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Portugal
República Portuguesa (pt)
Portugal (pt)
Flag of Portugal (en) Coat of arms of Portugal (en)
Flag of Portugal (en) Fassara Coat of arms of Portugal (en) Fassara

Take A Portuguesa (en) Fassara
Kirari «Europe's West Coast»
«Arfordir Gorllewin Ewrop»
Suna saboda Portus Cale (en) Fassara
Wuri
Map
 39°N 9°W / 39°N 9°W / 39; -9
Babban birni Lisbon
Yawan mutane
Faɗi 10,347,892 (2021)
• Yawan mutane 112.2 mazaunan/km²
Harshen gwamnati Portuguese language
Mirandese (en) Fassara
Labarin ƙasa
Bangare na South-West Europe (en) Fassara, Tarayyar Turai da European Economic Area (en) Fassara
Yawan fili 92,225 km²
Wuri a ina ko kusa da wace teku Tekun Atalanta
Wuri mafi tsayi Mount Pico (en) Fassara (2,351 m)
Wuri mafi ƙasa Tekun Atalanta (0 m)
Sun raba iyaka da
Bayanan tarihi
Mabiyi Daular Portuguese da Kingdom of Portugal (en) Fassara
24 ga Yuni, 1128:  (Battle of São Mamede (en) Fassara)
25 ga Yuli, 1139:  (Battle of Ourique (en) Fassara)
5 Oktoba 1143:  (Conference of Zamora (en) Fassara)
23 Mayu 1179:  (Manifestis Probatum (en) Fassara)
Ranakun huta
Portugal Day (en) Fassara (June 10 (en) Fassara)
Republic Day (en) Fassara (October 5 (en) Fassara)
Patron saint (en) Fassara Saint George (en) Fassara
Tsarin Siyasa
Tsarin gwamnati jamhuriya
Majalisar zartarwa Government of Portugal (en) Fassara
Gangar majalisa Assembly of the Republic (en) Fassara
• President of Portugal (en) Fassara Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa (en) Fassara (9 ga Maris, 2016)
• Prime Minister of Portugal (en) Fassara Luís Montenegro (mul) Fassara (2 ga Afirilu, 2024)
Majalisar shariar ƙoli Portuguese Supreme Court of Justice (en) Fassara
Ikonomi
Nominal GDP (en) Fassara 253,982,847,571 $ (2021)
Kuɗi euro (mul) Fassara
Bayanan Tuntuɓa
Kasancewa a yanki na lokaci
Suna ta yanar gizo .pt (mul) Fassara
Tsarin lamba ta kiran tarho +351
Lambar taimakon gaggawa *#06#
Lambar ƙasa PT
NUTS code PT
Wasu abun
Yanar gizo portugal.gov.pt
Vilas, Portugal
Portugal
cais rifin Portugal

Portugal, [1] a hukumance Jamhuriyar Fotigal,[2][3] ƙasa ce a Tsibirin Iberian a kudu maso yammacin Turai.[4][5] Yana da mafi tsayin yamma a cikin nahiyar Turai,[6][7] Portugal tana iyaka da Spain zuwa arewa da gabas, wanda ke da iyaka mafi tsayi mara yankewa a cikin Tarayyar Turai;[8][9] a kudu da yamma shine Arewacin Tekun Atlantika;[10][11] kuma a yamma da kudu maso yamma akwai tsibiran Macaronesian na Azores da Madeira,[12][13] wadanda yankuna biyu ne masu cin gashin kansu na Portugal.[14][15] Lisbon ita ce babban birni kuma birni mafi girma, sai Porto,[16][17] wacce ita ce kawai sauran manyan biranen.[18][19]

Yammacin Iberian Peninsula yana ci gaba da zama tun zamanin da, tare da alamun farko na sasantawa tun daga 5500 BC.[20][21] Mutanen Celtic da Iberian sun isa a cikin ƙarni na farko BC.[22][23] Yankin ya kasance ƙarƙashin ikon Romawa a ƙarni na biyu BC.[24][25] Padawan al'ummomin Jamus da Alans sun yi mulki daga ƙarni na biyar zuwa takwas AD.[26] Musulmai sun mamaye kasar Portugal a karni na takwas,[27][28] amma a hankali Kiristoci Reconquista suka kore su, wanda ya kai ga kame Algarve tsakanin 1238 zuwa 1249.[29][30] Portugal ta zamani ta fara yin siffa a cikin wannan lokacin,[31][32] tun farko a matsayin gundumar Mulkin Kirista ta León a cikin 868,[33][34] kuma a hukumance a matsayin masarauta mai iko tare da Manifestis Probatum a cikin 1179.[35][36]

A matsayin ɗaya daga cikin farkon mahalarta a cikin Age of Discovery[37],[38] Portugal ta sami ci gaba da yawa a ilimin kimiyyar ruwa.[39][40] Bayan haka Portuguese sun kasance daga cikin Turawa na farko don ganowa da gano sababbin yankuna da hanyoyin teku,[41][42] suna kafa daular teku na ƙauyuka, mazauna,[43][44] da wuraren kasuwanci waɗanda suka fi yawa a kan tekun Kudancin Atlantic da Indiya.[45][46] Rikicin daular a farkon shekarun 1580 ya haifar da Iberian Union (1580 – 1640),[47][48] wacce ta hada Portugal karkashin mulkin Sipaniya,[49][50] da ke nuna raguwar ta a hankali a matsayin ikon duniya.[51][52] An dawo da ikon mallakar Portugal a shekara ta 1640 sannan kuma ya biyo bayan yaƙi mai tsada da dadewa wanda ya daɗe har zuwa 1688,[53] yayin da girgizar ƙasar Lisbon ta 1755 ta lalata birnin tare da lalata tattalin arzikin daular.[54][55]

Yaƙe-yaƙe na Napoleon sun kori ƙaura daga kotu zuwa Brazil a 1807,[56][57] wanda ya kai ga daukakarta daga mulkin mallaka zuwa masarauta, wanda ya ƙare a cikin 'yancin kai na Brazil a 1822;[58][59] wannan ya haifar da yakin basasa (1828-1834)[60] tsakanin masu mulkin mallaka da magoya bayan tsarin mulkin mulkin mallaka, tare da lattering.[61][62] Masarautar ta dawwama har zuwa juyin juya halin 5 ga Oktoba 1910,[63] wanda ya maye gurbinsa da Jamhuriya ta farko. Rikicin tashe-tashen hankula da rikice-rikicen cikin gida, an maye gurbin jamhuriyar da mai mulki Ditadura Nacional da magajinsa,[64] Estado Novo.[65][66] An dawo da dimokuradiyya a cikin 1974 bayan juyin juya halin Carnation, wanda ya kawo karshen yakin mulkin mallaka na Portugal kuma ya ba da damar karshen yankunan Afirka na Portugal don samun 'yancin kai[67][68][69]

Tarihin Masarautar Portugal ya bar gadon al'adu mai tarin yawa, tare da kusan masu magana da Fotigal miliyan 300 a duniya.[70][71] Ƙasar ta ci gaba kuma ta sami ci gaban tattalin arziki wanda ya dogara ga ayyuka, masana'antu, da yawon shakatawa.[72] Portugal memba ce ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Tarayyar Turai,[73] Yankin Schengen, da Majalisar Turai, kuma ɗaya daga cikin membobin da suka kafa NATO, Tarayyar Turai, OECD,[74] da Al'ummar Ƙasashen Harshen Portuguese.[75][76]

Ilimin kalmomi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Kalmar Portugal ta samo asali ne daga haɗin sunan wurin Roman-Celtic Portus Cale[77][78] (Taron Porto da Vila Nova de Gaia na yanzu).[79] Porto ya fito ne daga Latin don tashar jiragen ruwa,[80] portus; Ba a san ma'anar Cale da asalinsa ba. Babban bayani shine ƙabilanci da aka samo daga Callaeci, wanda kuma aka sani da mutanen Gallaeci,[81] waɗanda suka mamaye arewa-maso-yammacin tsibirin Iberian.[82] Wata ka'ida ta ba da shawarar Cale samo asali ne daga kalmar Celtic don 'tashar ruwa'.[83] Wani kuma shi ne cewa Cala allahiya ce ta Celtic. Wasu malaman Faransanci sun yi imanin cewa watakila ya fito ne daga Portus Gallus,[84] tashar jiragen ruwa na Gauls.[85]

Kusan 200 BC, Romawa sun ɗauki Iberia daga Carthaginians a lokacin Yaƙin Funi na Biyu.[86] A cikin haka ne suka ci Cale, suka sake masa suna Portus Cale ('Port of Cale') suka haɗa ta cikin lardin Gallaecia. A lokacin tsakiyar zamanai, yankin da ke kusa da Portus Cale ya zama sanannun Suebi da Visigoths a matsayin Portucale.[87] Sunan Portucale ya canza zuwa Portugal a cikin ƙarni na 7th da 8th, kuma zuwa karni na 9, ana amfani da shi don nufin yankin tsakanin kogin Douro da Minho.[88] A karni na 11 da na 12, an riga an kira Portugale, Portugallia, Portvgallo ko Portvgalliae a matsayin Portugal.[89]

Tarihi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Mutane sun mamaye yankin tun kimanin shekaru 400,000 da suka gabata, lokacin da Homo heidelbergensis ya shiga yankin. Burbushin ɗan adam mafi dadewa da aka samu a Portugal shine kwanyar Aroeira 3 H. Heidelbergensis mai shekaru 400,000 da aka gano a cikin kogon Aroeira a cikin 2014.[90] Daga baya Neanderthals ya yi yawo a arewacin Iberian tsibirin kuma an gano hakori a kogon Nova da Columbeira a Estremadura.[91] Homo sapiens sapiens ya isa Portugal kimanin shekaru 35,000 da suka wuce kuma ya bazu cikin sauri.[92] Ƙabilun Pre-Celtic sun zauna a Portugal. Cynetes sun haɓaka rubutaccen harshe, suna barin stelae, waɗanda galibi ana samun su a kudu.

A farkon karni na farko BC, raƙuman ruwa na Celts da yawa sun isa ƙasar Portugal daga tsakiyar Turai kuma suka yi aure tare da mazauna yankin don kafa ƙungiyoyi daban-daban. Kasancewar Celtic haƙƙin mallaka ne a cikin shaidar archaeological da na harshe. Sun mamaye mafi yawan arewaci da tsakiyar Portugal, yayin da kudanci ya kiyaye tsohuwar halayensa (wanda ba Indo-Turai ba, mai yiwuwa yana da alaƙa da Basque) har sai da Romawa suka mamaye.[93] A kudancin Portugal, wasu ƙananan sansanonin kasuwanci na bakin teku suma an kafa su ta Phoenician da Carthaginian.

Romawa sun fara mamaye yankin Iberian Peninsula a cikin 219 BC. An kori Carthaginians, abokin hamayyar Roma a cikin Yaƙin Punic, daga yankunan bakin teku. A lokacin mulkin Julius Kaisar, kusan dukan tsibiran an haɗa su zuwa Roma. Nasara ya ɗauki shekaru ɗari biyu kuma mutane da yawa sun mutu, har da waɗanda aka yanke wa hukuncin yin aiki a ma’adinan bayi ko kuma aka sayar da su a matsayin bayi zuwa wasu sassan daular. Mamaya na Romawa ya fuskanci koma baya a shekara ta 155 BC,[94] lokacin da aka fara tawaye a arewa. Lusitaniyawa da sauran ƙabilu na asali, ƙarƙashin jagorancin Viriathus,[95][96] sun mamaye duk yammacin Iberia. Roma ta aika runduna don su kwantar da tawayen amma ba su yi nasara ba. Shugabannin Romawa sun ba wa abokan Viriathus cin hanci don su kashe shi a shekara ta 139 BC; aka maye gurbinsa da Tautalus.[97]

A cikin 27 BC, Lusitania ta sami matsayin lardin Romawa. Daga baya, an raba wani lardin arewa da lardin Tarraconensis, a karkashin sauye-sauyen sarki Diocletian, wanda aka fi sani da Gallaecia.[98] Akwai rugujewar kasusuwa da yawa da kuma ragowar al'adun Castro, kamar Mozinho, Zambujal, Cidadelhe, Conímbriga, Mirobriga, wuraren binciken kayan tarihi na Briteiros.[99]

Masarautar Jamus

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A cikin 409, tare da raguwar daular Rum, kabilun Jamus sun mamaye yankin Iberian Peninsula.[100] A cikin 411, tare da kwangilar tarayya tare da Emperor Honorius, yawancin waɗannan mutane sun zauna a Hispania. Wata ƙungiya mai mahimmanci ta ƙunshi Suebi, Buri,[101] Vandals a Gallaecia, waɗanda suka kafa Masarautar Suebi mai babban birninta a Braga. Sun zo sun mamaye tsakiyar Portugal, ciki har da Aeminium (Coimbra) har zuwa Tagus, yayin da Visigoths suka mamaye kudu.[102] Suebi da Visigoths su ne kabilun Jamus waɗanda suka kasance mafi ɗorewa a cikin yankunan da suka dace da Portugal ta zamani. Kamar sauran wurare a Yammacin Turai,[103] an sami koma baya sosai a rayuwar birane a lokacin duhu.[104]

Cibiyoyin Romawa sun ɓace bayan mamayewar Jamus ban da ƙungiyoyin coci, waɗanda Suebi suka haɓaka a ƙarni na biyar kuma Visigoths suka karbe su daga baya.[105][106]

Zamanin Musulunci

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Nahiyar Portugal ta yau, tare da yawancin Spain na zamani, an mamaye su daga Kudu kuma sun zama wani ɓangare na al-Andalus tsakanin 726 zuwa 1249, bayan mamaye daular Umayyawa ta Iberian Peninsula.[107][108][109] Wannan mulki ya dau shekaru a Arewa, har zuwa karni biyar a Kudu.[110][111][112]

Ruins na Aljezur castle, a cikin Algarve da Moors suka gina a karni na 10.[113][114][115]

Bayan cin galaba a kan Visigoth a cikin 'yan watanni, daular Umayyawa ta fara fadada cikin sauri a cikin yankin. Tun daga shekara ta 726,[116][117][118] ƙasar da a yanzu ta zama Portugal ta zama wani ɓangare na babban daular Umayyad Khalifanci na Damascus, har zuwa rugujewarta a shekara ta 750.[119][120][121] A wannan shekarar yammacin daular ta sami 'yancin kai a ƙarƙashin Abd-ar-Rahman na 1 tare da kafa Masarautar Cordoba.[122][123][124] Masarautar ta zama Khalifan Cordoba a shekara ta 929, har zuwa rushewarta a shekara ta 1031,[125][126][127] zuwa kananan masarautu guda 23, wadanda ake kira daular Taifa.[128][129]

Gwamnonin taifa sun shelanta kansu Sarkin lardunansu tare da kulla huldar diflomasiyya da masarautun Kiristocin arewa. Yawancin Portugal a yau sun fada hannun Taifa na Badajoz na Daular Aftasid, da kuma a cikin 1022 Taifa na Seville na mawakan Abbadids.[130][131][132] Zaman Taifa ya kare ne da cin nasarar Almoravid a shekara ta 1086, sannan Almohad a shekara ta 1147.[133][134][135] An raba Al-Andalus zuwa gundumomi da ake kira Kura. Gharb Al-Andalus a mafi girmansa ya ƙunshi kuras goma,[136][137][138] kowannensu yana da babban birni da gwamna. Manyan biranen sun kasance a kudancin rabin ƙasar: Beja, Silves, Alcácer do Sal, Santarém da Lisbon.[139][140][141] Yawan musulmi ya ƙunshi mafi yawan 'yan asalin Iberian da suka musulunta da Berbers.[142][143][144] Larabawa (musamman masu fada a ji daga Siriya) ko da yake 'yan tsiraru ne, sun zama fitattun mutane. Berber da suka haɗa su, makiyaya ne daga tsaunin Rif na Arewacin Afirka.[145][146][147]

Mamaya daga Arewa ma ya faru a wannan lokacin, inda Viking suka mamaye gabar teku tsakanin karni na 9 zuwa na 11, ciki har da Lisbon.[148][149][150] Wannan ya haifar da kafa ƙananan ƙauyuka na Norse a bakin teku tsakanin Douro da Minho.[151][152][153]

Ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan al'adun gargajiyar Viking ana samun su a tsohuwar Marcas Poveiras ko Siglas Poveiras.[154][155][156] An yarda gaba ɗaya cewa siglas, wanda kuma aka sani da marcas, asalin Scandinavian ne.[157][158][159] Dangane da kamanceceniya da yawa da aka fara samu a Nationalmuseet a Copenhagen, an kuma gano abubuwa da yawa da aka yiwa alama da "alamomin gida" a Funen (wanda aka fi sani da Fyn), Denmark. Ci gaba da karatu ya nuna cewa hadadden tsarin alamar gado na Póvoa de Varzim shima yana nan a Fyn.[160][161][162] Idan aka yi la'akari da nisan yanki, kutsawar Viking na tarihi a gabar tekun Portugal, da kuma al'adun arna da mutanen wannan yanki na kamun kifi ke yi, an yi imani da cewa akwai wani yanki na zuriyar Norse da gadon al'adu.[163][164][165]

Reconquista lokaci ne lokacin da Kiristoci suka sake cin nasara a yankin Iberian daga mamayar Moorish. An zaɓi wani ɗan Asturian Visigothic mai suna Pelagius na Asturias a matsayin shugaba a cikin 718[[166][167][168] da yawa daga cikin manyan hafsoshin Visigoth da aka kora.[169][170][171] Pelagius ya yi kira ga ragowar sojojin Visigothic na Kirista da su yi tawaye ga Moors kuma su sake haduwa a cikin tsaunukan arewacin Asturian da ba a ci nasara ba, wanda aka sani a yau da tsaunukan Cantabrian, a arewa maso yammacin Spain.[172][173][174] Bayan da aka ci nasara a kan Moors a yakin Covadonga a shekara ta 722, an yi shelar Pelagius a matsayin sarki, don haka ya kafa daular Kirista ta Asturia kuma ya fara yakin sake cin nasara na Kirista.[175][176][177]

A ƙarshen karni na 9, an sake mamaye yankin Portugal tsakanin kogin Minho da Douro daga Moors ta hannun mai martaba kuma jarumi Vímara Peres bisa umarnin Sarki Alfonso III na Asturia.[178][179][180] Da ya gano garuruwa da yawa ba kowa, sai ya yanke shawarar sake yawan jama’a ya sake gina su[181][182][183]

Vímara Peres ya daukaka yankin zuwa matsayin County, inda ya sanya mata suna County na Portugal bayan babban birnin tashar tashar jiragen ruwa - Portus Cale ko Porto na zamani.[184][185][186] Ɗaya daga cikin biranen farko da ya kafa shine Vimaranes, wanda aka sani a yau da suna Guimarães - "wurin haifuwar al'ummar Portugal" ko "birni mai shimfiɗa".[187][188][189]

Bayan haɗa gundumar Portugal zuwa ɗaya daga cikin lardunan da suka haɗa da Masarautar Asturia, Sarki Alfonso III na Asturia ya yi wa Vímara Peres,[190][191][192] a shekara ta 868, a matsayin Ƙididdigar Farko na Portus Cale (Portugal).[193][194][195] Yankin ya zama sananne da Portucale, Portugale, kuma a lokaci guda Portugália.[196][197][198] Tare da tilastawa Alfonso III murabus a shekara ta 910, Masarautar Asturia ta rabu gida uku; sun sake haduwa a cikin 924 karkashin kambin León.[199][200]

A cikin 1093 Alfonso VI na León ya ba da gundumar ga Henry na Burgundy kuma ya aurar da shi ga 'yarsa, Teresa na León.[201] Ta haka Henry ya zama Henry, Count of Portugal kuma ya kafa sabuwar gundumarsa daga Bracara Augusta (Braga ta zamani).[202][203]

Lisbon Oceanarium

Hotuna

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  • Jami'ar Karinecyril coimbra
    Jami'ar Karinecyril coimbra
  • Bakin Teku
    Bakin Teku
  • Azores
    Azores
  • Gada
    Gada

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Turai    

Gabashin Turai

Belarus • Bulgairiya • Kazech • Hungariya • Moldufiniya • Poland • Romainiya • Rash • Slofakiya • Ukraniya

Arewacin Turai

Denmark • Istoniya • Finland • Iceland • Ireland • Laitfiya • Lithuania • Norway • Sweden • United Kingdom

Kudancin Turai

Albaniya • Andorra • Herzegovina • Kroatiya • Girka • Italiya • Masadoiniya • Malta • Montenegro • Portugal • San Marino • Serbiya • Sloveniya • Hispania • Vatican

Yammacin Turai

Austriya • Beljik • Faransa • Jamus • Liechtenstein • Luksamburg • Monaco • Holand • Switzerland

Tsakiyar Azsiya

Kazakhstan

Àisia an Iar

Azerbaijan • Georgiya • Turkiyya

Wannan Muƙalar guntuwa ce: tana buƙatar a inganta ta, kuna iya gyara ta.
  1. ↑ Reconhecimento oficial de direitos linguísticos da comunidade mirandesa (Official recognition of linguistic rights of the Mirandese community)". Centro de Linguística da Universidade de Lisboa (UdL). Archived from the original on 18 March 2002. Retrieved 2 December 2015.
  2. ↑ The Euromosaic study, Mirandese in Portugal Archived 5 February 2016 at the Wayback Machine, europa.eu – European Commission website. Retrieved January 2007. Link updated December 2015
  3. ↑ Censos 2021. Católicos diminuem, mas ainda são mais de 80% dos portugueses". RTP. 23 November 2022. Archived from the original on 23 November 2022. Retrieved 23 November 2022.
  4. ↑ João Ferreira Duarte, The Politics of Non-Translation: A Case Study in Anglo-Portuguese Relations Archived 10 September 2016 at the Wayback Machine
  5. ↑ Vieira, Gonçalo; Luís, Zêzere José; Mora, Carla (2018). Landscapes and Landforms of Portugal. Springer International Publishing. ISBN 978-3-319-03640-3.
  6. ↑ Human Development Report 2025" (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. 6 May 2025. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 May 2025. Retrieved 6 May 2025.
  7. ↑ Town of Portugal Cove – St.Philip's : History". Pcsp.ca. Archived from the original on 16 October 2015. Retrieved 14 September 2015.
  8. ↑ Relatório intercalar, Recuperação de processos pendentes na AIMA, População Estrangeira em Portugal" (PDF). aima.gov.pt (in European Portuguese). 8 April 2025. Retrieved 8 April 2025
  9. ↑ Constitution of Portugal, Preamble" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 March 2018. Retrieved 17 March 2018.
  10. ↑ List of left- & right-driving countries". WorldStandards
  11. ↑ Statistics Portugal - Web Portal". INE. Archived from the original on 13 November 2019. Retrieved 5 July 2023.
  12. ↑ Gervase Clarence-Smith, The Third Portuguese Empire, 1825–1975: A Study in Economic Imperialism (1985)
  13. ↑ Saraiva, José Hermano (1986). História concisa de Portugal (10th ed.). Publicações Europa-América. pp. 250–251.
  14. ↑ Surface water and surface water change". Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Archived from the original on 24 March 2021. Retrieved 11 October 2020.
  15. ↑ Portugal country profile". BBC News. 24 February 2020. Archived from the original on 26 January 2021. Retrieved 27 January 2021.
  16. ↑ "Censos 2021 - Principais tendências ocorridas em Portugal na última década". Statistics Portugal - Web Portal. 23 November 2022. Archived from the original on 23 November 2022. Retrieved 23 November 2022.
  17. ↑ População residente ultrapassa os 10,6 milhões - 2023". INE. Retrieved 18 June 2024
  18. ↑ World Economic Outlook Database, April 2025 Edition. (Portugal)". International Monetary Fund. 22 April 2025. Retrieved 22 April 2025.
  19. ↑ Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income – EU-SILC survey". ec.europa.eu. Eurostat. Retrieved 22 April 2025.
  20. ↑ Boxer, Charles (1969). O Império colonial português (1415-1825). Ediçoes 70. p. 191.
  21. ↑ "The World Factbook". CIA. Archived from the original on 9 January 2021. Retrieved 14 September 2015.
  22. ↑ Portugal Não É Um País Pequeno". Purl.pt. Archived from the original on 25 October 2014. Retrieved 21 February 2011.
  23. ↑ Tremlett, Giles (22 March 2007). "Another nail in Cook's coffin as map suggests he was pipped by Portugal". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 17 January 2014. Retrieved 31 January 2014.
  24. ↑ Portugal musalman (Le) – VIIIe-XIIIe siècles par Christophe Picard – Maisonneuve et Larose – Collection Occident Musulman – 2001, 500 p. ISBN 2-7068-1398-9
  25. ↑ Francisco, Susete (14 August 2017). "Portugal tenta duplicar território marítimo". Diário de Notícias. Archived from the original on 7 December 2017. Retrieved 7 December 2017.
  26. ↑ Caldeira, Arlindo Manuel (2013). Escravos e Traficantes no Império Português: O comércio negreiro português no Atlântico durante os séculos XV a XIX (in Portuguese). A Esfera dos Livros. pp. 219–224.
  27. ↑ Ann Christys, Vikings in the South (London: Bloomsbury, 2015), pp. 15-17.
  28. ↑ Rodrigues, Fátima da Cruz (2013). "A desmobilização dos combatentes africanos das Forças Armadas Portuguesas da Guerra Colonial (1961-1974)". Ler História (65): 113–128. doi:10.4000/lerhistoria.484. ISSN 0870-6182. Archived from the original on 8 December 2022. Retrieved 8 December 2022.
  29. ↑ Wilson, J. (2020). "'Neither age nor sex sparing': the Alvor massacre 1189, an anomaly in the Portuguese Reconquista?". Journal of Medieval Iberian Studies, 12(2), 199–229. 12 (2): 199–229.
  30. ↑ O reino Alg. de pleno direito" (PDF) (in Portuguese). CCDR-Alg.
  31. ↑ O período do Marcelismo". RTP Ensina. 2021. Retrieved 12 March 2025.
  32. ↑ "A Guerra Civil de 1355 - Lisboa". NOVA University Lisbon. 1 January 2008. Retrieved 13 April 2025.
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