su da zane ko lilin. (Herodotus ii. 10, seq.); duk da haka, bisa ga labari, Pelusium ya fadi ba tare da yaƙi ba, ta hanyar sauƙin samun sojojin da suka mamaye su fitar da cats (mai tsarki ga allahiyar yankin Bast) a gaban su. Kamar yadda Cambyses na II gaba nan da nan zuwa Memphis, Pelusium mai yiwuwa ya mika kansa nan da nan bayan yakin. (Polyaen. Stratag. vii. 9.)
• A cikin 373 KZ, Farnabazus, satrap na Frigia, da Iphicrates, kwamandan makamai na Atina, sun bayyana a gaban Pelusium, amma sun yi ritaya ba tare da kai masa hari ba, Nectanebo I, sarkin Masar, bayan sun kara da tsoffin tsaron ta hanyar shimfiɗa ƙasashe makwabta a ƙarƙashin ruwa, da kuma toshe hanyoyin Nilu ta hanyar shinge. (Diodorus Siculus xv. 42; Cornelius Nepos, Iphicrates c. 5.)
• Farisawa sun kai hari kuma sun kwace Pelusium, c. 340 BC. Birnin yana dauke da dakarun sojoji 5,000 na Girka a karkashin umurnin Filophron. Da farko, saboda hanzari na Thebans a cikin sabis na Farisa, masu karewa suna da fa'ida. Amma Sarkin Masar Nectanebo II da sauri ya shiga cikin yakin basasa, an yanke dakarunsa zuwa raguwa, kuma Pelusium ya mika wuya ga Janar Lacrates na Theban a kan yanayi mai daraja. (Diodorus Siculus xvi. 43.)
• A cikin 333 KZ, Pelusium ya buɗe ƙofofinsa ga Alexander the Great, wanda ya sanya garuruwa a ciki a ƙarƙashin umurnin ɗaya daga cikin waɗancan jami'an da ake kira Abokan Sarki. (Arrian, Exp. Alex. iii. 1, seq.; Quintus Curtius iv. 33.)
• A cikin 173 BC, Antiochus Epiphanes ya ci nasara sosai a kan sojojin Ptolemy Philometor a ƙarƙashin ganuwar Pelusium, wanda ya karbe shi kuma ya riƙe bayan ya yi ritaya daga sauran Masar. (Polybius Legat. § 82; Hieronym. a cikin Daniyel. xi.) A kan faduwar mulkin Siriya, duk da haka, idan ba a baya ba, an mayar da Pelusium ga Ptolemies.
• A cikin 55 KZ, Ruwa. na Masar, [./Mark_<i id= Anton" id="mwASw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Mark Antony">Mark Antony], a matsayin kwamandan Roman doki ga mai mulkin Roma Gabinius, ya ci sojojin Masar, kuma ya sanya kansa mai kula da birnin. Ptolemy Auletes, a madadinsa Romawa suka mamaye Masar a wannan lokacin, yana so ya sanya Pelusians a kan takobi; amma Mark Anthony ya rushe niyyarsa. (Plut. Anton. c. 3; Valerius Max. ix. 1.)
• A cikin 48 BC, an kashe Pompey a kusa da Pelusium.
• A cikin 47 BC, Mithridates na Pergamon ya kai hari kuma ya ɗauki Pelusium a kan hanyarsa don ƙarfafa Kaisar wanda aka kewaye shi a Iskandariya.
• A cikin 30 BC, fiye da rabin shekara bayan nasarar da ya samu a Actium, Augustus ya bayyana a gaban Pelusium, kuma gwamnansa Seleucus ya shigar da shi a cikin ganuwarsa.
• A cikin 115-117 AD, a lokacin Diaspora Revolt, an ce Yahudawa sun mallaki hanyoyin ruwa kusa da Pelusium. Masanin tarihin Girka Appian ne ya rubuta wannan, wanda ya kasance mai shaida kuma ya tsere daga sojojin sojan ruwa na Yahudawa a Pelusium.
• A cikin 501 AD, Pelusium ya sha wahala sosai daga mamayar Farisa a Misira (Eutychius, Annal.).
• A cikin 541 AD, annoba ta Justinian ta fara fitowa a Pelusium kafin ta bazu a fadin Daular Byzantine.
• A cikin 639, Pelusium ya ba da dogon lokaci, duk da haka, a ƙarshe, juriya mara tasiri ga makamai na Amr ibn al-As. Kamar yadda yake a lokuta na baya, mika maɓallin Delta kusan daidai yake da mamayewar Masar kanta.
• A cikin 749, Bashmuric Copts sun kai hari Pelusium.
• A cikin ca. 870, an ambaci Pelusium a matsayin babbar tashar jiragen ruwa a cikin hanyar kasuwanci ta 'yan kasuwa na Radhanite.
• A cikin shekara ta 1118, Baldwin I na Urushalima ya rushe birnin zuwa ƙasa, amma ya mutu jim kadan bayan haka daga guba ta abinci bayan ya ci kwano na kifi na yankin.

Hanyoyin sojojin Romawa

Daga cikin hanyoyi shida na soja da Romawa suka kafa ko suka karɓe a Masar, an ambaci waɗannan a cikin Tashar Jirgin Antoninus kamar yadda suka haɗa da Pelusium:

• Daga Memphis zuwa Pelusium. Wannan hanyar ta haɗu da babbar hanyar daga Pselcis a Nubia a Babila, kusan gaban Memphis, kuma ta yi daidai da ita har zuwa Scenae Veteranorum . Hanyoyi biyu, wato daga Pselcis zuwa Scenae Veteranorum, waɗanda suka juya zuwa gabas a Heliopolis, da kuma daga Memphis zuwa Pelusium, sun haɗa birnin na ƙarshe da babban birnin Lower Egypt, magudanar ruwa ta Trajan, da Arsinoe, kusa da Suez, a kan Sinus Heroopolites ( Tekun Suez na zamani).
• Daga Acca zuwa Alexandria, an yi tafiya a kan Tekun Bahar Rum daga Raphia zuwa Pelusium.

Tarihin cocin Kirista

An sanya wa Pelusium suna (a matsayin "Zunubi, ƙarfin Masar") a cikin Littafi Mai Tsarki, a cikin Ezekiel 30:15 . Bisa ga al'adar 'yan Koftik, Iyali Mai Tsarki ya ratsa Pelusium a lokacin da suka gudu zuwa Masar .

Pelusium ya zama wurin zama bishop na Kirista tun daga farko. Bishop Dorotheus ya shiga Majalisar Nicaea ta farko a shekara ta 325. A shekara ta 335, an kori Marcus saboda goyon bayansa ga Athanasius na Alexandria . Wanda ya maye gurbinsa Pancratius, wanda ya goyi bayan Arianism, ya kasance a Majalisar Sirmium ta Biyu a shekara ta 351. Da yawa daga cikin sanannun bishop na Pelusium da suka biyo baya suma an dauke su a matsayin masu bidi'a a wurin mabiya addinin Orthodox. A matsayin babban birnin lardin Roma na Augustamnica Prima, Pelusium shine babban birnin lardin.

Duba kuma

• Jerin tsoffin garuruwa da biranen Masar