Pushback (motsa jiki)
 Pushback (motsa jiki) | |
|---|---|
| Bayanai | |
| Ƙaramin ɓangare na |
return (en)  |
| Fuskar |
immigration law (en) |
| Hannun riga da |
pullback (en) |
A cikin ƙaura, turawa shine "saitin matakan jihar wanda aka tilasta wa 'yan gudun hijira da baƙi su koma kan iyaka - gabaɗaya nan da nan bayan sun haye shi - ba tare da la'akari da yanayinsu ba kuma ba tare da yiwuwar neman mafaka ba". [1] Pushbacks sun keta haramcin fitar da masu neman mafaka a cikin Yarjejeniyar 4 a cikin ƙasashe masu goyon bayan Yarjejeniyar Turai kan 'Yancin Dan Adam kuma sau da yawa sun keta haramtacciyar dokar kasa da kasa kan rashin mayar da hankali.[1][2]
Pushback ya bambanta da "pullback", wani nau'i na kula da ƙaura na waje da ƙasar da ke neman kawar da masu neman mafaka suna shirya tare da ƙasa ta uku don hana su barin.[3]
Ma'anar
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Neža Kogovšek Šalamon ya yi la'akari da cewa babu wani ma'anar da aka sani game da turawa, amma gabaɗaya ana iya nuna su a matsayin "maidowar da aka tilasta wa mutane da ba bisa ka'ida ba waɗanda suka shiga ƙasar zuwa ƙasar da suka shiga, ta hanyar hanyoyin da ke faruwa a waje da ka'idojin da aka ƙayyade a cikin ladabi ko yarjejeniyoyin da ƙasashe makwabta suka sanya hannu". Pushbacks an yi niyya ga baƙi ba tare da nuna bambanci ba, ba tare da la'akari da ko suna da dalilin kariya ta kasa da kasa ba, kuma ba tare da damar neman mafaka ba.[4][1] A lokuta da yawa ana tilasta dawowar tilastawa tare da tashin hankali na 'yan sanda kuma galibi ana haɗa shi da barazanar, wulakanci, da sata kayan baƙi da wayoyin hannu. Ana yin turawa a cikin hanyar ɓoye, akai-akai ba tare da sanar da hukumomin ƙasar cewa suna karɓar baƙi da aka tura ba. Sabili da haka, yawanci babu takardun da ke nuna cewa an tura shi kuma yana da wahala ga wadanda abin ya shafa su nemi gyara.[4]
A cewar Niamh Keady-Tabbal da Itamar Mann, a rubuce-rubuce don Jaridar Turai ta Shari'ar Kasa da Kasa, kalmar nan "pushback" tana da alaƙa da "rugujewar dokar 'yan gudun hijira, da kuma lasisi mai kama da juna don haifar da tashin hankali mai tsanani ga mutanen da ke kan tafiya waɗanda ba 'yan gudun gudun hijira ba ne". A cikin yanayin turawa a cikin Aegean, suna shakkar cewa turawa kalma ce da ta dace don "ƙetare haƙƙin ɗan adam wanda ke ƙunshe da niyyar kawar da kasancewar mutum a fuskar duniya".
Shari'a
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Idan 'yan gudun hijira suna cikin haɗarin rayuwa ko' yanci saboda "tseren, addini, ƙasa, memba na wani rukuni na zamantakewa ko ra'ayi na siyasa" ban da "haɗari ga tsaron ƙasar" turawa sun keta ka'idar rashin sauyawa a cikin dokar kasa da kasa, gami da Yarjejeniyar da ta shafi Matsayin 'Yan Gudun Hijira.
A wasu yankuna ƙarin dokoki suna aiki, a Turai turawa sau da yawa ya saba wa haramtacciyar fitar da masu neman mafaka a cikin Yarjejeniyar 4 na Yarjejeniyar Turai kan 'Yancin Dan Adam.[1] Ƙaddamarwa, da kuma fitar da taƙaitaccen, an kuma haramta su ta hanyar Mataki na 18 da 19 na Yarjejeniyar Tarayyar Turai ta Hakki na asali. Dangane da yanayin, turawa na iya zama azabtarwa, ko rashin kulawa, ko keta haƙƙin rayuwa, wanda dokar ƙasa da ƙasa ta haramta ciki har da ECHR da Yarjejeniyar Turai ta Hakki na asali. [5] Marco Stefan da Roberto Cortinovi, a Cibiyar Jami'ar Turai, sun bayyana turawa a matsayin "babban barazana ga ka'idojin haƙƙoƙi da ka'idoji da aka kafa a ƙarƙashin dokokin farko da na biyu na EU".[5] Har ila yau, an yi ƙoƙari don kalubalanci turawa bisa la'akari da cewa za su iya zama bacewar tilasta ko laifuka a kan bil'adama a cikin manyan lokuta. [2][6][7]
UNHCR ta bukaci kasashen Turai da su kawo karshen turawa a kan iyakokin Turai, suna kiransu "ba bisa ka'ida ba".[8] Dukkanin Kotun Tarayyar Turai da Kotun Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Turai sun yanke hukuncin cewa manufofin Hungary na fitar da baƙi zuwa iyakar Serbia ba bisa ka'ida ba ne. Wannan manufofin ya shafi mutane 72,000 tun 2016, wanda Hungary ta ci gaba duk da waɗannan hukunce-hukuncen.[9] Koyaya, Frontex ta dakatar da ayyukanta a Hungary.
Kaddamar da hukumomin Hungary ke yi sau da yawa ya haɗa da zalunci na 'yan sanda - doke masu neman mafaka da kuma sanya karnuka a kansu - wanda a lokuta da yawa ya ƙare da mutuwa.[10][11] Hukumomin Hungary galibi suna kasa bincika waɗannan bala'o'in yadda ya kamata, kuma ana kai shari'o'i zuwa Kotun Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Turai. A Hungary, Kwamitin Helsinki na Hungary yana bincikawa da bayar da rahoto game da waɗannan cin zarafin, yana ba da taimako na shari'a kyauta ga masu shigar da kara, kuma ya kai su kotu.[12]
Yan majalisa a Finland sun kada kuri'a 167 zuwa 31 a watan Yulin 2024 don dokar da ta ba da izinin turawa. A karkashin dokar, ba za a yarda da ikirarin mafaka a kan iyakar gabashin Finland ba, idan Rasha ta kai bakin haure a can a cikin yunkurin yaƙi na rikice-rikice, kamar yadda ta yi a ƙarshen 2023. Lokacin da aka ba da umarni, matakin ya ba da damar amfani da karfi don dawo da baƙi zuwa yankin Rasha. Dole ne shugaban kasa ya bayar da umarnin tare da majalisa kuma matakin ya iyakance zuwa wata daya a kowace umarni.
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- 1 2 3 4 "Push-back". www.ecchr.eu. Retrieved 30 September 2021.
- 1 2 Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedKeady-Tabbal - ↑ Markard, Nora (2016). "The Right to Leave by Sea: Legal Limits on EU Migration Control by Third Countries". European Journal of International Law. 27 (3): 591–616. doi:10.1093/ejil/chw034.
- 1 2 Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedKS - 1 2 Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedeui - ↑ "Crimes against humanity in the Aegean - Greece". ReliefWeb (in Turanci). Legal Centre Lesvos. 1 Feb 2021. Retrieved 30 September 2021.
- ↑ Kalpouzos, Ioannis (2020). "International Criminal Law and the Violence against Migrants". German Law Journal. Cambridge University Press. 21 (3): 571–597. doi:10.1017/glj.2020.24. ISSN 2071-8322. S2CID 216289557.
- ↑ Rooney, Rosie; Welander, Marta (22 July 2021). "On its 70th Anniversary, the Refugee Convention Faces Unprecedented Threats Across Europe". Oxford Law Faculty. Retrieved 1 September 2021.[permanent dead link]
- ↑ "European Court of Human Rights: Hungarian Push-backs in breach of prohibition of collective expulsions". Hungarian Helsinki Committee. 8 July 2021. Retrieved 1 September 2021.—case Shahzad v. Hungary - 12625/17, Judgment 8.7.2021 [Section I]
- ↑ "European Court of Human Rights: Hungary is responsible for the death of a 22-year-old Syrian refugee". 2 February 2023.
- ↑ "The life of a child was the price of push-backs". 17 January 2022.
- ↑ "Migrant push-backs Archives". 16 May 2023.