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Pingo

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Pingo
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare nalandform (en) Fassara
Bangare naIlimin Kimiyyar Juyin Sifar Kasa (Geomorphology)
Wuri
Ibyuk pingo kusa da Tuktoyaktuk, arewacin Kanada
Ra'ayi daga saman pingo zuwa wani, a cikin wani tafki mai narkewa, Tekun Arctic a bango (kusa da Tuktoyaktuk). 20 ga Yuli, 1975.

Pingos su ne tsaunukan kankara da ke cikin intrapermafrost, 3–70 metres (10–230 ft) babba da 30–1,000 metres (98–3,281 ft) a diamita. [1] Yawanci suna da siffar conical kuma suna girma kuma suna dagewa kawai a cikin yanayin permafrost, irin su Arctic da subarctic . [2] Pingo wani nau'in ƙasa ne na periglacial, wanda aka siffanta shi azaman yanayin ƙasa maras gilashi ko tsari mai alaƙa da yanayin sanyi. An kiyasta cewa akwai fiye da 11,000 pingos a Duniya, [3] tare da yankin Tuktoyaktuk da ke da mafi girma maida hankali a jimlar 1,350. [4]

Tarihi

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Pingo ya rushe a cikin Mackenzie Delta . Ana iya ganin tsarin tafkin da aka zubar a baya. Agusta 8, 1987.

A cikin 1825, John Franklin ya yi bayanin farko na pingo lokacin da ya hau wani ƙaramin pingo a tsibirin Ellice a cikin Mackenzie Delta . [5] Duk da haka, a cikin 1938 ne aka fara aro kalmar pingo daga Inuvialuit ta masanin ilimin botanist na Arctic Alf Erling Porsild a cikin takardarsa akan tudun Duniya na yammacin tekun Arctic na Kanada da Alaska. An saka sunan Porsild Pingo a Tuktoyaktuk don karrama shi. [6] Kalmar pingo, wanda a cikin Inuvialuktun na nufin tudun conical, yanzu an yarda da shi azaman kalmar kimiyya a cikin wallafe-wallafen Turanci. [6]

Kafawa

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Pingos na iya samuwa ne kawai a cikin yanayin permafrost. Shaidar da aka yi wa pingos da suka rushe a wani yanki ya nuna cewa akwai wani permafrost. Pingos na iya rushewa saboda narkewar kankara mai tallafawa kuma ya haifar da raguwa a cikin shimfidar wuri wanda ke nuna siffar juyawa (mirror na kwance). [7]

Hydrostatic pingos

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Diagram wanda ke nuna yadda aka kafa tsarin rufewa (hydrostatic) pingos

Tsarin rufewa, wanda aka fi sani da hydrostatic pingos, an kafa su ne sakamakon matsin lamba na hydrostatic wanda ya gina a cikin ainihin pingos saboda ruwa.[8] Suna faruwa a yankunan ci gaba da ci gaba da ƙanƙara inda akwai layin ƙasa mai hana ruwa.[8] Wadannan pingos suna samuwa a cikin filayen, wuraren da ba su da kyau tare da iyakancewar ruwan kasa kamar tabkuna masu zurfi da kogin kogi. Samun waɗannan siffofin ƙasa yana faruwa ne lokacin da yadudduka na permafrost ke haifar da motsi sama ko matsin lamba, wanda ke haifar da tarin daskarewa na ƙasa, wanda ke tura kayan sama saboda fadadawa.[8]

Adadin ya nuna wannan tsari da canje-canjen da ke faruwa a cikin shekara.[9] Wannan nau'in tsarin rufewa an kafa shi ne a wani yanki inda aka cika tafkin da turɓaya. Wannan yana nuna cewa ƙasa tana da rufi, yana ba da damar ruwa mai ruwa ya tattara a ƙarƙashin laka.[9] A cikin watanni na hunturu wannan turɓaya ya fara daskarewa wanda ke haifar da fadada turɓaya, yana kulle ruwa da ƙara matsin lamba.[9] Wannan yana haifar da samar da tudu saboda matsin lamba. Koyaya, a lokacin watanni na rani ƙanƙara na pingo ya fara narkewa wanda ke haifar da tudun zuwa kogo a ciki.[9]

Pingo na ruwa

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Diagram yana nuna yadda aka kafa bude tsarin (hydraulic) pingos

Hydraulic (buɗe-tsarin) pingos ya samo asali ne daga ruwan kasa da ke gudana daga tushen waje, watau sub-permafrost ko intra-permafost aquifers. Matsi na hydrostatic yana farawa da kafa ainihin kankara yayin da ake tura ruwa sama kuma daga baya ya daskare.[10] Pingo na bude-tsarin ba su da iyaka ga adadin ruwan da ake da shi sai dai idan ruwa ya daskare. Sau da yawa suna faruwa a gindin gangara kuma an san su da nau'in Greenland.[2] Ana sanya ruwan karkashin kasa a ƙarƙashin matsin lamba kuma yana tilasta ƙasa sama yayin da yake fadada kankara.[1] Ba matsin lamba na Artesian da kansa ba ne ke tilasta ƙasa sama, amma a maimakon haka ƙanƙara ce da ake ciyar da ruwa daga ruwa. Wadannan galibi ana kirkiresu ne a cikin wani abu mai laushi, mai laushi. Wadannan yanayi suna ba da damar samar da kankara, amma kuma suna ba da wadataccen Ruwa na ƙasa. Idan matsin ruwa da ke shiga pingo na artesian yana da ƙarfi sosai, zai iya ɗaga pingo sama yana ba da izinin ruwan tabarau na ruwa don samarwa a ƙasa. Koyaya, idan ruwan tabarau na ruwa ya fara zubowa zai iya haifar da raguwa wanda zai iya daidaita tsarin.[5] Wadannan pingos sau da yawa suna da siffar oval ko oblong. Har yanzu ba a fahimci dalilin da ya sa tsarin budewa ko pingos na ruwa ke faruwa a cikin ƙasa marar gashi ba.

Pingos yawanci suna girma ne kawai santimita biyu a kowace shekara, tare da Ibyuk Pingo yana girma a cikin 2 centimetres (0.79 in) in) a shekara, [11] kuma mafi girma yana ɗaukar shekaru da yawa ko ma ƙarni don samarwa. Tsarin da ke haifar da pingos an yi imanin yana da alaƙa da ƙanƙara. Tushen pingo yana kaiwa matsakaicin diamita a farkon ƙuruciyarsa. Wannan yana nufin pingos suna girma mafi girma maimakon girma a diamita da tsawo a lokaci guda.[5] Tsawon pingos na iya kasancewa a ko'ina daga 3 zuwa 70 kuma diamita daga 30 zuwa 1,000 . [1] Siffar pingos yawanci zagaye ne. Ƙananan pingos suna da tsaunuka masu lankwasawa yayin da manyan pingos yawanci suna da tuddai ko craters saboda narkewar kankara da aka fallasa.[1]

Wuraren da aka yi

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Greenland

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Yanayin Greenland yana ƙunshe da pingos da yawa da sauran nau'ikan ƙasa. A yammacin Greenland an kiyasta cewa akwai pingo 29, yayin da a gabashin Greenland an kiyasta akwai pingo 71. Yawancin pingos a Greenland suna cikin Disko Bay da Nuussuaq Peninsula a cikin yammacin Greenland da kuma wasu a gabashin Greenland a Mesters Vig . [10] The permafrost a Disko Bay yana kusa da 150 metres (490 ft) mai zurfi, samar da kyakkyawan yanayi don haɓaka tsarin pingos na rufaffiyar. Akwai pingos 20 a tsibirin Disko, tare da mafi girma a kan Kuganguaq alluvial plain a 100 metres (330 ft) fadi da 15 metres (49 ft) babba. [12]

A gabashin Greenland, ana samun pingos a 8 metres (26 ft) . An san su sosai saboda su ne pingos mafi arewacin gabashin Greenland. Mafi girma daga cikin wadannan pingos yana da 100 metres (330 ft) fadi da 8 ft) tsawo, yana ɗaukar siffar semicircle. Wannan pingo har yanzu yana aiki, ma'ana yana ƙaruwa a tsawo a tsawon lokaci.[13]

Kanada

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Tuktoyaktuk Peninsula pingos

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Mackenzie delta tare da tafkin da aka zubar da ruwa (a gaba), polygons na kankara da kuma pingo mai girma, Agusta 1987
Pingo a yankin Mackenzie Delta
Injection ice a cikin pingo, Mackenzie delta yankin

Yankin Tuktoyaktuk yanki ne tare da yanayin tundra na ruwa a bakin Tekun Arctic a cikin Yankin Arewa maso Yamma, Kanada . Wannan tsibirin an rufe shi da zurfin permafrost, wanda aka sani ya wuce shekaru 50 metres (160 ft),000. Akwai pingos da yawa a cikin yankin Pingo Canadian Landmark, duk suna da girman da diamita. Mafi sanannun pingo a wannan yanki shine Ibyuk Pingo, wanda shine mafi tsayi a Kanada. Tsawon wannan pingo yana da 50 sama da matakin teku, amma pingo har yanzu yana ƙaruwa a tsawo da 'yan centimeters a kowace shekara. Wannan pingo yana daya daga cikin ƙananan pingos a yankin, an kiyasta yana da shekaru 1,000.[2] Tun daga kimanin shekara ta 1990, yawancin pingos sun fara narkewa yayin da aka fallasa kankara na allura na core.

Alaska

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Pingo ya rushe a cikin Mackenzie Delta tare da kankara mai zurfi. Ana iya ganin tsarin tafkin da aka zubar a baya. Agusta 8, 1987.
Bayani game da pingo a cikin Mackenzie Delta tare da babban allurar allura. Agusta 8, 1987.
Ruwa da pingos kusa da Tuktoyaktuk, Yankin Arewa maso Yamma, Kanada

Kimanin kashi 80% na Alaska an rufe shi da permafrost, tare da kashi 29% na wannan ci gaba mai ci gaba, kashi 35% mai ci gaba mai rarraba kuma sauran masu rarraba ko keɓewa. A duk faɗin Alaska, akwai fiye da 1,500 da aka sani pingos tare da mafi yawan kasancewa bude tsarin pingos.[14] Tsawon pingos a Alaska ya kasance daga 3 zuwa 54 metres (177 ft) a tsawo da 15 zuwa 450 a fadin.[15] Pingo mafi tsayi a duniya yana cikin Alaska, wanda aka sani da Kadleroshilik Pingo . Kadleroshilik Pingo yana da 54 ft) a tsawo, amma yana ci gaba da tashi a tsawo da 'yan centimeters a shekara.[14]

Siberia

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A Siberia, ana iya samun wani yanki da ke dauke da babban taro na tsarin pingos kusa da Yakutsk wanda ke kan Kogin Lena. A cikin wannan yanki akwai fiye da 500 pingos kusa da Kogin Lena. Yankin ya kunshi filayen filayen da ke da zurfin permafrost, yana ba da damar pingos su samar da ci gaba.[10]

Asiya ta Tsakiya

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Yankunan Asiya ta Tsakiya an san su da pingos a mafi girman tsawo a duniya.[10] Misali, Tibetan Plateau yana da pingos a sama da 4,000 metres (13,000 ft) m (13,000 a tsawo saboda yanayin da ya daskare har abada. Wannan yanayin cikakke ne don samar da pingo, kuma sanyi, busassun permafrost tare da yanayin sanyi yana hana pingo rushewa.[16]

Scandinavia

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Duk da babban latitude da kuma faruwar permafrost, babu pingos na zamani da aka sani daga Scandinavia. An yi kuskuren tuddai na Palsa a Scandinavia don pingos. Wasu raunin da aka samu a Jutland, da kuma wasu tabkuna masu zagaye a cikin filin Finnmarksvidda na iya zama ragowar pingos da suka rushe. Wataƙila pingos na Jutland sun samo asali ne a lokacin Weichselian glaciation da kuma yiwuwar Finnmarkvidda pingos a Lokacin sanyi na ƙarshe deglaciation.[17]

Ingila

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Rockingham Anomaly a cikin Elephant da Castle, Landan, tare da turɓaya mai kiyayewa, an fassara shi azaman pingo mai mahimmanci.[18][19]

Mars

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Kodayake ba a tabbatar da pingos a kan Mars ba, akwai alamun siffofi masu kama da pingo (PLFs). [10] PLFs siffofi ne na periglacial waɗanda ba a rarraba su a matsayin pingos ba. Wannan yawanci saboda ba su da girma ko kuma babu isasshen shaida don sanya su a matsayin pingos.[16]

Tasirin canjin yanayi

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Warming na duniya yana haifar da yanayin zafi na Arctic ya tashi da sauri, yana haifar da permafrost ya narke.[20] Saboda wannan dalili, mahalli na permafrost suna da matukar damuwa ga Canjin yanayi a cikin Arctic. Rashin lalacewar ƙanƙara wanda ya haifar da dumamar yanayi an nuna shi ta hanyar karuwar yawan zafin ƙasa na shekara-shekara, karuwar kauri mai aiki, ci gaban talik da thermokarst da ɓacewar tsibirin ƙanƙarar.[21] Canjin tsakanin lalacewar permafrost da haɓaka yana da siffofi na sub-Arctic da Arctic lowland landscapes, sabili da haka ya ƙunshi rikodin yanayi da ci gaban shimfidar wuri.[22]

Pingos suna da saukin kamuwa da rikice-rikice na ƙasa saboda yawan kankara da aka adana a cikinsu. Matakan narkewar ƙanƙara na iya haifar da ƙanƙarar kankara a cikin pingos don narkewa, wanda zai iya haifar da karuwar rushewar pingo da kuma samar da tabkuna.[23] Koyaya, a halin yanzu akwai ƙananan binciken da ke bincika yadda canjin yanayi zai iya shafar tsari da ci gaban pingos.

Manazarta

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  1. 1 2 3 4 Pidwirny, M (2006). "Periglacial Processes and Landforms". Fundamentals of Physical Geography. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Pidwirny2006" defined multiple times with different content.
  2. 1 2 3 Mackay, J. Ross (2 October 2002). "Pingo Growth and collapse, Tuktoyaktuk Peninsula Area, Western Arctic Coast, Canada: a long-term field study". Géographie Physique et Quaternaire. 52 (3): 271–323. doi:10.7202/004847ar. ISSN 1492-143X. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Mackay2002" defined multiple times with different content.
  3. ↑ Grosse, G.; Jones, B. M. (2011). "Spatial distribution of pingos in northern Asia". The Cryosphere. 5 (1): 13–33. Bibcode:2011TCry....5...13G. doi:10.5194/tc-5-13-2011.
  4. ↑ Mackay, J. Ross (1998). "Pingo Growth and Collapse, Tuktoyaktuk Peninsula Area, Western Arctic Coast, Canada: A Long-Term Field Study" (PDF). Géographie Physique et Quaternaire. University of Montreal. 52 (3): 311. doi:10.7202/004847ar. Retrieved 23 June 2012.
  5. 1 2 3 Mackay, Ross (2011). "Pingos of the Tuktoyaktuk Peninsula Area, Northwest Territories". Géographie Physique et Quaternaire. Department of Geography University of British Columbia. 33: 3–61. doi:10.7202/1000322ar. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Mackay2011" defined multiple times with different content.
  6. 1 2 Mackay, J. Ross (1 January 1988). "The Birth and Growth of Porsild Pingo, Tuktoyaktuk Peninsula, District of Mackenzie". Arctic. 41 (4). doi:10.14430/arctic1731. ISSN 1923-1245.
  7. ↑ "Six bizarre landforms created by global warming". New Scientist (in Turanci). Retrieved 2022-11-09.
  8. 1 2 3 Yoshikawa, K. (2013). "Pingos". Treatise on Geomorphology. 8: 274–297. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-374739-6.00212-8. ISBN 9780080885223.
  9. 1 2 3 4 "Formation of Closed System Pingos" (in Turanci). Retrieved 25 April 2020.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 Yoshikawa, K. (2013). "Pingos". Treatise on Geomorphology. 8: 274–297. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-374739-6.00212-8. ISBN 9780080885223. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Yoshikawa2013" defined multiple times with different content.
  11. ↑ "Pingo Canadian Landmark". Archived from the original on 3 June 2007.
  12. ↑ "Growth and collapse history of pingos, Kuganguaq, Disko island, Greenland". Polarforschung. 64 (3): 109–113. 1996.
  13. ↑ "Pingos at Nioghalvfjerdsfjorden, eastern North Greenland". Geology of Greenland Survey Bulletin. 180: 159–162. 1998. doi:Bennike Check |doi= value (help).
  14. 1 2 "Permafrost characteristics in Alaska". Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Permafrost. 3: 121–122. 2008.
  15. ↑ "Pingos in central Alaska". US Government Printing Office: 1–40. 1968. Bibcode:1968usgs.rept....6H. doi:10.3133/b1241H.
  16. 1 2 "Pingos on Earth and Mars". Planetary and Space Science. 57 (5): 541–555. 2009. Bibcode:2009P&SS...57..541B. doi:10.1016/j.pss.2008.11.003.
  17. ↑ Svensson, Harald (1976). "Pingo problems in the Scandinavian countries". Biuletyn Peryglacjalny. 26: 33–40.
  18. ↑ "@londongeology.bsky.social on Bluesky". bsky.app. Retrieved 2025-07-30.
  19. ↑ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2022-07-09.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  20. ↑ "High risk of permafrost thaw". Nature. 480 (7375): 32–33. 30 November 2011. doi:10.1038/480032a. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 22129707. S2CID 4412175.
  21. ↑ "Responses of permafrost to climate change and their environmental significance, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau". Journal of Geophysical Research (in Turanci). 112 (F2): F02S03. 8 June 2007. Bibcode:2007JGRF..112.2S03C. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.730.9627. doi:10.1029/2006JF000631. ISSN 0148-0227.
  22. ↑ "Holocene thermokarst and pingo development in the Kolyma Lowland (NE Siberia)" (PDF). Permafrost and Periglacial Processes (in Turanci). 29 (3): 182–198. July 2018. Bibcode:2018PPPr...29..182W. doi:10.1002/ppp.1979. S2CID 135299374.
  23. ↑ "Spatial distribution of pingos in northern Asia". The Cryosphere (in Turanci). 5 (1): 13–33. 7 January 2011. Bibcode:2011TCry....5...13G. doi:10.5194/tc-5-13-2011. ISSN 1994-0424.
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