Jump to content

Phytochemical

Daga Wikipedia, Insakulofidiya ta kyauta.
Phytochemical
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare nachemical compound (en) Fassara
Karatun taphytochemistry (en) Fassara
Red, blue, da purple launuka na 'ya'yan itace sun samo asali ne daga polyphenol phytochemicals da ake kira anthocyanins.
'Ya'yan itace na Cucurbita, gami da squash da pumpkin, yawanci suna da babban abun ciki na pigments na phytochemical da ake kira carotenoids.

Phytochemicals sune sunadarai masu tasowa a cikin ko kuma an cire su daga tsire-tsire.[1][2] Wasu phytochemicals sune abubuwan gina jiki ga shuka, yayin da wasu sune metabolites da aka samar don inganta rayuwar shuka da haifuwa.

Yankunan cire phytochemicals don samfuran da aka ƙera ko amfani da hanyoyin kimiyya don nazarin kaddarorin phytochemical ana kiransu phytochemistry.[2] Mutumin da ke amfani da phytochemicals a cikin masana'antar sunadarai na abinci ko bincike shine phytochemist.

Phytochemicals ba tare da ma'anar abinci mai gina jiki ba su da tabbacin ayyukan halittu ko tabbatar da fa'idodin kiwon lafiya lokacin da aka cinye su a cikin abinci na shuke-shuke.[2] Da zarar phytochemicals a cikin abinci sun shiga tsarin narkewa, ba a san makomar phytochemics na mutum a cikin jiki ba saboda yawan metabolism na abinci a cikin gastrointestinal tract, samar da phytochemical metabolites tare da halaye daban-daban na halitta daga waɗanda ke cikin iyayen da za a iya gwada su in vitro.[3] Bugu da ƙari, bioavailability na yawancin phytochemical metabolites ya bayyana yana da ƙarancin gaske, yayin da suke fitar da su cikin sauri daga jiki cikin minti.[3] Baya ga fiber na abinci, babu wani sinadarin da ba mai gina jiki da ke da isasshen shaidar kimiyya don samar da fa'idar kiwon lafiya.

Wasu magungunan da aka sha na iya zama masu guba, kuma ana iya amfani da wasu a cikin kayan shafawa, gano magunguna, ko maganin gargajiya.

Magana

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Phytochemical ya samo asali ne ta hanyar hada kalmar Tsohon Girkanci don shuka (phyton, phyto) tare da sinadarai, [2] kamar yadda aka fara amfani da shi a Turanci don sunadarai na shuka da sunadarin kwayoyin halitta a kusa da 1850. [4]

Ma'anar

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Phytochemicals sunadarai ne da tsire-tsire ke samarwa ta hanyar metabolism na farko ko na biyu.[2][5] Gabaɗaya suna da aikin halittu a cikin mai shuka kuma suna taka rawa a cikin ci gaban shuka ko karewa daga masu fafatawa, pathogens, ko masu cin nama.[6] A matsayin abubuwan da ke cikin shuke-shuke, duk kwayoyin halitta sun hada da dukkan shuke-huke kamar yadda yake a cikin yanayi.[2]

Phytochemicals galibi ana ɗaukar su a matsayin mahadi na bincike maimakon Abubuwan gina jiki masu mahimmanci saboda ba a tabbatar da yiwuwar tasirin lafiyar su ba tukuna.[1][2][7] Ana iya rarraba magungunan da ke karkashin bincike zuwa manyan rukunoni, kamar su carotenoids da polyphenols, waɗanda suka haɗa da phenolic acids, flavonoids, stilbenes ko lignans. [8][7] Flavonoids za a iya raba su zuwa kungiyoyi bisa ga irin wannan tsarin sunadarai, kamar anthocyanins, flavones, flavanones, isoflavones, da flavanols.[3][7] Flavanols an kara rarraba su a matsayin catechins, epicatechins, da proanthocyanidins. [3][7] Gabaɗaya, an gano phytochemicals tsakanin 50,000 da 130,000.[9][10]

Phytochemists suna nazarin phytochemicals ta hanyar cirewa da ware mahadi daga asalin shuka, sannan ta hanyar bayyana tsarin su ko gwaji a cikin tsarin samfurin dakin gwaje-gwaje, kamar nazarin in vitro ko nazarin in vivo ta amfani da dabbobi na dakin gwaje.[2][6] Kalubale a wannan fagen sun haɗa da ware takamaiman mahadi da ƙayyade tsarin su, wanda sau da yawa yana da rikitarwa, da kuma gano abin da takamaiman phytochemical ke da alhakin duk wani aikin halitta da aka ba shi.[2][6]

Bugu da ƙari, a kan cinye phytochemicals a cikin abinci da ke shiga cikin tsarin narkewa, ba a san makomar phytochemics na mutum a cikin jiki ba saboda yawan metabolism a cikin gastrointestinal tract, samar da ƙananan phytochemical metabolites tare da halaye daban-daban na halitta daga waɗanda ke cikin mahaɗin iyaye, kuma tare da ƙarancin bioavailability da saurin fitarwa.[3] Baya ga fiber na abinci, babu wani phytochemical wanda ba mai gina jiki da ke da isasshen shaidar kimiyya a cikin mutane don da'awar kiwon lafiya da aka amince da ita.[11][12]

Tarihin amfani

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Berries na Atropa belladonna, wanda kuma ake kira mai kisa, wanda ke dauke da magungunan phytochemicals masu guba, tropane alkaloids

Ba tare da takamaiman ilimin ayyukansu na salula ko hanyoyin su ba, phytochemicals na iya zama mai guba ko amfani da su a cikin maganin gargajiya. Misali, salicin, wanda ke da magungunan rigakafi da rage zafi, an samo shi ne daga gashin itacen furen willow kuma daga baya an samar da shi don zama na yau da kullun, maganin da a kan kantin sayar da kayayyaki, aspirin.[13][14] An yi amfani da alkaloids na tropane na Atropa belladonna a matsayin guba, kuma mutane na farko sun yi kibiyoyi masu guba daga shuka. Sauran amfani sun haɗa da turare, kamar sesquiterpene santolols, daga sandalwood.

An san itacen yew na Ingilishi da daɗewa yana da guba sosai kuma nan da nan ga dabbobi da ke kiwo a kan ganye ko yara da suka ci 'ya'yan itacen; duk da haka, a cikin 1971, an ware paclitaxel daga gare ta, daga baya ya zama maganin ciwon daji.[6]

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. 1 2 "Phytochemicals". Micronutrient Information Center, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon. 2025. Retrieved 9 April 2025. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "lpi" defined multiple times with different content.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Frank J, Fukagawa NK, Bilia AR, Johnson EJ, Kwon O, Prakash V, Miyazawa T, Clifford MN, Kay CD, Crozier A, Erdman JW, Shao A, Williamson G (June 2020). "Terms and nomenclature used for plant-derived components in nutrition and related research: efforts toward harmonization". Nutrition Reviews. 78 (6): 451–458. doi:10.1093/nutrit/nuz081. PMC 7212822. PMID 31769838. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "frank" defined multiple times with different content.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 "Flavonoids". Micronutrient Information Center, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon. February 2016. Retrieved 9 April 2025. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "lpi-flav" defined multiple times with different content.
  4. ↑ "Phytochemical: adjective and noun". Oxford English Dictionary. 2025. Retrieved 10 April 2025.
  5. ↑ (Herbert ed.). Missing or empty |title= (help)
  6. 1 2 3 4 Molyneux, RJ; Lee, ST; Gardner, DR; Panter, KE; James, LF (2007). "Phytochemicals: the good, the bad and the ugly?". Phytochemistry. 68 (22–24): 2973–85. Bibcode:2007PChem..68.2973M. doi:10.1016/j.phytochem.2007.09.004. PMID 17950388. Archived from the original on 2023-07-03. Retrieved 2017-02-10. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Molyneux" defined multiple times with different content.
  7. 1 2 3 4 Heneman, Karrie; Zidenberg-Cherr, Sheri (2008). "Publication 8313: Phytochemicals" (PDF). University of California Cooperative Extension.
  8. ↑ "Carotenoids". Micronutrient Information Center, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon. October 2023. Retrieved 9 April 2025.
  9. ↑ Afendi, Farit Mochamad; Okada, Taketo; Yamazaki, Mami; Hirai-Morita, Aki; Nakamura, Yukiko; Nakamura, Kensuke; Ikeda, Shun; Takahashi, Hiroki; Altaf-Ul-Amin, Md.; Darusman, Latifah K.; Saito, Kazuki; Kanaya, Shigehiko (February 2012). "KNApSAcK Family Databases: Integrated Metabolite–Plant Species Databases for Multifaceted Plant Research". Plant and Cell Physiology. 53 (2): e1. doi:10.1093/pcp/pcr165. PMID 22123792.
  10. ↑ Rutz, Adriano; Sorokina, Maria; Galgonek, Jakub; Mietchen, Daniel; Willighagen, Egon; Gaudry, Arnaud; Graham, James G; Stephan, Ralf; Page, Roderic; Vondrášek, Jiří; Steinbeck, Christoph; Pauli, Guido F; Wolfender, Jean-Luc; Bisson, Jonathan; Allard, Pierre-Marie (26 May 2022). "The LOTUS initiative for open knowledge management in natural products research". eLife. 11. doi:10.7554/eLife.70780. PMC 9135406 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 35616633 Check |pmid= value (help).
  11. ↑ "Fiber". Micronutrient Information Center, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon. 2025. Retrieved 11 April 2025.
  12. ↑ EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (2010). "Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to various food(s)/food constituent(s) and protection of cells from premature aging, antioxidant activity, antioxidant content and antioxidant properties, and protection of DNA, proteins and lipids from oxidative damage pursuant to Article 13(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/20061". EFSA Journal. 8 (2): 1489. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1489.
  13. ↑ Sneader, W. (2000). "The discovery of aspirin: A reappraisal". BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.). 321 (7276): 1591–1594. doi:10.1136/bmj.321.7276.1591. PMC 1119266. PMID 11124191.
  14. ↑ Landau E (22 Dec 2010). "From a tree, a 'miracle' called aspirin". CNN. Retrieved 18 June 2014.
Daga "https://ha.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phytochemical&oldid=724733"