Portugal
![]() | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
República Portuguesa (pt) Portugal (pt) | |||||
|
|||||
![]() | |||||
| |||||
Take |
A Portuguesa (en) ![]() | ||||
| |||||
| |||||
Kirari |
«Europe's West Coast» «Arfordir Gorllewin Ewrop» | ||||
Suna saboda |
Portus Cale (en) ![]() | ||||
Wuri | |||||
| |||||
Babban birni | Lisbon | ||||
Yawan mutane | |||||
Faɗi | 10,347,892 (2021) | ||||
• Yawan mutane | 112.2 mazaunan/km² | ||||
Harshen gwamnati |
Portuguese language Mirandese (en) ![]() | ||||
Labarin ƙasa | |||||
Bangare na |
South-West Europe (en) ![]() ![]() | ||||
Yawan fili | 92,225 km² | ||||
Wuri a ina ko kusa da wace teku | Tekun Atalanta | ||||
Wuri mafi tsayi |
Mount Pico (en) ![]() | ||||
Wuri mafi ƙasa | Tekun Atalanta (0 m) | ||||
Sun raba iyaka da | |||||
Bayanan tarihi | |||||
Mabiyi |
Daular Portuguese da Kingdom of Portugal (en) ![]() | ||||
24 ga Yuni, 1128: (Battle of São Mamede (en) ![]() 25 ga Yuli, 1139: (Battle of Ourique (en) ![]() 5 Oktoba 1143: (Conference of Zamora (en) ![]() 23 Mayu 1179: (Manifestis Probatum (en) ![]() | |||||
Ranakun huta |
| ||||
Patron saint (en) ![]() |
Saint George (en) ![]() | ||||
Tsarin Siyasa | |||||
Tsarin gwamnati | jamhuriya | ||||
Majalisar zartarwa |
Government of Portugal (en) ![]() | ||||
Gangar majalisa |
Assembly of the Republic (en) ![]() | ||||
• President of Portugal (en) ![]() |
Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa (en) ![]() | ||||
• Prime Minister of Portugal (en) ![]() |
Luís Montenegro (mul) ![]() | ||||
Majalisar shariar ƙoli |
Portuguese Supreme Court of Justice (en) ![]() | ||||
Ikonomi | |||||
Nominal GDP (en) ![]() | 253,982,847,571 $ (2021) | ||||
Kuɗi |
euro (mul) ![]() | ||||
Bayanan Tuntuɓa | |||||
Kasancewa a yanki na lokaci | |||||
Suna ta yanar gizo |
.pt (mul) ![]() | ||||
Tsarin lamba ta kiran tarho | +351 | ||||
Lambar taimakon gaggawa | *#06# | ||||
Lambar ƙasa | PT | ||||
NUTS code | PT | ||||
Wasu abun | |||||
| |||||
Yanar gizo | portugal.gov.pt |


Portugal, [1] a hukumance Jamhuriyar Fotigal,[2][3] ƙasa ce a Tsibirin Iberian a kudu maso yammacin Turai.[4][5] Yana da mafi tsayin yamma a cikin nahiyar Turai,[6][7] Portugal tana iyaka da Spain zuwa arewa da gabas, wanda ke da iyaka mafi tsayi mara yankewa a cikin Tarayyar Turai;[8][9] a kudu da yamma shine Arewacin Tekun Atlantika;[10][11] kuma a yamma da kudu maso yamma akwai tsibiran Macaronesian na Azores da Madeira,[12][13] wadanda yankuna biyu ne masu cin gashin kansu na Portugal.[14][15] Lisbon ita ce babban birni kuma birni mafi girma, sai Porto,[16][17] wacce ita ce kawai sauran manyan biranen.[18][19]
Yammacin Iberian Peninsula yana ci gaba da zama tun zamanin da, tare da alamun farko na sasantawa tun daga 5500 BC.[20][21] Mutanen Celtic da Iberian sun isa a cikin ƙarni na farko BC.[22][23] Yankin ya kasance ƙarƙashin ikon Romawa a ƙarni na biyu BC.[24][25] Padawan al'ummomin Jamus da Alans sun yi mulki daga ƙarni na biyar zuwa takwas AD.[26] Musulmai sun mamaye kasar Portugal a karni na takwas,[27][28] amma a hankali Kiristoci Reconquista suka kore su, wanda ya kai ga kame Algarve tsakanin 1238 zuwa 1249.[29][30] Portugal ta zamani ta fara yin siffa a cikin wannan lokacin,[31][32] tun farko a matsayin gundumar Mulkin Kirista ta León a cikin 868,[33][34] kuma a hukumance a matsayin masarauta mai iko tare da Manifestis Probatum a cikin 1179.[35][36]
A matsayin ɗaya daga cikin farkon mahalarta a cikin Age of Discovery[37],[38] Portugal ta sami ci gaba da yawa a ilimin kimiyyar ruwa.[39][40] Bayan haka Portuguese sun kasance daga cikin Turawa na farko don ganowa da gano sababbin yankuna da hanyoyin teku,[41][42] suna kafa daular teku na ƙauyuka, mazauna,[43][44] da wuraren kasuwanci waɗanda suka fi yawa a kan tekun Kudancin Atlantic da Indiya.[45][46] Rikicin daular a farkon shekarun 1580 ya haifar da Iberian Union (1580 – 1640),[47][48] wacce ta hada Portugal karkashin mulkin Sipaniya,[49][50] da ke nuna raguwar ta a hankali a matsayin ikon duniya.[51][52] An dawo da ikon mallakar Portugal a shekara ta 1640 sannan kuma ya biyo bayan yaƙi mai tsada da dadewa wanda ya daɗe har zuwa 1688,[53] yayin da girgizar ƙasar Lisbon ta 1755 ta lalata birnin tare da lalata tattalin arzikin daular.[54][55]
Yaƙe-yaƙe na Napoleon sun kori ƙaura daga kotu zuwa Brazil a 1807,[56][57] wanda ya kai ga daukakarta daga mulkin mallaka zuwa masarauta, wanda ya ƙare a cikin 'yancin kai na Brazil a 1822;[58][59] wannan ya haifar da yakin basasa (1828-1834)[60] tsakanin masu mulkin mallaka da magoya bayan tsarin mulkin mulkin mallaka, tare da lattering.[61][62] Masarautar ta dawwama har zuwa juyin juya halin 5 ga Oktoba 1910,[63] wanda ya maye gurbinsa da Jamhuriya ta farko. Rikicin tashe-tashen hankula da rikice-rikicen cikin gida, an maye gurbin jamhuriyar da mai mulki Ditadura Nacional da magajinsa,[64] Estado Novo.[65][66] An dawo da dimokuradiyya a cikin 1974 bayan juyin juya halin Carnation, wanda ya kawo karshen yakin mulkin mallaka na Portugal kuma ya ba da damar karshen yankunan Afirka na Portugal don samun 'yancin kai[67][68][69]
Tarihin Masarautar Portugal ya bar gadon al'adu mai tarin yawa, tare da kusan masu magana da Fotigal miliyan 300 a duniya.[70][71] Ƙasar ta ci gaba kuma ta sami ci gaban tattalin arziki wanda ya dogara ga ayyuka, masana'antu, da yawon shakatawa.[72] Portugal memba ce ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Tarayyar Turai,[73] Yankin Schengen, da Majalisar Turai, kuma ɗaya daga cikin membobin da suka kafa NATO, Tarayyar Turai, OECD,[74] da Al'ummar Ƙasashen Harshen Portuguese.[75][76]
Ilimin kalmomi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Kalmar Portugal ta samo asali ne daga haɗin sunan wurin Roman-Celtic Portus Cale[77][78] (Taron Porto da Vila Nova de Gaia na yanzu).[79] Porto ya fito ne daga Latin don tashar jiragen ruwa,[80] portus; Ba a san ma'anar Cale da asalinsa ba. Babban bayani shine ƙabilanci da aka samo daga Callaeci, wanda kuma aka sani da mutanen Gallaeci,[81] waɗanda suka mamaye arewa-maso-yammacin tsibirin Iberian.[82] Wata ka'ida ta ba da shawarar Cale samo asali ne daga kalmar Celtic don 'tashar ruwa'.[83] Wani kuma shi ne cewa Cala allahiya ce ta Celtic. Wasu malaman Faransanci sun yi imanin cewa watakila ya fito ne daga Portus Gallus,[84] tashar jiragen ruwa na Gauls.[85]
Kusan 200 BC, Romawa sun ɗauki Iberia daga Carthaginians a lokacin Yaƙin Funi na Biyu.[86] A cikin haka ne suka ci Cale, suka sake masa suna Portus Cale ('Port of Cale') suka haɗa ta cikin lardin Gallaecia. A lokacin tsakiyar zamanai, yankin da ke kusa da Portus Cale ya zama sanannun Suebi da Visigoths a matsayin Portucale.[87] Sunan Portucale ya canza zuwa Portugal a cikin ƙarni na 7th da 8th, kuma zuwa karni na 9, ana amfani da shi don nufin yankin tsakanin kogin Douro da Minho.[88] A karni na 11 da na 12, an riga an kira Portugale, Portugallia, Portvgallo ko Portvgalliae a matsayin Portugal.[89]
Tarihi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Mutane sun mamaye yankin tun kimanin shekaru 400,000 da suka gabata, lokacin da Homo heidelbergensis ya shiga yankin. Burbushin ɗan adam mafi dadewa da aka samu a Portugal shine kwanyar Aroeira 3 H. Heidelbergensis mai shekaru 400,000 da aka gano a cikin kogon Aroeira a cikin 2014.[90] Daga baya Neanderthals ya yi yawo a arewacin Iberian tsibirin kuma an gano hakori a kogon Nova da Columbeira a Estremadura.[91] Homo sapiens sapiens ya isa Portugal kimanin shekaru 35,000 da suka wuce kuma ya bazu cikin sauri.[92] Ƙabilun Pre-Celtic sun zauna a Portugal. Cynetes sun haɓaka rubutaccen harshe, suna barin stelae, waɗanda galibi ana samun su a kudu.
A farkon karni na farko BC, raƙuman ruwa na Celts da yawa sun isa ƙasar Portugal daga tsakiyar Turai kuma suka yi aure tare da mazauna yankin don kafa ƙungiyoyi daban-daban. Kasancewar Celtic haƙƙin mallaka ne a cikin shaidar archaeological da na harshe. Sun mamaye mafi yawan arewaci da tsakiyar Portugal, yayin da kudanci ya kiyaye tsohuwar halayensa (wanda ba Indo-Turai ba, mai yiwuwa yana da alaƙa da Basque) har sai da Romawa suka mamaye.[93] A kudancin Portugal, wasu ƙananan sansanonin kasuwanci na bakin teku suma an kafa su ta Phoenician da Carthaginian.
Romawa sun fara mamaye yankin Iberian Peninsula a cikin 219 BC. An kori Carthaginians, abokin hamayyar Roma a cikin Yaƙin Punic, daga yankunan bakin teku. A lokacin mulkin Julius Kaisar, kusan dukan tsibiran an haɗa su zuwa Roma. Nasara ya ɗauki shekaru ɗari biyu kuma mutane da yawa sun mutu, har da waɗanda aka yanke wa hukuncin yin aiki a ma’adinan bayi ko kuma aka sayar da su a matsayin bayi zuwa wasu sassan daular. Mamaya na Romawa ya fuskanci koma baya a shekara ta 155 BC,[94] lokacin da aka fara tawaye a arewa. Lusitaniyawa da sauran ƙabilu na asali, ƙarƙashin jagorancin Viriathus,[95][96] sun mamaye duk yammacin Iberia. Roma ta aika runduna don su kwantar da tawayen amma ba su yi nasara ba. Shugabannin Romawa sun ba wa abokan Viriathus cin hanci don su kashe shi a shekara ta 139 BC; aka maye gurbinsa da Tautalus.[97]
A cikin 27 BC, Lusitania ta sami matsayin lardin Romawa. Daga baya, an raba wani lardin arewa da lardin Tarraconensis, a karkashin sauye-sauyen sarki Diocletian, wanda aka fi sani da Gallaecia.[98] Akwai rugujewar kasusuwa da yawa da kuma ragowar al'adun Castro, kamar Mozinho, Zambujal, Cidadelhe, Conímbriga, Mirobriga, wuraren binciken kayan tarihi na Briteiros.[99]
Masarautar Jamus
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A cikin 409, tare da raguwar daular Rum, kabilun Jamus sun mamaye yankin Iberian Peninsula.[100] A cikin 411, tare da kwangilar tarayya tare da Emperor Honorius, yawancin waɗannan mutane sun zauna a Hispania. Wata ƙungiya mai mahimmanci ta ƙunshi Suebi, Buri,[101] Vandals a Gallaecia, waɗanda suka kafa Masarautar Suebi mai babban birninta a Braga. Sun zo sun mamaye tsakiyar Portugal, ciki har da Aeminium (Coimbra) har zuwa Tagus, yayin da Visigoths suka mamaye kudu.[102] Suebi da Visigoths su ne kabilun Jamus waɗanda suka kasance mafi ɗorewa a cikin yankunan da suka dace da Portugal ta zamani. Kamar sauran wurare a Yammacin Turai,[103] an sami koma baya sosai a rayuwar birane a lokacin duhu.[104]
Cibiyoyin Romawa sun ɓace bayan mamayewar Jamus ban da ƙungiyoyin coci, waɗanda Suebi suka haɓaka a ƙarni na biyar kuma Visigoths suka karbe su daga baya.[105][106]
Zamanin Musulunci
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Nahiyar Portugal ta yau, tare da yawancin Spain na zamani, an mamaye su daga Kudu kuma sun zama wani ɓangare na al-Andalus tsakanin 726 zuwa 1249, bayan mamaye daular Umayyawa ta Iberian Peninsula.[107][108][109] Wannan mulki ya dau shekaru a Arewa, har zuwa karni biyar a Kudu.[110][111][112]
Ruins na Aljezur castle, a cikin Algarve da Moors suka gina a karni na 10.[113][114][115]
Bayan cin galaba a kan Visigoth a cikin 'yan watanni, daular Umayyawa ta fara fadada cikin sauri a cikin yankin. Tun daga shekara ta 726,[116][117][118] ƙasar da a yanzu ta zama Portugal ta zama wani ɓangare na babban daular Umayyad Khalifanci na Damascus, har zuwa rugujewarta a shekara ta 750.[119][120][121] A wannan shekarar yammacin daular ta sami 'yancin kai a ƙarƙashin Abd-ar-Rahman na 1 tare da kafa Masarautar Cordoba.[122][123][124] Masarautar ta zama Khalifan Cordoba a shekara ta 929, har zuwa rushewarta a shekara ta 1031,[125][126][127] zuwa kananan masarautu guda 23, wadanda ake kira daular Taifa.[128][129]
Gwamnonin taifa sun shelanta kansu Sarkin lardunansu tare da kulla huldar diflomasiyya da masarautun Kiristocin arewa. Yawancin Portugal a yau sun fada hannun Taifa na Badajoz na Daular Aftasid, da kuma a cikin 1022 Taifa na Seville na mawakan Abbadids.[130][131][132] Zaman Taifa ya kare ne da cin nasarar Almoravid a shekara ta 1086, sannan Almohad a shekara ta 1147.[133][134][135] An raba Al-Andalus zuwa gundumomi da ake kira Kura. Gharb Al-Andalus a mafi girmansa ya ƙunshi kuras goma,[136][137][138] kowannensu yana da babban birni da gwamna. Manyan biranen sun kasance a kudancin rabin ƙasar: Beja, Silves, Alcácer do Sal, Santarém da Lisbon.[139][140][141] Yawan musulmi ya ƙunshi mafi yawan 'yan asalin Iberian da suka musulunta da Berbers.[142][143][144] Larabawa (musamman masu fada a ji daga Siriya) ko da yake 'yan tsiraru ne, sun zama fitattun mutane. Berber da suka haɗa su, makiyaya ne daga tsaunin Rif na Arewacin Afirka.[145][146][147]
Mamaya daga Arewa ma ya faru a wannan lokacin, inda Viking suka mamaye gabar teku tsakanin karni na 9 zuwa na 11, ciki har da Lisbon.[148][149][150] Wannan ya haifar da kafa ƙananan ƙauyuka na Norse a bakin teku tsakanin Douro da Minho.[151][152][153]
Ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan al'adun gargajiyar Viking ana samun su a tsohuwar Marcas Poveiras ko Siglas Poveiras.[154][155][156] An yarda gaba ɗaya cewa siglas, wanda kuma aka sani da marcas, asalin Scandinavian ne.[157][158][159] Dangane da kamanceceniya da yawa da aka fara samu a Nationalmuseet a Copenhagen, an kuma gano abubuwa da yawa da aka yiwa alama da "alamomin gida" a Funen (wanda aka fi sani da Fyn), Denmark. Ci gaba da karatu ya nuna cewa hadadden tsarin alamar gado na Póvoa de Varzim shima yana nan a Fyn.[160][161][162] Idan aka yi la'akari da nisan yanki, kutsawar Viking na tarihi a gabar tekun Portugal, da kuma al'adun arna da mutanen wannan yanki na kamun kifi ke yi, an yi imani da cewa akwai wani yanki na zuriyar Norse da gadon al'adu.[163][164][165]
Reconquista lokaci ne lokacin da Kiristoci suka sake cin nasara a yankin Iberian daga mamayar Moorish. An zaɓi wani ɗan Asturian Visigothic mai suna Pelagius na Asturias a matsayin shugaba a cikin 718[[166][167][168] da yawa daga cikin manyan hafsoshin Visigoth da aka kora.[169][170][171] Pelagius ya yi kira ga ragowar sojojin Visigothic na Kirista da su yi tawaye ga Moors kuma su sake haduwa a cikin tsaunukan arewacin Asturian da ba a ci nasara ba, wanda aka sani a yau da tsaunukan Cantabrian, a arewa maso yammacin Spain.[172][173][174] Bayan da aka ci nasara a kan Moors a yakin Covadonga a shekara ta 722, an yi shelar Pelagius a matsayin sarki, don haka ya kafa daular Kirista ta Asturia kuma ya fara yakin sake cin nasara na Kirista.[175][176][177]
A ƙarshen karni na 9, an sake mamaye yankin Portugal tsakanin kogin Minho da Douro daga Moors ta hannun mai martaba kuma jarumi Vímara Peres bisa umarnin Sarki Alfonso III na Asturia.[178][179][180] Da ya gano garuruwa da yawa ba kowa, sai ya yanke shawarar sake yawan jama’a ya sake gina su[181][182][183]
Vímara Peres ya daukaka yankin zuwa matsayin County, inda ya sanya mata suna County na Portugal bayan babban birnin tashar tashar jiragen ruwa - Portus Cale ko Porto na zamani.[184][185][186] Ɗaya daga cikin biranen farko da ya kafa shine Vimaranes, wanda aka sani a yau da suna Guimarães - "wurin haifuwar al'ummar Portugal" ko "birni mai shimfiɗa".[187][188][189]
Bayan haɗa gundumar Portugal zuwa ɗaya daga cikin lardunan da suka haɗa da Masarautar Asturia, Sarki Alfonso III na Asturia ya yi wa Vímara Peres,[190][191][192] a shekara ta 868, a matsayin Ƙididdigar Farko na Portus Cale (Portugal).[193][194][195] Yankin ya zama sananne da Portucale, Portugale, kuma a lokaci guda Portugália.[196][197][198] Tare da tilastawa Alfonso III murabus a shekara ta 910, Masarautar Asturia ta rabu gida uku; sun sake haduwa a cikin 924 karkashin kambin León.[199][200]
A cikin 1093 Alfonso VI na León ya ba da gundumar ga Henry na Burgundy kuma ya aurar da shi ga 'yarsa, Teresa na León.[201] Ta haka Henry ya zama Henry, Count of Portugal kuma ya kafa sabuwar gundumarsa daga Bracara Augusta (Braga ta zamani).[202][203]

Hotuna
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]-
Jami'ar Karinecyril coimbra
-
Bakin Teku
-
Azores
-
Gada
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Turai | |||
Belarus • Bulgairiya • Kazech • Hungariya • Moldufiniya • Poland • Romainiya • Rash • Slofakiya • Ukraniya | Denmark • Istoniya • Finland • Iceland • Ireland • Laitfiya • Lithuania • Norway • Sweden • United Kingdom | ||
Albaniya • Andorra • Herzegovina • Kroatiya • Girka • Italiya • Masadoiniya • Malta • Montenegro • Portugal • San Marino • Serbiya • Sloveniya • Hispania • Vatican | Austriya • Beljik • Faransa • Jamus • Liechtenstein • Luksamburg • Monaco • Holand • Switzerland | ||
Kazakhstan |
- ↑ Reconhecimento oficial de direitos linguísticos da comunidade mirandesa (Official recognition of linguistic rights of the Mirandese community)". Centro de Linguística da Universidade de Lisboa (UdL). Archived from the original on 18 March 2002. Retrieved 2 December 2015.
- ↑ The Euromosaic study, Mirandese in Portugal Archived 5 February 2016 at the Wayback Machine, europa.eu – European Commission website. Retrieved January 2007. Link updated December 2015
- ↑ Censos 2021. Católicos diminuem, mas ainda são mais de 80% dos portugueses". RTP. 23 November 2022. Archived from the original on 23 November 2022. Retrieved 23 November 2022.
- ↑ João Ferreira Duarte, The Politics of Non-Translation: A Case Study in Anglo-Portuguese Relations Archived 10 September 2016 at the Wayback Machine
- ↑ Vieira, Gonçalo; Luís, Zêzere José; Mora, Carla (2018). Landscapes and Landforms of Portugal. Springer International Publishing. ISBN 978-3-319-03640-3.
- ↑ Human Development Report 2025" (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. 6 May 2025. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 May 2025. Retrieved 6 May 2025.
- ↑ Town of Portugal Cove – St.Philip's : History". Pcsp.ca. Archived from the original on 16 October 2015. Retrieved 14 September 2015.
- ↑ Relatório intercalar, Recuperação de processos pendentes na AIMA, População Estrangeira em Portugal" (PDF). aima.gov.pt (in European Portuguese). 8 April 2025. Retrieved 8 April 2025
- ↑ Constitution of Portugal, Preamble" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 March 2018. Retrieved 17 March 2018.
- ↑ List of left- & right-driving countries". WorldStandards
- ↑ Statistics Portugal - Web Portal". INE. Archived from the original on 13 November 2019. Retrieved 5 July 2023.
- ↑ Gervase Clarence-Smith, The Third Portuguese Empire, 1825–1975: A Study in Economic Imperialism (1985)
- ↑ Saraiva, José Hermano (1986). História concisa de Portugal (10th ed.). Publicações Europa-América. pp. 250–251.
- ↑ Surface water and surface water change". Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Archived from the original on 24 March 2021. Retrieved 11 October 2020.
- ↑ Portugal country profile". BBC News. 24 February 2020. Archived from the original on 26 January 2021. Retrieved 27 January 2021.
- ↑ "Censos 2021 - Principais tendências ocorridas em Portugal na última década". Statistics Portugal - Web Portal. 23 November 2022. Archived from the original on 23 November 2022. Retrieved 23 November 2022.
- ↑ População residente ultrapassa os 10,6 milhões - 2023". INE. Retrieved 18 June 2024
- ↑ World Economic Outlook Database, April 2025 Edition. (Portugal)". International Monetary Fund. 22 April 2025. Retrieved 22 April 2025.
- ↑ Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income – EU-SILC survey". ec.europa.eu. Eurostat. Retrieved 22 April 2025.
- ↑ Boxer, Charles (1969). O Império colonial português (1415-1825). Ediçoes 70. p. 191.
- ↑ "The World Factbook". CIA. Archived from the original on 9 January 2021. Retrieved 14 September 2015.
- ↑ Portugal Não É Um País Pequeno". Purl.pt. Archived from the original on 25 October 2014. Retrieved 21 February 2011.
- ↑ Tremlett, Giles (22 March 2007). "Another nail in Cook's coffin as map suggests he was pipped by Portugal". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 17 January 2014. Retrieved 31 January 2014.
- ↑ Portugal musalman (Le) – VIIIe-XIIIe siècles par Christophe Picard – Maisonneuve et Larose – Collection Occident Musulman – 2001, 500 p. ISBN 2-7068-1398-9
- ↑ Francisco, Susete (14 August 2017). "Portugal tenta duplicar território marítimo". Diário de Notícias. Archived from the original on 7 December 2017. Retrieved 7 December 2017.
- ↑ Caldeira, Arlindo Manuel (2013). Escravos e Traficantes no Império Português: O comércio negreiro português no Atlântico durante os séculos XV a XIX (in Portuguese). A Esfera dos Livros. pp. 219–224.
- ↑ Ann Christys, Vikings in the South (London: Bloomsbury, 2015), pp. 15-17.
- ↑ Rodrigues, Fátima da Cruz (2013). "A desmobilização dos combatentes africanos das Forças Armadas Portuguesas da Guerra Colonial (1961-1974)". Ler História (65): 113–128. doi:10.4000/lerhistoria.484. ISSN 0870-6182. Archived from the original on 8 December 2022. Retrieved 8 December 2022.
- ↑ Wilson, J. (2020). "'Neither age nor sex sparing': the Alvor massacre 1189, an anomaly in the Portuguese Reconquista?". Journal of Medieval Iberian Studies, 12(2), 199–229. 12 (2): 199–229.
- ↑ O reino Alg. de pleno direito" (PDF) (in Portuguese). CCDR-Alg.
- ↑ O período do Marcelismo". RTP Ensina. 2021. Retrieved 12 March 2025.
- ↑ "A Guerra Civil de 1355 - Lisboa". NOVA University Lisbon. 1 January 2008. Retrieved 13 April 2025.
- ↑ Al-Andalus". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 3 March 2021. Retrieved 19 March 2021.
- ↑ Disney (2009), pp. 294–297
- ↑ Brian Jenkins, Spyros A. Sofos, Nation and identity in contemporary Europe Archived 5 April 2023 at the Wayback Machine, p. 145, Routledge, 1996, ISBN 0-415-12313-5
- ↑ Imprensa Nacional-Casa da Moeda (1999). King of Portugal Leal conselheiro. Duarte. ISBN 9722709402. OCLC 43397222.
- ↑ A extinção da Inquisição em Portugal". RTP Ensina. 2017. Retrieved 14 March 2025.
- ↑ Oliveira Santos, Guilherme de (and two others) (2017). O processo dos Távoras : A Revisão - Instauração, depoimentos e sentenças. Caleidoscopio. pp. 11, 34–36, 55, 58.
- ↑ Axelson, Eric; Boxer, C. R. (June 1970). "The Portuguese Seaborne Empire 1415-1825". The Geographical Journal. 136 (2): 296. Bibcode:1970GeogJ.136..296A. doi:10.2307/1796339. ISSN 0016-7398. JSTOR 1796339.
- ↑ "IBGE teen". Ibge.gov.br. Archived from the original on 25 January 2012. Retrieved 11 February 2012.
- ↑ Dartnell, Lewis (14 May 2019). Origins: How Earth's History Shaped Human History. Basic Books. pp. 218–222. ISBN 978-1-5416-1789-6. OCLC 1101101039.
- ↑ Quando Salazar caiu da cadeira". RTP Ensina. 2018. Retrieved 12 March 2025.
- ↑ A fuga da família real para o Brasil". RTP Ensina. 2008. Retrieved 14 March 2025.
- ↑ Climate of the World: Portugal". Weatheronline.co.uk. Archived from the original on 9 May 2021. Retrieved 14 September 2015.
- ↑ Pelayo – king of Asturias". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 25 January 2018. Retrieved 25 January 2018.
- ↑ Segundo D. Duarte, Mário Santiago de (12 September 2014). "Uma modernidade perdida: da melancolia à alegria racional na antropologia do homem superior". Revista Filosófica de Coimbra. 22 (43). Carvalho: 190. doi:10.14195/0872-0851_43_7 (inactive 9 June 2025). ISSN 0872-0851. Archived from the original on 2 February 2024. Retrieved 22 January 2024.
- ↑ Ertl, Alan W. (2008). Toward an Understanding of Europe: A Political Economic Precis of Continental Integration. Dissertation.com. p. 303. ISBN 9781599429830.
- ↑ Debusmann, Bernd (15 January 2014). "Kangaroo in 400-year-old manuscript could change Australian history". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 10 January 2022. Retrieved 31 January 2014.
- ↑ António Henrique R. de Oliveira Marques, History of Portugal. 1972, p. 322. Boris Fausto, A Concise History of Brazil, p. 40.
- ↑ Vigneras, L.-A. (1979) [1966]. "Corte-Real, Miguel". In Brown, George Williams (ed.). Dictionary of Canadian Biography. Vol. I (1000–1700) (online ed.). University of Toronto Press. Retrieved 31 January 2014.
- ↑ Maxwell, Kenneth (1990). "Pombal: the Paradox of Enlightenment and Despotism". Enlightened Absolutism. London: Macmillan Education UK. pp. 75–118. doi:10.1007/978-1-349-20592-9_4. ISBN 978-0-333-43961-6. Retrieved 13 November 2024.
- ↑ Newitt, Malyn (5 November 2004). A History of Portuguese Overseas Expansion 1400-1668. doi:10.4324/9780203324042. ISBN 978-1-134-55304-4.
- ↑ "Há 200 anos, Dom João 6º voltava a Portugal e, sem querer, abria caminho para independência do Brasil". BBC Brasil. 24 April 2021. Retrieved 14 March 2025.
- ↑ Maxwell, Kenneth (1990). "Pombal: the Paradox of Enlightenment and Despotism". Enlightened Absolutism. London: Macmillan Education UK. pp. 75–118. doi:10.1007/978-1-349-20592-9_4. ISBN 978-0-333-43961-6. Retrieved 13 November 2024.
- ↑ Kordas, Ann; Lynch, Ryan J.; Nelson, Brooke; Tatlock, Julie (14 December 2022). "5.2 Crossing the Atlantic - World History Volume 2, from 1400 | OpenStax". openstax.org. Archived from the original on 4 January 2024. Retrieved 4 January 2024.
- ↑ Climate of the World: Portugal". Weatheronline.co.uk. Archived from the original on 9 May 2021. Retrieved 14 September 2015.
- ↑ Vikings- Warriors from the sea". Portugal.um.dk. Archived from the original on 24 September 2020. Retrieved 24 April 2020.
- ↑ Dean, Warren; Barman, Roderick J. (December 1990). "Brazil: The Forging of a Nation, 1798-1852". The American Historical Review. 95 (5): 1663. doi:10.2307/2162941. ISSN 0002-8762. JSTOR 2162941.
- ↑ "Mapas bioclimáticos y biogeográficos". Globalbioclimatics.org. Archived from the original on 14 October 2017. Retrieved 2 August 2017.
- ↑ Livermore (1969), pp. 299–306
- ↑ Portugal musalman (Le) – VIIIe-XIIIe siècles par Christophe Picard – Maisonneuve et Larose – Collection Occident Musulman – 2001, 500 p. ISBN 2-7068-1398-9
- ↑ Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera (2012). "Extremos climáticos de temperatura, Capitais Distrito" (in Portuguese). Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera. Archived from the original on 12 May 2021. Retrieved 23 January 2013.
- ↑ Birmingham, David (28 March 2018). A Concise History of Portugal. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781108539951. ISBN 978-1-108-42419-6.
- ↑ Kenneth Maxwell, Pombal, Paradox of the Enlightenment (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), 83, 91–108, 160–62.
- ↑ Portugal". Longman Companion to European Decolonisation in the Twentieth Century (1st ed.). Routledge. 1998. pp. 45–46. doi:10.4324/9781315845296-16. ISBN 978-1-315-84529-6. Retrieved 13 November 2024.
- ↑ Kruszelnicki, Karl S. (13 September 2007). "Black death". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on 6 April 2019. Retrieved 2 April 2019.
- ↑ 5 das Universidades mais antigas no mundo, uma é em Portugal". Nat Geo Portugal. 9 January 2022. Retrieved 5 April 2025.
- ↑ Minter, William; Cann, John P. (September 1998). "Counterinsurgency in Africa: The Portuguese Way of War, 1961-1974". African Studies Review. 41 (2): 182. doi:10.2307/524850. ISSN 0002-0206. JSTOR 524850.
- ↑ De, Estudos Medievais SP, ed. (1998). "D. Afonso IV, testemunha da peste negra". A Guerra Civil de 1355. 1. RTP Ensina: 393–407. Retrieved 13 April 2025.
- ↑ A History of Portugal and the Portuguese Empire, Vol. 1: From Beginnings to 1807: Portugal (Volume 1) p. 55
- ↑ Jeffrey L. Forgeng, King of Portugal (2016). The book of horsemanship. Duarte. ISBN 9781782046288. OCLC 961824873.
- ↑ Written Monuments of the Orient". Archived from the original on 2 February 2024. Retrieved 19 January 2024.
- ↑ Livermore (1969), pp. 32–33
- ↑ Scheen, Rolf (1996). "Viking raids on the Spanish peninsula". Militaria. Revista de Cultura Militar (8): 67–73. Archived from the original on 13 April 2022. Retrieved 13 April 2022
- ↑ Ann Christys, Vikings in the South (London: Bloomsbury, 2015), p. 97.
- ↑ Best European Country Winners: 2014 10 Best Readers' Choice Travel Awards". 10Best. 14 May 2014. Archived from the original on 6 June 2014. Retrieved 5 June 2014
- ↑ Portugal – Origin and meaning of the name Portugal by Online Etymology Dictionary". Etymonline.com. Archived from the original on 20 February 2023. Retrieved 25 January 2018.
- ↑ Origem e significado das palavras Portugal e Galiza" (PDF). agal-gz.org. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 December 2022. Retrieved 25 February 2023.
- ↑ Winicius, Marcos. "Documentos danca portuguesa". Archived from the original on 17 August 2021. Retrieved 12 April 2020 – via academia.edu.
- ↑ "Ciência Viva". Cienciaviva.pt. Archived from the original on 29 April 2011. Retrieved 22 August 2010
- ↑ P S Lele, Dadra and Nagar Haveli: past and present, Published by Usha P. Lele, 1987,
- ↑ Pezron, Paul (2000). Celtic Linguistics. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-415-20479-8. Archived from the original on 10 October 2023. Retrieved 22 August 2010.
- ↑ Pezron, Paul (2000). Celtic Linguistics. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-415-20479-8. Archived from the original on 10 October 2023. Retrieved 22 August 2010.
- ↑ Manuel géographique et statistique de l'Espagne et du Portugal ..." Buisson. 11 April 2018. Archived from the original on 2 February 2024. Retrieved 17 November 2020 – via Google Books.
- ↑ Fernandes, Carla Varela (August 2017). Barroca, Mário Jorge (ed.). Com a Espada e a Cruz: A imagem de D. Afonso Henriques na Escultura Medieval Portuguesa [With the sword and the cross the image of Afonso Henriques in the Portuguese medieval sculpting] (PDF). No tempo de D. Afonso Henriques. Reflexões sobre o primeiro século português. (in European Portuguese). Porto: CITCEM – Centro de Investigação Transdisciplinar «Cultura, Espaço e Memória». pp. 77–90. ISBN 978-989-8351-75-3. Retrieved 7 April 2025 – via NOVA Research Portal.
- ↑ Fernandes, A. de Almeida. O Conde Vímara Peres por A. de Almeida Fernandes. Archived from the original on 24 June 2021. Retrieved 6 July 2020 – via academia.edu
- ↑ "O turbulento reinado de D. Sancho II". RTP Ensina. 2003. Retrieved 8 April 2025.
- ↑ 5 das Universidades mais antigas no mundo, uma é em Portugal". Nat Geo Portugal. 9 January 2022. Retrieved 5 April 2025.
- ↑ Ciência Viva". Cienciaviva.pt. Archived from the original on 29 April 2011. Retrieved 22 August 2010.
- ↑ 400,000-year-old fossil human cranium is oldest ever found in Portugal". phys.org. Archived from the original on 16 August 2018. Retrieved 14 April 2018.
- ↑ David Birmingham (2003), p.11
- ↑ Disney (2009), p. 5
- ↑ David Birmingham (2003), p.11
- ↑ Concelho de Lisboa concentrou 28% do total dos hóspedes registados em 2024" (in Portuguese). Lisbon: Público. 15 February 2025. Retrieved 26 May 2025.
- ↑ Disney (2009), p. 15
- ↑ Silva, Luis (30 July 2013). Viriathus: And the Lusitanian Resistance to Rome, 155–139 BC. Pen and Sword. ISBN 978-1-4738-2689-2. Archived from the original on 2 February 2024. Retrieved 17 November 2020 – via Google Books.
- ↑ "Average sea temperature of the Azores". seatemperature.org. Archived from the original on 15 November 2020. Retrieved 9 November 2020.
- ↑ Conejo, Noé (2020). "Coins and villae in late Roman Lusitania: collapse of the Roman currency economy?" (PDF). Post-Classical Archaeologies. 10: 219–246. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 September 2020. Retrieved 17 November 2020.
- ↑ Estatísticas do Turismo 2023: atividade turística superou níveis de 2019". INE. 8 July 2024. Retrieved 8 July 2024
- ↑ Enjoyable, Mediterranean Climate in Portugal". Ocean temperatures in Portugal. LiveandInvestOverseas.com. 16 May 2016. Archived from the original on 19 December 2019. Retrieved 18 December 2019.
- ↑ Anderson, James Maxwell (2000). The History of Portugal. Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 978-0-313-31106-2. Archived from the original on 10 October 2023. Retrieved 24 December 2023.
- ↑ Domingos Maria da Silva, Os Búrios, Terras de Bouro, Câmara Municipal de Terras de Bouro, 2006. (in Portuguese)
- ↑ Domingos Maria da Silva, Os Búrios, Terras de Bouro, Câmara Municipal de Terras de Bouro, 2006. (in Portuguese)
- ↑ Knutsen, Torbjörn L (1999). The Rise & Fall of World Orders. Manchester University Press. ISBN 978-0-7190-4058-0.
- ↑ Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera, IP Portugal". ipma.pt. Archived from the original on 12 May 2021. Retrieved 22 August 2010
- ↑ Dinerstein, Eric; et al. (2017). "An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm". BioScience. 67 (6): 534–545. doi:10.1093/biosci/bix014. ISSN 0006-3568. PMC 5451287. PMID 28608869
- ↑ EFFIS Estimates for European Union - Forest Fires Emergency". 2023. Retrieved 22 September 2024
- ↑ Extreme wildfires are ramping up in these countries as climate warms". euronews. 25 June 2024. Retrieved 11 March 2025.
- ↑ 1 - Portugal, Biodiversidade e Capital Natural Uma Leitura Atual". Diário da República Eletrónico. Diário da República. Archived from the original on 14 April 2021. Retrieved 19 March 2021.
- ↑ As espécies florestais mais comuns da floresta portuguesa". florestas.pt. Archived from the original on 9 March 2021. Retrieved 19 March 2021.
- ↑ de Almeida, João Domingues. "New additions to the exotic vascular flora of continental Portugal". Retrieved 19 March 2021.
- ↑ Portugal tem quase 500 espécies em perigo de extinção". Sábado. Archived from the original on 14 April 2021. Retrieved 20 March 2021.
- ↑ Portugal é o 2.º país da Europa com mais espécies de mamíferos e plantas em perigo". comunidade cultura e arte. 18 December 2020. Archived from the original on 14 April 2021. Retrieved 20 March 2021.
- ↑ Observação de aves". visitportugal.com. Archived from the original on 14 April 2021. Retrieved 20 March 2021.
- ↑ Aves de Portugal". avesdeportugal.info. Archived from the original on 14 April 2021. Retrieved 20 March 2021.
- ↑ Rodeles, Amaia A.; Galicia, David; Miranda, Rafael (11 October 2016). "Iberian fish records in the vertebrate collection of the Museum of Zoology of the University of Navarra". Scientific Data. 3: 160091. Bibcode:2016NatSD...360091R. doi:10.1038/sdata.2016.91. PMC 5058334. PMID 27727236.
- ↑ Atlas de Mamíferos de Portugal – uma recolha do conhecimento disponível sobre a distribuição dos mamíferos no nosso país" (in European Portuguese). University of Évora. Archived from the original on 5 March 2021. Retrieved 20 March 2021.
- ↑ Serras de Aire e Candeeiros Nature Park". natural.pt. Archived from the original on 3 March 2021. Retrieved 20 March 2021.
- ↑ Parque Natural do Sudoeste Alentejano e Costa Vicentina". Infopédia, Porto Editora. Archived from the original on 14 April 2021. Retrieved 20 March 2021.
- ↑ First brown bear sighting in Portugal in over a century". France 24. 9 May 2019. Archived from the original on 14 April 2021. Retrieved 23 March 2021.
- ↑ Correia, Paulo Filipe Alexandre. "Study of an upwelling event in the Portuguese coast" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 April 2021. Retrieved 22 March 2021.
- ↑ Constituição da República Portuguesa – D.R.E. (Constitution of the Portuguese Republic)" (in Portuguese). Diário da República Electrónico. 2 April 1976. Archived from the original on 21 December 2008. Retrieved 16 August 2013.
- ↑ Martins, Ana (2006). "Presidential Elements in Government: The Portuguese Semi-Presidential System". European Constitutional Law Review. 2: 81–100. doi:10.1017/S1574019606000812. S2CID 146507857. Archived from the original on 14 April 2021. Retrieved 24 March 2021.
- ↑ Portugal profile - Leaders". BBC. 7 March 2017. Retrieved 8 July 2023.
- ↑ Presidente da República". Diário da República. Retrieved 7 April 2024
- ↑ As Funções Chefe de Estado". Presidency of the Republic. Retrieved 8 July 2024.
- ↑ Presidente da República". Diário da República. Retrieved 7 April 2024
- ↑ Primeiro-Ministro". Diário da República. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
- ↑ "Luís Montenegro Primeiro-Ministro". XXIV
- ↑ Tribunais". Diário da República. Retrieved 7 April 2024
- ↑ Conselho de Ministros". Diário da República. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
- ↑ Composição dos Grupos Parlamentares/Partidos". Assembly of the Republic. Retrieved 7 April 2024
- ↑ Vieria, Alberto (2015). "O Arquipélago das Selvages. Um Mundo de Ilhas Portuguesas com História" (PDF). Annuario de Estudios Atlanticos. 61: 1–14. ISSN 0570-4065. Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 April 2023. Retrieved 21 April 2023.
- ↑ Portugal & Spain – the territorial disputes of Olivenza and the Savage Islands (Part II)". OneEurope. 11 February 2015. Archived from the original on 29 September 2017. Retrieved 29 September 2017
- ↑ Historial". Instituto das Florestas e da Conservação da Natureza, IP-RAM. 6 June 2022. Archived from the original on 21 April 2023. Retrieved 21 April 2023.
- ↑ Adeva, Ana Gómez (6 March 2017). "Las Islas Salvajes: la mar como punto de encuentro" (PDF). Instituto Espanõl de Estudios Estratégicos. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 August 2023. Retrieved 24 December 2023.
- ↑ Spain reignites island tussle". The Portugal News. 31 December 2014. Archived from the original on 14 January 2024. Retrieved 24 December 2023.
- ↑ "New maritime area in dispute between Portugal and Spain". Algarve Daily News. Archived from the original on 29 September 2017. Retrieved 29 September 2017
- ↑ Selvagens Islands". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on 12 April 2019. Retrieved 18 April 2023.
- ↑ "Poderes e Competências". anibalcavacosilva.arquivo.presidencia.pt (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 30 December 2023. Retrieved 30 December 2023.
- ↑ Defence Expenditure of NATO Countries (2014-2023)" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 July 2023. Retrieved 30 December 2023.
- ↑ "5 Years After: Portugal's Drug Decriminalization Policy Shows Positive Results". Scientific American. Archived from the original on 15 August 2013. Retrieved 2 June 2010
- ↑ Drugs in Portugal: Did Decriminalization Work?
- ↑ Greenwald, Glenn (2 April 2009). "Drug Decriminalization in Portugal: Lessons for Creating Fair and Successful Drug Policies" (PDF). Cato Institute. Archived from the original on 20 January 2021. Retrieved 14 February 2015
- ↑ : Lei n.º 99/2003, de 27 de Agosto". pgdlisboa.pt. Archived from the original on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 8 December 2019.
- ↑ Diário da República, 1.ª série — N.º 105 — 31 May 2010" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 January 2014. Retrieved 14 September 2013.
- ↑ Renascença (13 May 2016). "Parlamento aprova barrigas de aluguer e Procriação Medicamente Assistida – Renascença". rr.sapo.pt. Archived from the original on 30 June 2019. Retrieved 11 April 2017.
- ↑ Governo entrega em janeiro projeto da nova Lei da Identidade de Género, que prevê a descida da idade legal e o fim do atestado médico obrigatório". Expresso.sapo.pt. Archived from the original on 4 July 2018. Retrieved 29 July 2018.
- ↑ Governo entrega em janeiro projeto da nova Lei da Identidade de Género, que prevê a descida da idade legal e o fim do atestado médico obrigatório". Expresso.sapo.pt. Archived from the original on 4 July 2018. Retrieved 29 July 2018.
- ↑ "Lei 38/2018, 2018-08-07". Diário da República Eletrónico (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 8 December 2019. Retrieved 8 December 2019.
- ↑ Morte assistida: 30 anos, quatro vetos e cinco textos depois, nova derrota no Constitucional". Público. 22 April 2025. Retrieved 22 April 2025.
- ↑ Morte assistida: 30 anos, quatro vetos e cinco textos depois, nova derrota no Constitucional". Público. 22 April 2025. Retrieved 22 April 2025.
- ↑ Portuguese Parliament legalises Euthanasia after long battle". The Guardian. 12 May 2023. Archived from the original on 19 May 2023. Retrieved 13 May 2023.
- ↑ Portugal | World Prison Brief". prisonstudies.org. Archived from the original on 24 April 2019. Retrieved 24 April 2019.
- ↑ Portugal : les prisons en 2021". Prison Insider (in French). Archived from the original on 20 April 2021. Retrieved 20 April 2021.
- ↑ Portugal | World Prison Brief". prisonstudies.org. Archived from the original on 1 February 2024. Retrieved 1 February 2024.
- ↑ População residente (N.º) por Local de residência (NUTS - 2024), Sexo e Idade; Anual". INE. Retrieved 29 July 2024.
- ↑ "Official Journal L 87/2023". eur-lex.europa.eu. Retrieved 13 January 2024.
- ↑ População residente (Nº) por Local de residência, Sexo e Grupo etário (Por ciclos de vida); Anual" (in Portuguese). Instituto Nacional de Estatística. 18 June 2024. Retrieved 19 June 2024.
- ↑ World Economic Outlook April 2014 - Recovery Strengthens, Remains Uneven" (PDF). International Monetary Fund. 8 April 2014. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 April 2014. Retrieved 20 April 2021.
- ↑ Quality of Life Index by Country 2020 Mid-Year". numbeo.com. Archived from the original on 23 January 2018. Retrieved 10 December 2019.
- ↑ SOCIAL PROGRESS INDEX 2015 : EXECUTIVE SUMMARY" (PDF). Deloitte. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 July 2015. Retrieved 2 August 2017.
- ↑ Purchasing power parities and GDP per capita - preliminary estimate". ec.europa.eu. Eurostat. 27 March 2025. Retrieved 22 April 2025.
- ↑ Country Insights". United Nations. Archived from the original on 12 July 2022. Retrieved 9 December 2022.
- ↑ Country Insights". United Nations. Archived from the original on 12 July 2022. Retrieved 9 December 2022.
- ↑ Gold Reserves by Country 2021". World Gold Council. 5 December 2023. Archived from the original on 20 October 2022. Retrieved
- ↑ Lithium Reserves: Top 4 Countries". investingnews.com. Archived from the original on 20 October 2022. Retrieved 20 October 2022.
- ↑ Bilefsky, Dan (1 July 2007). "Portugal, taking EU reins, has a fight on its hands". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 6 May 2020. Retrieved 30 August 2018
- ↑ Mineral Commodity Summaries 2022 - Lithium, Brian W. Jaskula, U.S. Geological Survey, Mineral Commodity Summaries, January 2022" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 October 2022. Retrieved 20 October 2022.
- ↑ Peso das exportações no PIB cai pelo segundo ano consecutivo". www.nowcanal.pt. 3 March 2025. Retrieved 22 April 2025.
- ↑ Lithium mining: What you should know about the contentious issue". Archived from the original on 1 December 2020. Retrieved 20 October 2022
- ↑ Contribuições líquidas anuais por habitante para o Orçamento da União Europeia — Instituto +Liberdade". Mais Liberdade (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 21 June 2023. Retrieved 14 June 2023.
- ↑ Ross, Jenna (20 September 2019). "Which Countries Are the Biggest Boost or Drag on the EU Budget?". Visual Capitalist. Archived from the original on 21 June 2023. Retrieved 14 June 2023.
- ↑ EU budget: Who pays most in and who gets most back?". BBC News. 27 May 2019. Archived from the original on 21 June 2023. Retrieved 14 June 2023.
- ↑ Berthold, Busch; Björn, Kauder; Samina, Sultan (2 November 2022). "Net contributors and net recipients in the EU". Busch IW-Report (55). Archived from the original on 21 June 2023. Retrieved 14 June 2023.
- ↑ GDP per capita, PPP (current international $) - Portugal". The World Bank. Retrieved 3 July 2024.
- ↑ Produtividade por hora de trabalho — Instituto +Liberdade". Mais Liberdade (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 7 June 2023. Retrieved 13 June 2023.
- ↑ Ruptura e regulação da economia portuguesa nos anos 70" (PDF). Analisesocial.ics.ul.pt. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 April 2019. Retrieved 2 April 2019.
- ↑ História" (in Portuguese and English). SEDES. 2013. Archived from the original on 19 March 2012. Retrieved 12 May 2013.
- ↑ Grande Enciclopédia Universal, p. 10543, "Portugal", para. 4
- ↑ Investing in Portugal". The Financial Times Ltd. 8 April 2008. Archived from the original on 10 December 2022. Retrieved 11 May 2013.
- ↑ Thomas, Landon Jr. (14 February 2012). "Portugal's Debt Efforts May Be a Warning for Greece". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 27 August 2017. Retrieved 2 August 2017.
- ↑ Procedimento dos Défices Excessivos 2ª Notificação". INE. Retrieved 14 October 2024.
- ↑ Procedimento dos Défices Excessivos - 2025". www.ine.pt. Instituto Nacional de Estatística. 26 March 2025. Retrieved 26 March 2025.
- ↑ Em termos reais, a remuneração bruta total mensal média por trabalhador aumentou 3,2%. Em 2024, aumentou 3,8% - 4.º Trimestre de 2024". INE. 14 February 2025. Retrieved 14 February 2025.
- ↑ Salário mínimo nacional" (in Portuguese). Portdata. Retrieved 1 January 2025.
- ↑ Country Report Portugal 2019 Including an In-Depth Review on the prevention and correction of macroeconomic imbalances" (PDF). European Commission. 2019. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 11 July 2020.
- ↑ Rua, Patricia Vicente; Demony, Catarina; Demony, Catarina (17 February 2023). "Portugal ends Golden Visas, curtails Airbnb rentals to address housing crisis". Reuters. Archived from the original on 17 February 2023. Retrieved 17 February 2023.
- ↑ Economic forecast for Portugal - European Commission". economy-finance.ec.europa.eu. Archived from the original on 30 August 2023. Retrieved 30 August 2023.
- ↑ "Economic forecast for Portugal - European Commission"
- ↑ Unhappy Anniversary Missed Opportunities Growth and Convergence Portugal". 11 March 2024
- ↑ economic forecast portugal". European Commission. 15 November 2025.
- ↑ Crop production". FAO. Archived from the original on 12 November 2016. Retrieved 21 July 2020.
- ↑ O VAB e o consumo do turismo no território económico reforçaram o seu peso relativo no total da economia, atingindo máximos históricos - 2023". Statistics Portugal. 1 August 2024. Retrieved 3 August 2024.
- ↑ Portugal GDP share of agriculture - data, chart". Archived from the original on 2 February 2024. Retrieved 6 January 2024.
- ↑ "Travel and Tourism in Portugal". Euromonitor International. September 2012. Archived from the original on 31 May 2013. Retrieved 12 May 2013.
- ↑ World Travel Awards Elects Portugal as Europe's Leading Destination 2017". Worldtravelawards.com. Archived from the original on 11 December 2017. Retrieved 30 September 2017.
- ↑ World Travel Awards Elects Portugal as World's Leading Destination 2017". Worldtravelawards.com. Archived from the original on 11 December 2017. Retrieved 10 December 2017.
- ↑ The 10 most visited cities in Europe". DW. 27 September 2023. Retrieved 26 May 2025.
- ↑ Tunel do Marão". Infraestruturas de Portugal. May 2016. Retrieved 16 January 2024.
- ↑ World Intellectual Property Organization (2024). Global Innovation Index 2024: Unlocking the Promise of Social Entrepreneurship. World Intellectual Property Organization. p. 18. doi:10.34667/tind.50062. ISBN 978-92-805-3681-2. Retrieved 6 October 2024.
- ↑ ListAfterList.com". ListAfterList.com. Archived from the original on 2 May 2010. Retrieved 22 August 2010. "Curious? Read". Curiousread.com. February 2008.
- ↑ Curious? Read". Curiousread.com. February 2008. Archived from the original on 3 May 2011. Retrieved 22 August 2010.