Pithom
 Pithom | ||||
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| Wuri | ||||
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| Labarin ƙasa | ||||
Altitude (en)  | 13 m | |||
| Bayanan tarihi | ||||
| Ƙirƙira |
<abbr title="Hypothesis (en) ">h. 1278 "BCE" | |||
| Bayanan Tuntuɓa | ||||
| Kasancewa a yanki na lokaci |
UTC+02:00 (mul)
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Pithom ( Ancient Egyptian ; Biblical Hebrew ; Koine Greek ko Ἡρώωνπόλις Hērṓōnpólis, da kuma Πατούμος Patoúmos ) tsohon birni ne na Masar. Akwai nassoshi a cikin Littafin Ibrananci na Ibrananci da tsoffin majiyoyin Girka da Romawa game da wannan birni, amma ainihin wurin da yake har yanzu ba a tabbatar da shi ba. Wasu masana sun bayyana shi a matsayin wurin tarihi na Tell el-Maskhuta na baya ( Arabic ). Wasu kuma sun bayyana shi a matsayin wurin tarihi na farko na Tell El Retabeh ( Arabic ).
Asalin Ma'anar
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Sunan Ingilishi ya fito ne daga Ibrananci
Littafin Littafi Mai Tsarki Pithom
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Pitom na ɗaya daga cikin biranen da, bisa ga Littafin Fitowa 1:11, an gina shi ne ga Fir'auna na Littafi Mai-Tsarki na zalunci ta hanyar tilasta wa Isra'ilawa aiki. Sauran birni shine Pi-Ramesses . Septuagint ya kara da na uku, "A kai, wanda shine Heliopolis." Wannan cikakkiyar magana ita ce, a cikin Septuagint, "τήν τε Πειθńμ καὶ Ρσσ__ilo____ilo____ilo__, "Abin da aka fassara a cikin Hanyar Hanyar Hadin Gida kuma a cikin Fassarar Hanyar "birane masu tasowa" (Ibraniyawa: , miskǝnoṯ). Septuagint ya fassara shi πόλεις ̆χυ" birane masu ƙarfi [ko "mai ƙarfi"] ana amfani da wannan kalmar ga wasu biranen Sarki Sulemanu a cikin Sarakuna na I 9:19 (haɗawa da II Tarihi 16:4).
Heroöpolis na Graeco-Roman
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Heroöpolis babban birni ne a gabashin Kogin Nilu, yana kusa da bakin Madatsar Ruwa ta Royal Canal wadda ta haɗa Kogin Nilu da Tekun Ja . Duk da cewa ba nan take a bakin teku ba, amma kusan a arewacin Tafkunan Bitter, Heroöpolis tana da matuƙar muhimmanci, a matsayin tashar ciniki, don sanya mata suna a gefen Tekun Ja [1] wanda ke ratsa babban yankin Masar har zuwa Arsinoë (kusa da Suez na zamani)—Girman Suez na zamani. Ita ce babban birnin ƙasar Masar ta 8.
Wuri
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Tun da farko, wurin da Pithom yake - kamar wuraren da wasu wurare makamantan haka suke, kamar Tanis - ya kasance batun zato da muhawara sosai.
Wata ƙwararriyar Bayahudiya mai suna Saadia Gaon ta gano wurin da Pithom yake a cikin fassarar Judeo-Larabci ta Ibrananci a matsayin Faiyum, 100 kilometres (62 mi) kudu maso yammacin Alkahira .
Édouard Naville da Flinders Petrie suna neman Pithom a gefen Wadi Tumilat, wani yanki mai kyau na noma wanda ke aiki a matsayin hanyar wucewa tsakanin Masar da Kan'ana a fadin Sinai—wadda aka rubuta a cikin Littafi Mai Tsarki 'Hanyar Shur '.
Tell El Retaba
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Mil takwas a yamma da Tell El Maskhuta ne wurin Tell El Retabeh. Wannan shine kusan tsakiyar Wadi Tumilat. Abinda aka gano da farko daga wurin shine nauyin jasper na sarki Nebkaure Khety, amma irin wannan abu da aka kawo daga wani wuri. Naville ta gano duk waɗannan wurare a matsayin suna cikin yankin Tjeku (Sukkot), wato sunan ƙasar Masar ta 8.
Binciken da aka yi a Tell El Retabeh ya nuna cewa an fara gina wurin a lokacin Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Masar ta Biyu . Bayan korar Hyksos a zamanin Ahmose na ɗaya, an sake gina wani matsuguni na ɗan gajeren lokaci a Masar amma ya ƙare a tsakiyar Daular 18. A farkon Daular 19 ta Masar, an kafa sabuwar matsuguni, kuma Ramesses na Biyu ya gina sabbin katanga, Haikalin Atum da sauran gine-gine da yawa. An kuma zauna a wurin a ƙarƙashin Daular 20, Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Masar ta Uku (ƙarni na 11-7 BC) da Ƙarshen Zamani (ƙarni na 7-4 BC). [2] [3]
Wasu masana, kamar Manfred Bietak da Kenneth Kitchen, sun yi jayayya cewa wannan shine tsohon Pithom. Wannan ra'ayi ya koma ƙarni na 19, lokacin da Alan Gardiner ya fara gano Pithom da wurin Tell El Retaba, kuma William F. Albright, da Kenneth Kitchen sun yarda da wannan daga baya. [4] Kodayake John van Seters da Neil Asher Silberman sun yi jayayya cewa Tell El Retaba ba ta zauna a ciki ba a lokacin da muka sami abubuwan tarihi da suka shafi wani gari mai suna Pithom, [5] James K. Hoffmeier da Gary Rendsburg sun yi jayayya kan wannan ikirarin bisa ga binciken da aka yi kwanan nan a wurin. [6]
Tawagar haɗin gwiwa ta Poland da Slovak ta gudanar da bincike mai tsari a Tell El Retaba tun daga shekarar 2007. Ana gudanar da ita ne tare da haɗin gwiwar cibiyoyi da dama: Jami'ar Warsaw ta Cibiyar Nazarin Kayan Tarihi ta Poland, Jami'ar Warsaw ta Cibiyar Nazarin Kayan Tarihi ta Bahar Rum ta Poland, Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Slovak da Gidauniyar Aigyptos. [2]
Binciken da aka yi kwanan nan ya nuna cewa ana iya samun sunan haikalin Atum, pr-itm, a cikin rubuce-rubuce a wurare biyu - duka a Tell El Retaba da kuma a Tell El Maskhuta. Wannan da alama yana nuna cewa an yi amfani da sunan 'Pithom' da farko don wurin da ya gabata, Tell El Retaba, kafin a yi watsi da shi. Lokacin da aka gina sabon birnin Tel El Maskhuta, an yi amfani da wannan sunan a kansa, kamar yadda aka mayar da haikalin Atum zuwa El Maskhuta. Don haka, a zahiri, an mayar da 'Pithom' zuwa wani sabon wuri, wani abu da aka tabbatar da shi ga wasu biranen, kamar Migdol .
Wadi Tumilat Project – Fada El Maskhuta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A lokacin bazara na shekarar 1883, Naville ya yi imanin cewa ya gano Pithom a matsayin wurin tarihi na Tell El Maskhuta . Wurin da Pithom ya gano, kamar yadda Naville ta gano, yana gefen gabashin Wadi Tumilat, kudu maso yammacin Ismailia . Petrie ya yarda da wannan ganewar. John S. Holladay Jr., wani mai bincike na kwanan nan kan wurin, shi ma ya goyi bayan wannan ra'ayi. A madadin haka, masu tono ƙasa na Italiya na baya-bayan nan sun ba da shawarar gano wurin a matsayin tsohon birnin Tjeku ( Sukkot na Littafi Mai Tsarki).
A nan an sami wani rukuni na mutum-mutumin dutse da ke wakiltar Ramesses II, rubuce-rubuce guda biyu da ke ɗauke da suna Pr-Itm (Haikali na Atum), rumbunan ajiya da tubali da aka yi ba tare da bambaro ba. Hakoran da aka yi kwanan nan sun kuma gano wani muhimmin kabari na Sabuwar Masarautar a wurin. Hakoran da Naville for the Egypt Exploration Fund ta gudanar sun gano wani katangar birni, wani haikali da ya lalace, da kuma ragowar gine-ginen tubali masu kauri sosai kuma sun ƙunshi ɗakuna masu kusurwa huɗu masu girma dabam-dabam, suna buɗewa ne kawai a sama kuma ba tare da wata hanyar shiga juna ba.
An gudanar da aikin haƙa rami na zamani a Tel El Maskhuta ta Jami'ar Toronto 'Wadi Tumilat Project' ƙarƙashin jagorancin John S. Holladay Jr. Sun yi aiki a cikin yanayi biyar tsakanin 1978 da 1985. Waɗannan tono ramin sun nuna cewa tarihin Tel El Maskhuta yana da sarkakiya. Akwai matsugunin IIB na Tsakiyar Tagulla a can (ƙarni na 18-17 BC), wanda ke da alaƙa da Hyksos, sannan aka yi dogon hutu har zuwa ƙarshen ƙarni na 7 BC, lokacin da aka sake gina shi. [7]
Wannan ginin da aka yi a ƙarshen ƙarni na 7 wataƙila Fir'auna Necho na Biyu ne ya yi shi, wataƙila a matsayin wani ɓangare na aikin ginin magudanar ruwa da ba a kammala ba daga Kogin Nilu zuwa Tekun Suez. [5]
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ Ἡρωοπολίτης κόλπος, Ptol.
- 1 2 "Tell el-Retaba". pcma.uw.edu.pl. Retrieved 2020-07-28. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "PoSlovak" defined multiple times with different content. - ↑ Hudec, Jozef; Hulková, Lucia; Dubcová, Veronika; Wodzińska, Anna (2020). "Formation of an Empire. Results of the Season 2017 in Tell el-Retaba". Ägypten und Levante. 29: 15–52. doi:10.1553/aeundl29s15. ISSN 1015-5104.
- ↑ Empty citation (help)
- 1 2 Seters, John Van, "The Geography of the Exodus", in Silberman, Neil Ash (editor), The Land That I Will Show You: Essays in History and Archaeology of the Ancient Near East in Honor of J. Maxwell Miller, Sheffield Academic Press, 1997, p. 261-262, ISBN 978-1850756507, Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "Seters" defined multiple times with different content. - ↑ Hoffmeier, James K.; Rendsburg, Gary A. (March 2022). "Pithom and Rameses (Exodus 1:11): Historical, Archaeological, and Linguistic Issues (Part I)". Journal of Ancient Egyptian Interconnections. 33 (1): 1–19. ISSN 1944-2815.
- ↑ Holladay, John S. Jr., "Tell el-Maskhuta: preliminary report on the Wadi Tumilat Project, 1978-1979", ARCE Reports 6, Cities of the Delta 3, Undena, 1982.ISBN 0890030847