Jump to content

Ra'ayoyin da basu dace ba game da Afirka

Daga Wikipedia, Insakulofidiya ta kyauta.
Ra'ayoyin da basu dace ba game da Afirka
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na ethnic stereotype (en) Fassara
Muhimmin darasi African people (en) Fassara

Ra'ayoyi game da Afirka, 'Yan Afirka, da Al'adun Afirka sun zama ruwan dare, musamman a Yammacin Duniya. Sau da yawa ana tabbatar da mulkin mallaka na Turai a kan dalilai na iyaye, suna nuna Afirka a matsayin mai ƙarancin wayewa, kuma 'yan Afirka a matsayin marasa iya wayewa da kansu.[1][2][3][4][5] Ya zuwa shekarun 2010, waɗannan ra'ayoyin sun ci gaba a cikin kafofin watsa labarai na Turai.[6][7]

Tarihi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Turai

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Kasashe da yawa, kamar Faransa da Portugal, sun yi ƙoƙari su 'civilize' Afirka ta hanyar mulkin mallaka.[8][9]

mai zane-zane na Belgian Hergé ya nuna 'yan Afirka kamar yara a Tintin a Kongo . [10]

Jamusawa sun yi kuskuren yabo ga nasarorin Afirka ga Tseren 'Hamitic' wanda ya fito ne daga mazauna Turai. Wasu Italiyanci suna nuna 'yan Afirka a matsayin baƙi da masu bara.[11] Fahimtar ''Yan Poland' game da Afirka ta rinjayi 'yan jarida, wanda sau da yawa ke magana akan mummunan labarai ko damuwa.[12]

Ka'idar wariyar launin fata na kimiyya ta sami karbuwa a Turai a cikin ƙarni na 18 da 19, daidai da fadada mulkin mallaka na Turai a Afirka. Masu ilimi sun nemi rarraba yawan mutane zuwa kabilu daban-daban bisa ga ka'idodin pseudoscientific. Misali, masanin ilimin tsire-tsire na Sweden Carl Linnaeus, a cikin aikinsa na 1735 Systema Naturae, ya nuna "tseren Afirka" a matsayin mai wayo, mai laushi, da sakaci.[13]

Arewacin Amurka

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A cikin karni na 19, masu tsattsauran ra'ayi na kimiyya kamar Josiah C. Nott da George Gliddon sun kwatanta 'yan Afirka da birai marasa mutum. An yi amfani da wannan kwatancin don tabbatar da matsayin tsohon.[14][15]

Yanzu

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Ostiraliya

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

'Yan Ostiraliya galibi suna kallon Afirka a matsayin na asali da kuma daidaituwa. Wannan ra'ayi yana da tasiri daga ra'ayoyin 'yan Afirka na Afirka.

Gabashin Asiya

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Japan tana ganin Afirka a matsayin nahiyar da ke buƙatar taimako, [16] [17] kamar yadda China ke yi.[18][19][20] A cikin Al'adun intanet na kasar Sin, ana kiran 'yan wasa Wasan bidiyo marasa sa'a ko marasa ƙwarewa 'Afirkawa', wanda ke nuni da haɗin fuskokin baki tare da rashin sa'a.[21]

Ƙasar Ingila

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Binciken da Majalisar Burtaniya ta yi ya nuna cewa daga hangen nesa na matasa 'yan Burtaniya, nahiyar Afirka gaba ɗaya, ko dai an tsara ta ko kuma an lalata ta. Shekaru da yawa na hotuna da labaru a cikin kafofin watsa labarai da kuma ayyukan agaji da ke nuna jigogi ciki har da yunwa, fari, cututtuka, rashin daidaito da rashin daidaito sun ba da gudummawa ga fahimtar ƙasashen Afirka a matsayin matalauta, haɗari, da kuma baya a bayan sauran duniya a cikin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki da kuma dangane da haƙƙin ɗan adam. Abubuwan da aka saba amfani da su don bayyana waɗannan batutuwan sun haɗa da cin hanci da rashawa na cikin gida, cin zarafin Afirka na tarihi da na zamani ta ƙasashen waje da masu zaman kansu (ciki har da Burtaniya da kamfanonin Burtaniya), da kuma ganin nesa da warewar Afirka dangane da sauran duniya.

Amurka

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A Amurka, ana ganin Afirka a matsayin ta asali, matalauta, kuma cike da cuta.[22][23] Ana ganin 'yan Afirka a matsayin masu saukin kamuwa da Cutar.[24][25] Har ila yau, ana ganin Afirka a matsayin gandun daji mai cike da Dabbobi na daji. Ana zargin fina-finai na Amurka da rashin amincewa da Afirka.[26]

Jigogi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Muhalli

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Baƙi na iya tunanin Afirka a matsayin mafi yawan savanna mara zama, tare da dabbobin daji da yawa.

Zaki. nau'i na yau da kullun shine cewa yawancin ko duk Afirka daji ne ko hamada, [27] wanda kawai Dabbobi na daji kamar Elephants da Lions ke zaune. A madadin haka, mutane da yawa sun yi imanin cewa dabbobin daji suna ko'ina kuma sun saba, kamar dabbobin gida. Kodayake Afirka tana da dabbobin daji da yawa, daga cikinsu manyan dabbobi masu cin nama, yawancin 'yan Afirka suna ganin su ne kawai a cikin gidajen namun daji da safarar.[28][29]

Daidaitawa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Afirka sau da yawa ana kuskuren zama jihar ɗaya, yayin da ita nahiyar ce tare da kasashe membobin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya 54 da jihohi biyu na zahiri. Wannan kuskuren na iya haifar da mutane suyi tunanin cewa duk 'yan Afirka na cikin kabilanci ɗaya, ko kuma su yi amfani da ra'ayoyi masu banƙyama game da wata ƙungiya zuwa wata.

Baƙi na iya samun kuskuren ra'ayi cewa akwai yare ɗaya kawai, wanda aka sani kawai da "Afirka". A zahiri, akwai Harsunan Afirka sama da 1,000.[28] Swahili ita ce yaren asalin Afirka da aka fi magana da shi.[30]

Talauci

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Sau da yawa ana ɗaukar Afirka ta asali kuma matalauta.[31][32] Kodayake talauci ya wanzu a Afirka, kasashe da yawa suna da tattalin arziki mai saurin girma.[33]

Mutane da yawa sun yi imanin cewa yawancin 'yan Afirka suna zaune "a cikin Gidan laka a tsakiyar babu inda".[28] Kashi arba'in da uku na 'yan Afirka suna zaune a cikin birane, dan kadan a ƙasa da matsakaicin duniya na 55%.[34][35]

Fasahar

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Amfani da Intanet a Afirka (2015) ya bambanta sosai daga ƙasa zuwa ƙasa.

A cikin Kasashe masu arziki, ana ganin 'yan Afirka ba su da damar yin amfani da Fasahar zamani.[28] Ya zuwa shekara ta 2013, kashi 80% na 'yan Afirka suna da Wayar hannu.[36][37] Amfani da Intanet a Afirka ya karu da kashi 20% a cikin 2018, ya kai kashi 59% na Arewacin Afirka, kashi 51% na Kudancin Afirka, 39% na Yammacin Afirka, da kashi 45% na Gabashin Afirka.

Wani nau'i na yau da kullun shine cewa 'Yan Afirka, musamman 'Yan Najeriya, suna yin Zamba a kan layi.[38][39] Mafi sanannun yaudarar Afirka ita ce yaudarar farashi, wanda ake kira "yaudarar yarima na Najeriya".[40]

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ "Afrophobia: Europe should confront this legacy of colonialism and the slave trade". Commissioner for Human Rights. Retrieved 4 March 2019.
  2. ↑ Amy Clarke (June 2012). "People of African Descent in Europe : A UKREN Briefing Paper" (PDF). Ukren.org. Retrieved 4 March 2019.
  3. ↑ Gates, Henry Louis Jr. (4 February 2017). "Opinion - The History the Slaveholders Wanted Us to Forget". The New York Times. Retrieved 4 March 2019.
  4. ↑ "Invisible Visible Minority" (PDF). Kisa.org. Retrieved 4 March 2019.
  5. ↑ Abbattista, Guido. "European Encounters in the Age of Expansion European Encounters". Ieg-ego.eu. Retrieved 4 March 2019.
  6. ↑ Olusoga, David (8 September 2015). "The roots of European racism lie in the slave trade, colonialism – and Edward Long - David Olusoga". Theguardian.com. Retrieved 4 March 2019.
  7. ↑ "Africa Stereotypes in the European media". En.ejo.ch. 26 July 2013. Retrieved 4 March 2019.
  8. ↑ Burrows, Mathew (March 1986). "' Mission Civilisatrice ': French Cultural Policy in the Middle East, 1860–1914". The Historical Journal (in Turanci). 29 (1): 109–135. doi:10.1017/S0018246X00018641. ISSN 0018-246X.
  9. ↑ Kuper, Hilda (5 March 1964). "The Colonial Situation in Southern Africa". The Journal of Modern African Studies. 2 (2): 149–164. doi:10.1017/S0022278X00003979. JSTOR 158816. S2CID 154471688.
  10. ↑ "Tintin 90 years on: Belgian comic book stirs racial controversy". Aljazeera.com. Retrieved 4 March 2019.
  11. ↑ Rossella Falanga; Maria Elvira De Carolia; Elisabetta Sagone. "WCPCG 2013 : The relationship between stereotypes and prejudice toward the Africans in Italian university students" (PDF). Fmag.uniict.it. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-08-30. Retrieved 2017-05-23.
  12. ↑ Ndiayea, Iwona Anna; Ndiayea, Bara (2014). "Sociocultural Stereotypes in Media and Intercultural Communication (Africa in the Polish Media)". Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences. 154: 72–76. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.10.114.
  13. ↑ "Linnaeus and Race". The Linnean Society (in Turanci). Retrieved 2025-05-01.
  14. ↑ Frederic W. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  15. ↑ Mills, Charles W.; Hund, Wulf D. (29 February 2016). "Comparing black people to monkeys has a long, dark simian history". The Conversation. Retrieved 5 March 2019.
  16. ↑ Sato, Makoto (2005). "Japanese Aid Diplomacy in Africa : An Historical Analysis" (PDF). Ritsumeikan Annual Review of International Studies. 4: 67–85. S2CID 33086945.
  17. ↑ Capobianco, Paul (1 June 2015). "Confronting diversity: Africans challenging Japanese societal convictions". Contemporary Japan. 27 (2): 189–212. doi:10.1515/cj-2015-0011.
  18. ↑ Brown, Warner. "Map: China's Stereotypes of Africa, from 'Chaotic' Somalia to 'Awesome' Gambia". Foreignpolicy.com. Retrieved 4 March 2019.
  19. ↑ Madrid-Morales, Dani (26 February 2018). "China's media struggles to overcome stereotypes of Africa". The Conversation. Retrieved 4 March 2019.
  20. ↑ Madrid-Morales, Dani; Madrid-Morales, Dani (27 February 2018). "China's media is struggling to overcome its racial stereotypes of Africa". Quartz Africa. Retrieved 4 March 2019.
  21. ↑ "In China's gaming world, 'Europeans' and 'Africans' expose stereotypes". South China Morning Post. 29 May 2018. Retrieved 4 March 2019.
  22. ↑ "The Africa Stereotype". Nydailynews.com. 9 November 2012. Retrieved 16 May 2017.
  23. ↑ "Africa: Beyond the Stereotypes". Smithsonianmag.com. Retrieved 16 May 2017.
  24. ↑ "Ebola and the History and Politics of Pointing at Immigrants as Potential Disease Vectors". Washingtonpost.com. Retrieved 4 March 2019.
  25. ↑ "The Representation of Africa in Western Media: still a 21st century problem". Researchgate.net. Retrieved 4 March 2019.
  26. ↑ Jesudason, David (5 March 2021). "Is Hollywood ready to stop stereotyping Africa?". Bbc.com. Retrieved 7 July 2022.
  27. ↑ Amy E. Harth. "Representations of Africa in the Western News Media: Reinforcing Myths and Stereotypes" (PDF). Pol.illinoisstate.edu. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 April 2021. Retrieved 4 March 2019.
  28. 1 2 3 4 Kelland, Zoe; Sanchez, Erica (12 January 2018). "15 Reasons African Countries Aren't 'Shitholes'". Global Citizen. Global Poverty Project. Retrieved 19 October 2018.
  29. ↑ "Beyond Wildlife: Teaching about Africa and Stereotypes". Socialstudies.org. 12 April 2016. Retrieved 16 May 2017.
  30. ↑ "Top 11 Most Spoken Languages in Africa". Africa Facts (in Turanci). 2017-10-18. Archived from the original on 2021-09-18. Retrieved 2018-12-19.
  31. ↑ "Young Africans embrace Chinese gadgets, shatter stereotypes - Business". Chinadaily.com.cn. Retrieved 16 May 2017.
  32. ↑ "AFRICA BY THE AFRICANS: Young Tastemakers Aim to Challenge Stereotypes - EBONY". Ebony.com. 2016-07-22. Retrieved 16 May 2017.
  33. ↑ Bremmem, Nur (2014-12-18). "7 African countries with booming ecommerce markets". Venturebur.comn. Retrieved 16 October 2018.
  34. ↑ "Urbanization in 2018, by continent". Statista.com. Retrieved 19 October 2018.
  35. ↑ Meredith, Sam (2018-05-17). "Two-thirds of global population will live in cities by 2050, UN says". CNBC. Retrieved 2018-12-19.
  36. ↑ "African mobile penetration hits 80% (and is growing faster than anywhere else)". VentureBeat.com (in Turanci). 2013-12-03. Archived from the original on 2020-07-27. Retrieved 2019-03-01.
  37. ↑ "TA Telecom White Paper: Africa Telecom Market 2013 Report". scribd.com. Archived from the original on 2014-06-13. Retrieved 2022-04-09.
  38. ↑ Jenna Burrell. "Problematic Empowerment: West African Internet Scams as Strategic Misrepresentation". Itidjournal.org. Archived from the original on 27 July 2020. Retrieved 2 March 2019.
  39. ↑ "JILT 2009 (1) - Olowu". Warwick.ac.uk. Retrieved 2 March 2019.
  40. ↑ Mikkelson, David (17 August 2001). "FACT CHECK: Nigerian (419) Scam". Snopes.com. Retrieved 2019-03-01.
Daga "https://ha.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ra%27ayoyin_da_basu_dace_ba_game_da_Afirka&oldid=727235"