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Permaculture

Daga Wikipedia, Insakulofidiya ta kyauta.
Permaculture
farming system (en) Fassara
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na cultivation (en) Fassara da noma
Mai ganowa ko mai ƙirƙira Bill Mollison (en) Fassara da David Holmgren (en) Fassara

Permaculture wata hanya ce ta gudanar da ƙasa da ƙirar ƙauyuka wanda ke ɗaukar shirye-shiryen da aka lura a cikin yanayin halittu masu tasowa. Ya haɗa da ka'idojin ƙira da aka samo ta amfani da tunanin tsarin duka. Yana amfani da waɗannan ka'idoji a fannoni kamar aikin gona na sabuntawa, tsara gari, sake ginawa, da juriya na al'umma. Kalmar ta samo asali ne a cikin 1978 ta hanyar Bill Mollison da David Holmgren, waɗanda suka tsara manufar a adawa da hanyoyin masana'antu na zamani, a maimakon haka suna karɓar hanyar gargajiya ko "al'ada" ga aikin gona.[1][2]

Masu tunani da yawa a farkon da tsakiyar karni na 20 sun binciki aikin lambu mara tonowa, aikin gona mara noma, da kuma manufar "aikin noma na dindindin", wanda shine farkon wahayi don fagen permaculture.[3] Ayyukan Mollison da Holmgren daga shekarun 1970 da 1980 sun haifar da littattafai da yawa, farawa da Permaculture One a cikin 1978, da kuma ci gaban "Permaculture Design Course" wanda ya kasance ɗayan manyan hanyoyin yada ra'ayoyin permaculture.[4] Farawa daga mayar da hankali kan amfani da ƙasa a Kudancin Ostiraliya, permaculture tun daga lokacin ya bazu a cikin iyaka don haɗawa da wasu yankuna da sauran batutuwa, kamar fasahar da ta dace da ƙirar al'umma da gangan.[5]

Yawancin ra'ayoyi da ayyuka sun haɗa da hanyoyi masu yawa da aka lakafta a matsayin permaculture. Mollison da Holmgren's three foundational ethics da Holmgran's goma sha biyu design principles ana yawan ambaton su kuma a sake su a cikin permaculture wallafe-wallafen.[4] Ayyuka irin su shuka aboki, amfani mai yawa na amfanin gona na yau na kullum, da kayayyaki irin su shuke-shuke na shuke-huke an yi amfani da su sosai ta hanyar masu shuke-tsuke.

Permaculture a matsayin sanannen motsi an ware shi sosai daga wallafe-wallafen kimiyya, kuma an soki shi saboda rashin ma'anar ma'ana ko ingantaccen tsari.[6] Duk da dogon rarrabuwa, wasu karatun karni na 21 sun goyi bayan da'awar cewa permaculture yana inganta ingancin ƙasa da bambancin halittu, kuma sun gano shi a matsayin motsi na zamantakewa wanda zai iya inganta sauye-sauyen agroecological daga aikin gona na al'ada.[7][3][7]

Tarihi

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Tarihi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Franklin Hiram King ya gabatar da kalmar "aikin noma na dindindin" a cikin 1911.

A cikin 1911, Franklin Hiram King ya rubuta Farmers of Forty Centuries: Ko Aikin Gona na Dindindin a China, Koriya da Japan, yana kwatanta ayyukan noma na Gabashin Asiya da aka tsara don "aikin noma na dindindin".[8] A cikin 1929, Joseph Russell Smith ya kara wa'adin Sarki a matsayin subtitle na Tree Crops: A Permanent Agriculture, wanda ya rubuta don mayar da martani ga yaduwar gandun daji, noma, da rushewa a gabashin tsaunuka da yankunan tsaunuka na Amurka. Ya ba da shawarar dasa 'ya'yan itace da kwayoyi a matsayin amfanin abinci na mutum da dabba wanda zai iya daidaita ruwa da kuma dawo da lafiyar ƙasa. Smith ya ga duniya a matsayin wani abu mai alaƙa da juna kuma ya ba da shawarar tsarin haɗin bishiyoyi tare da amfanin gona. Wannan littafin ya yi wahayi zuwa ga mutane kamar Toyohiko Kagawa wanda ya fara aikin gona a Japan a cikin shekarun 1930.[9] Wani majagaba, George Washington Carver, ya ba da shawarar ayyukan da suka zama ruwan dare a yanzu a cikin permaculture, gami da amfani da juyawa na amfanin gona don dawo da nitrogen zuwa ƙasa da gyaran gonakin da suka lalace, a cikin aikinsa a Cibiyar Tuskegee tsakanin 1896 da mutuwarsa a 1947 .

A cikin littafinsa na 1964 Water for Every Farm, masanin ilimin noma da injiniya na Australiya P. A. Yeomans ya gabatar da ma'anar aikin gona na dindindin a matsayin wanda za'a iya ci gaba har abada. Yeomans ya gabatar da tsarin lura da amfani da ƙasa a Ostiraliya a cikin shekarun 1940 kuma a cikin shekarun 1950s Keyline Design a matsayin hanyar sarrafa wadata da rarraba ruwa a yankuna masu tsaka-tsaki. Sauran tasirin farko sun haɗa da ayyukan Stewart Brand, Ruth Stout da Esther Deans, waɗanda suka fara aikin lambu ba tare da tonowa ba, da Masanobu Fukuoka wanda, a ƙarshen shekarun 1930 a Japan, ya fara ba da shawarar gonaki da lambuna da aikin noma na halitta.[5]

Bill Mollison, wanda aka bayyana a matsayin "mahaifin permaculture", ya ambaci tsarin imani na Aboriginal Tasmanian a matsayin wahayi na aikin.[1]

A ƙarshen shekarun 1960, Bill Mollison, babban malami a fannin ilimin muhalli a Tasmania" id="mwnQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="University of Tasmania">Jami'ar Tasmania, da David Holmgren, dalibi mai digiri a Kwalejin Tasmanian ta lokacin sun fara haɓaka ra'ayoyi game da tsarin aikin gona mai ɗorewa a tsibirin Tasmania na kudancin Australia. Sanarwarsu game da yanayin da ba za a iya jurewa ba na hanyoyin masana'antu na zamani da kuma wahayi daga asalin Tasmanian da sauran ayyukan gargajiya sun kasance masu mahimmanci ga tsarin su na permaculture.[10][11] A ra'ayinsu, hanyoyin masana'antu sun dogara sosai da albarkatun da ba za a iya sabuntawa ba, kuma sun kasance da guba da ƙasa da ruwa, rage bambancin halittu, da kuma cire biliyoyin tan na ƙasa daga wuraren da ke da kyau a baya. Sun amsa da permaculture. An fara bayyana wannan kalmar ne tare da buga littafin su na 1978 Permaculture One [12]

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Birnbaum Fox, Juliana (9 June 2010). "Indigenous Science". Cultural Survival Quarterly. 33 (1) – via Indiana University. Bill Mollison, often called the 'father of permaculture,' worked with indigenous people in his native Tasmania and worldwide, and credits them with inspiring his work. "I believe that unless we adopt sophisticated aboriginal belief systems and learn respect for all life, then we lose our own," he wrote in the seminal Permaculture: A Designers' Manual. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":3" defined multiple times with different content
  2. ↑ Holmgren, David (2007). "Essence of Permaculture" (PDF). Permaculture: Principles & Pathways Beyond Sustainability: 7. This focus in permaculture on learning from indigenous, tribal and cultures of place is based on the evidence that these cultures have existed in relative balance with their environment, and survived for longer than any of our more recent experiments in civilisation.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Ferguson, Rafter Sass; Lovell, Sarah Taylor (25 October 2013). "Permaculture for agroecology: design, movement, practice, and worldview. A review". Agronomy for Sustainable Development. 34 (2): 251–27. doi:10.1007/S13593-013-0181-6. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Ferguson Lovell" defined multiple times with different content
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Robert Scott. "A Critical Review of Permaculture in the United States" (PDF). Robscott.net. Retrieved 5 March 2022. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Scott" defined multiple times with different content
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Holmgren, David (2006). "The Essence of Permaculture". Holmgren Design Services. Archived from the original on 26 May 2008. Retrieved 10 September 2011. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Holmgren Essence" defined multiple times with different content
  6. ↑ "Permaculture for Sceptics". The Permaculture Research Institute. 11 March 2021. Archived from the original on 21 April 2021. Retrieved 22 July 2021.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Reiff, Julius; Jungkunst, Hermann F.; Mauser, Ken M.; Kampel, Sophie; Regending, Sophie; Rösch, Verena; Zaller, Johann G.; Entling, Martin H. (2024-07-04). "Permaculture enhances carbon stocks, soil quality and biodiversity in Central Europe". Communications Earth & Environment. 5 (1): 305. Bibcode:2024ComEE...5..305R. doi:10.1038/s43247-024-01405-8. ISSN 2662-4435.
  8. ↑ King 1911.
  9. ↑ Hart 1996.
  10. ↑ Birnbaum Fox, Juliana (9 June 2010). "Indigenous Science". Cultural Survival Quarterly. 33 (1) – via Indiana University. Bill Mollison, often called the 'father of permaculture,' worked with indigenous people in his native Tasmania and worldwide, and credits them with inspiring his work. "I believe that unless we adopt sophisticated aboriginal belief systems and learn respect for all life, then we lose our own," he wrote in the seminal Permaculture: A Designers' Manual.
  11. ↑ Holmgren, David (2007). "Essence of Permaculture" (PDF). Permaculture: Principles & Pathways Beyond Sustainability: 7. This focus in permaculture on learning from indigenous, tribal and cultures of place is based on the evidence that these cultures have existed in relative balance with their environment, and survived for longer than any of our more recent experiments in civilisation.
  12. ↑ Introduction to Permaculture, 1991, Mollison, p.v
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