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Rafin Judah

Daga Wikipedia, Insakulofidiya ta kyauta.

 

Judea or Judaea (Yahudiya ko Yahudiya (/ dʒuːˈdiːə, dʒuːˈdeɪə/;[1] Ibrananci: יהודה, Modern: Yəhūda, Tiberian: Yehūḏā; Greek: Ἰουδαία, Ioudaía; Latin: avantousea na yankin dutse) Bisa ga al'adar wqnda kowa ya sani birnin Kudus ne ke mamaye da shi, yanzu ya zama wani yanki na Isra'ila da Yammacin Gabar Kogin Jordan. Amfanin sunan yana da tarihi, wanda aka yi amfani dashi a zamanin da kuma har yau; Ya samo asali ne daga Yahuda, sunan kabilar Ibrananci, wanda ake kira Juda(h) a Turanci. Yahuda ɗan Yakubu ne, wanda daga baya aka ba wa suna “Isra’ila” kuma ’ya’yansa maza ne suka shugabanci ƙabilu goma sha biyu na Isra’ila tare. Zuriyar Yahuda a cikin Isra’ilawa ne suka kafa ƙabilar Yahuda, waɗanda Mulkin Yahuda ke tarayya da su. An ci gaba da yin amfani da sunayen sunaye masu alaƙa a ƙarƙashin mulkin Babila (lardin Yahudu), Farisawa (Lardin Yahudu), Helenawa (Mulkin Hasmonean), da Romawa (Masarautar Hirudus da Lardin Yuudaea = lardin Yahudiya).[2] Ƙarƙashin Hasmoniyawa, Hirudus, da Romawa, an yi amfani da kalmar ga wani yanki da ya fi Yahudiya girma a zamanin dā. Bayan tawayen Bar Kokhba (a shekara ta 132-136 A.Z.), lardin Roma na Yahudiya ya koma Siriya Palaestina.

Masu magana da Ingilishi sun yi amfani da kalmar Yahudiya don yankin da ke cikin tsaunuka na Mandatory Palestine har zuwa lokacin da Jordan ta mamaye yankin ba bisa ka'ida ba tsakanin 1948 da 1967.[1][2][3] Yawancin yankin Yahudiya an haɗa su cikin abin da 'yan Jordan suka kira ad-difa'a al-gharbiya (wanda aka fassara zuwa Turanci a matsayin "West Bank"), kodayake "Yehuda" shine kalmar Ibrananci da aka yi amfani da ita don yankin a Isra'ila ta zamani tun lokacin da Isra'ila suka kama yankin kuma suka mamaye shi a shekarar 1967. [4][5] Gwamnatin Isra'ila a karni na 20 ta yi amfani da kalmar Yahudiya a matsayin wani ɓangare na sunan gundumar gudanarwa ta Isra'ila "Yankin Yahudiya da Samariya" don yankin da ake kira Yammacin Kogin Urdun.

Etymology

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Sunan Yahudiya ya samo asali ne daga Girkanci da Roman sunan Ibrananci Yehudah (Ibraniyawa יהודה, "Yahuda"), wanda da farko ya kunshi yankin kabilar Isra'ila na wannan sunan kuma daga baya na tsohuwar Masarautar Yahuza. Nimrud Tablet K.3751, wanda aka rubuta a shekara ta 733 KZ, shine farkon sanannen rikodin Littafi Mai-Tsarki na sunan Yahuza (an rubuta shi a cikin cuneiform na Assuriya kamar Yaudaya ko KUR.ia-ú-da-a-a).

Ana amfani da Yahudiya a wasu lokuta a matsayin sunan dukan yankin, gami da sassan da suka wuce kogin Urdun.[6] A cikin 200 AZ Sextus Julius Africanus, wanda Eusebius ya ambata (Tarihin Ikilisiya 1.7.14), ya bayyana "Nazarat" (Nazaret) a matsayin ƙauye a Yahudiya. King James Version na Littafi Mai-Tsarki yana nufin yankin a matsayin "Yahudawa".[7]

"Yahudawa" sunan ne da masu magana da Ingilishi suka yi amfani da shi don yankin da ke cikin tsaunuka na Mandatory Palestine har zuwa mulkin Jordan na yankin a shekarar 1948. Misali, iyakokin jihohi biyu da za a kafa bisa ga tsarin rarraba na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 1947 [2] an bayyana su a hukumance ta amfani da kalmomin "Judea" da "Samaria" kuma a cikin rahotonta ga Kwamitin Mandatory na Ƙungiyar Al'ummai, kamar yadda a cikin 1937, kalmomin ƙasa da aka yi amfani da su sune "Samaria da Yahudiya".[3] Jordan ta kira yankin ad-difa'a al-gharbiya (wanda aka fassara zuwa Turanci a matsayin "West Bank"). [4] "Yehuda" ita ce kalmar Ibrananci da aka yi amfani da ita don yankin a Isra'ila ta zamani tun lokacin da Isra'ila suka kama yankin kuma suka mamaye shi a yakin kwanaki shida na 1967.[5]

Yankunan tarihi

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Tuddan Yahudiya
Hanyar tsohuwar Romawa a Yahudiya

Ma'anar zamanin Roman

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Masanin tarihin Roman-Yahudawa na ƙarni na farko Josephus ya rubuta (The Jewish War 3.3.5):

A cikin iyakokin Samariya da Yahudiya akwai ƙauyen Lida" data-linkid="135" href="./As-Sawiya#Khan_as-Sawiya_(Khirbet_Berkit)" id="mwxQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="As-Sawiya">Anuath, wanda kuma ake kira Borceos . Wannan shi ne iyakar arewacin Yahudiya. Yankunan kudancin Yahudiya, idan an auna su a tsawon lokaci, ƙauyen da ke kusa da iyakar Arabiya ne; Yahudawa da ke zaune a can suna kiranta Jordan. Koyaya, faɗin ta ya faɗaɗa daga kogin Urdun zuwa Yoppa. Birnin Urushalima yana cikin tsakiya; wanda ya sa wasu, tare da isasshen hikima, suka kira wannan birni Navel na ƙasar. Kuma a zahiri Yahudiya ba ta da irin wannan farin ciki kamar yadda ya zo daga teku, tunda wuraren da ke cikin teku sun kai har zuwa Ptolemais: an raba shi zuwa sassa goma sha ɗaya, wanda birnin sarauta Urushalima ya fi girma, kuma ya jagoranci duk ƙasar da ke makwabtaka, kamar yadda shugaban ya yi a kan jiki. Game da sauran biranen da suka fi ƙasa da shi, sun jagoranci yankunansu da yawa; Gophna ita ce ta biyu daga cikin waɗannan biranen, kuma kusa da wannan Acrabatta, bayan su Thamna, da Lydda, da Emmaus, da Pella, da Idumea, da Engaddi, da Herodium, da Jericho; kuma bayan su Jamnia da Joppa, suna jagorantar maƙwabta; kuma bayan waɗannan akwai yankin Gamala, da Gaulonitis, da Batanea, da Trachonitis, waɗanda su ma sassan Agrippa ne. Wannan [ƙarshe] ƙasar ta fara ne a Dutsen Libanus, da maɓuɓɓugar Jordan, kuma ta kai ga faɗin zuwa Tafkin Tiberiya; kuma a tsawon ta kai daga ƙauyen da ake kira Arpha, har zuwa Julias. Mazaunanta sun hada da Yahudawa da Siriya. Kuma don haka ni, tare da duk wani taƙaitaccen bayani, ya bayyana ƙasar Yahudiya, da waɗanda ke kewaye da ita.[8]

A wani wuri, Josephus ya rubuta cewa "Arabiya ƙasa ce da ke kan iyaka da Yahudiya".

Yanayin ƙasa

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itacen oak da itacen terebinth a cikin Kwarin Elah, kudu maso yammacin Yahudiya

Yahudiya yanki ne mai tsaunuka, wani ɓangare na shi ana ɗaukarsa hamada. Ya bambanta sosai a tsawo, yana tashi zuwa tsawo na mita 1,020 (3,350 a kudu a Hebron Hills, 30 kilometres (19 mi) km (19 kudu maso yammacin Urushalima, kuma yana saukowa zuwa kusan mita 400 (1,300 a ƙasa da matakin teku a gabashin yankin. Har ila yau, ya bambanta da ruwan sama, yana farawa da kimanin 400-500 millimeters (16-20 in) tuddai na yamma, yana tashi zuwa 600 millimeters (24 in) a kusa da yammacin Urushalima (a tsakiyar Yahudiya), yana fadowa zuwa 400 millimeters (16 in) a gabashin Urushalima kuma yana sauka zuwa kusan 100 millimeters (3.9 in) a sassan gabas, saboda inuwa ruwan sama: wannan shine hamadar Yahuza. Yanayin, daidai da haka, yana motsawa tsakanin Bahar Rum a yamma da Yanayin hamada a gabas, tare da wani yanki na yanayin tsaka-tsaki a tsakiya. Manyan birane a yankin sun hada da Urushalima, Baitalami, Gush Etzion, Jericho da Hebron.[9]

Masana ilimin ƙasa sun raba Yahudiya zuwa yankuna da yawa: tsaunukan Hebron, gadon Urushalima, tsaunukan Bethel da hamadar Yahuza a gabashin Urushalima. Duwatsun sun bambanta da tsarin su na anticline. A zamanin d ̄ a tsaunuka suna da gandun daji, kuma Littafi Mai-Tsarki ya rubuta aikin gona da kiwon tumaki da ake yi a yankin. Har yanzu ana kiwo da dabbobi a yau, tare da makiyaya suna motsa su tsakanin ƙasa mai ƙasƙanci zuwa tuddai yayin da lokacin rani ke gabatowa, yayin da gangaren har yanzu suna da layin dutse mai ɗaruruwan ƙarni. Tashin hankali na Yahudawa a kan Romawa ya ƙare a cikin lalata manyan yankuna na ƙauyen Yahudiya.[10]

Dutsen Hazor yana nuna iyakar ƙasa tsakanin Samariya a arewacinsa da Yahudiya a kudu.

Tarihi

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Taswirar kudancin Levant, c. 830s KZ
Masarautar Yahuza  
 

Dangane da labarin Littafi Mai-Tsarki na Tsofaffi, Ibrahim ya zo ƙasar Kan'ana kamar yadda Allah ya umarce shi kuma ya motsa a cikin ƙasar tudun (Yahudawa da Samariya) da Negev. An bayyana ƙasar a matsayin mazaunan Kan'aniyawa, Hittiyawa, Jebusites da sauran ƙungiyoyin jama'a. Wannan tsari ya ci gaba tare da ɗansa Ishaku, ɗansa Yakubu da 'ya'yansa maza 12 da 'yarsu, Dina da iyalansu. An binne Shugabannin Saraya, Ibrahim, Ishaku, Reƙu da Yakubu a Hebron a cikin Kabarin Shugabannin. bisa ga Farawa da Fitowa.

Bayan nasarar Joshua kabilun Isra'ila sun ci nasara kuma sun zauna a mafi yawan ƙasar yammacin kogin Urdun da kuma yankin gabashin wannan kogi kusan kusan shekaru 400.

Labarin Littafi Mai-Tsarki a cikin Littattafan Sarakuna ya bayyana yadda Sarki Saul da daga baya Sarki Dauda da ɗansa Solomon (Shlomo) suka yi nasara wajen yaƙi da ragowar mutanen da ba 'yan Isra'ila ba kuma suka haɗa kabilun cikin mulkin mallaka ɗaya. Dangane da fahimtarmu game da rubutun da kuma binciken archaeological na baya-bayan nan, wannan ya yiwu sosai ta hanyar daidaitawar Isra'ila na fasahar Iron Age. An rarraba ilimi game da gaskiyar tarihi na wanzuwar da fadada masarautar da ta haɗa Yahudiya da Samariya, amma binciken archaeological na shekaru 30 da suka gabata yana da lokaci kuma ya sake samun tabbataccen shaida wanda ya tabbatar da bayanin Littafi Mai-Tsarki.[11][12][13]

Ko ta yaya, Daular Neo-Assyrian ta ci Masarautar Arewa a cikin 720 KZ da kuma wasu daga cikin yawan kabilun 10 da aka kwashe. Masarautar Yahuza ta kasance mai zaman kanta, amma ta ba da haraji ga Daular Assuriya daga 715 kuma a cikin rabin farko na karni na 7 KZ, ta sake samun 'yancin kanta yayin da Daular Assuriya ta ƙi bayan 640 KZ, amma bayan 609 ta sake fadawa ƙarƙashin ikon mulkin mallaka, a wannan lokacin ta ba da izini da farko ga Masarawa kuma bayan 601 KZ ga Daular Neo-Babylonian, har zuwa 586 KZ, lokacin da aka ci ta ƙarshe ta mamaye ta, haikalin da aka lalata da yawancin mazaunan Babila.    

Lokacin Farisa da Hellenistic

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Masarautar Hasmonean a mafi girma a ƙarƙashin Salome Alexandra

Daular Babila ta fadi ga cin nasarar Cyrus the Great a 539 KZ.[14] Yahudiya ta kasance a ƙarƙashin mulkin Farisa har zuwa nasarar da Alexander the Great ya yi a cikin 332 KZ, daga ƙarshe ta fada ƙarƙashin mulkin Hellenistic Seleucid Empire har sai tawaye na Yahuza Maccabeus ya haifar da daular Hasmonean na sarakuna waɗanda suka yi mulki a Yahudiya sama da ƙarni guda.[15]  

Lokacin farko na Romawa

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Yahudiya ta rasa 'yancinta ga Romawa a ƙarni na 1 KZ, ta zama mulkin mallaka na farko, sannan lardin, na Daular Roma. Romawa sun haɗa kai da Maccabees kuma sun tsoma baki a cikin 63 KZ, a ƙarshen Yaƙin Mithridatic na Uku, lokacin da mai mulki Pompey ("Pompey the Great") ya kasance a baya don tabbatar da yankin ga Roma, gami da kewaye da Urushalima a cikin 63 KZ. Sarauniya Salome Alexandra ta mutu kwanan nan, kuma yakin basasa ya ɓarke tsakanin 'ya'yanta maza, Hyrcanus II da Aristobulus II. Pompeius ya dawo da Hyrcanus, amma mulkin siyasa nan da nan ya wuce ga Daular Herodiya, wanda ya yi mulki a matsayin sarakunan abokan ciniki. 

A cikin 6 A.Z, Yahudiya ta kasance ƙarƙashin mulkin Romawa kai tsaye a matsayin yankin kudancin lardin Yahudiya, ko da yake Yahudawan da ke zaune a wurin har yanzu suna da wani nau'i na 'yancin kai kuma suna iya yin hukunci da waɗanda suka yi laifi ta hanyar nasu dokokin, gami da manyan laifuka, har zuwa c.  28 CE.  Daular Hashmonean, bayan da Pompey ya ci nasara, Gabinius, gwamnan Siriya ya raba shi a shekara ta 57 KZ, zuwa gundumomi biyar na gudanarwa (Synedria ko toparchies), kamar yadda Josephus ya ambata, daga baya a kan yankin Yahudiya mai tarihi da ya dace ya kara rarraba;  ainihin adadin gundumomin Yahudiya (a ƙarshen goma ko goma sha ɗaya bisa ga Josephus da Pliny) kuma an yi gardama kan wurin da suke, Schürer yana gyara jerin sunayen marubutan na dā kamar haka: Urushalima a tsakiya, daga baya ta zama gundumar Orine ["Orine Yahudiya",' dutsen [yankin] Yahudiya');  Gophna, Akrabatta arewa da shi;  Thamna da Lydda zuwa arewa maso yamma;  Emmaus (wataƙila Nicopolis/Imwas na gaba, ko da yake wasu garuruwan yankin ma suna da wannan sunan) zuwa yamma;  Bethleptepha (maimakon Josephus Pella) zuwa kudu maso yamma;  Idumaea zuwa kudu;  Engaddi da Herodeion zuwa kudu maso gabas;  da Yariko wajen gabas.  Schürer ya yi watsi da jerin sunayen Pliny na "Jopica" (Joppa) da Josephus' na Pella, kamar yadda waɗannan su ne, a ra'ayinsa, birane masu zaman kansu ba a cikin Yahudiya daidai ba..[16] 

Sauran yankuna da ke wajen Yahudiya daidai, waɗanda suka kasance na mulkokin Hasmonean da na Hirudiya kuma suka zo ƙarƙashin ikon Romawa sannan kuma sun kasance ƙarƙashin mulkin kai tsaye, sun kasance ko kuma sun rabu zuwa gundumomi da manyan yankuna, waɗannan su ne Galili (wanda babban birni a Sepphoris kuma daga baya Tiberias), da Perea a Transjordan (tare da Amathus); duk da haka, an ambaci gundumar da aka gudanar daga wani Gadara kuma an ambaci, wanda zai iya kasancewa a wurare daban-daban guda uku - ko dai a cikin Perea (a ko kusa da Al-Gishiri), a cikin Decapolis a Umm Qais, ko - wanda ya dace da Yahudiya - a Gezer na Littafi Mai-Tsarki a cikin tuddai na Dutsen Yahuda, wanda Josephus ya ambata a ƙarƙashin sunan Gadara, wanda aka ambata a ƙarƙashin sunan Gadara. "Gazara" a cikin Loeb edition

Yaƙe-yaƙe na Yahudawa da Romawa da ƙarshen zamanin Romawa

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Yaƙin Yahudawa da Romawa na farko

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A cikin 66 AZ, yawan Yahudawa sun tayar da mulkin Romawa a cikin tawaye wanda bai yi nasara ba. An kewaye Urushalima a cikin 70 AZ. An rushe birnin, an lalata Haikali na Biyu, kuma an kashe yawancin jama'a ko kuma bautar da su.[17]

Tawayen Bar Kokhba

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A cikin 132 AZ, tawaye na Bar Kokhba (132-136 AZ) ya ɓarke. Bayan nasarori na farko, shugaban 'yan tawaye Simeon Bar Kokhba ya sami damar kafa wata jiha ta Yahudawa mai zaman kanta wacce ta dauki shekaru da yawa kuma ta haɗa da mafi yawan gundumar Yahudiya, gami da Dutsen Yahudiya, hamadar Yahudiya, da hamadar arewacin Negev, amma mai yiwuwa ba wasu sassan ƙasar ba. 

Sakamakon haka

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Lokacin da Romawa suka kawo karshen tashin hankali, an kashe mafi yawan Yahudawa a Yahudiya ko kuma an kore su, kuma an sayar da adadi mai yawa na fursunoni zuwa bautar, Lida suka bar gundumar da yawa ba ta da yawan jama'a. An kori Yahudawa daga yankin da ke kewaye da Urushalima.[18] Babu wani kauye a cikin gundumar Yahudiya wanda aka tono ragowarsa har zuwa yanzu da aka lalata a lokacin tawaye. Sarkin sarakuna na Roma Hadrian, ya ƙaddara ya kawar da kishin ƙasa na Yahudawa, ya canza sunan lardin daga Yahuza zuwa Siriya Palaestina.[19] Yawan Yahudawa na lardin yanzu sun fi mayar da hankali ne a Galili, filin bakin teku (musamman a Lydda, Yoppa, da Kaisariya), kuma ƙananan al'ummomin Yahudawa sun ci gaba da zama a cikin Kwarin Beit She'an, Karmel, da iyakar arewa da kudancin Yahudiya, gami da kudancin tsaunukan Hebron da gabar Tekun Gishiri.

Cire tawaye na Bar Kokhba ya haifar da lalacewa da ƙaura a duk faɗin Yahudiya, kuma gundumar ta ga raguwar yawan jama'a. Masarautar Romawa ta Aelia Capitolina, wacce aka gina a kan rushewar Urushalima, ta kasance mai dawowa har tsawon rayuwarta. An rasa ƙauyukan da ke kewaye da birnin, kuma Romawa sun kwace filayen noma a yankin. Rashin wani zaɓi na jama'a don cika ƙauyuka marasa amfani ya jagoranci hukumomi su kafa masarauta ko masarauta a kan ƙasashen ƙauyuka da aka kwace don amfanin ƙauyuka kuma, daga baya, coci. Wannan kuma ya fara wani tsari na romanization wanda ya faru a lokacin Late Roman, tare da mutanen arna da suka shiga yankin kuma suka zauna tare da tsoffin sojojin Roma.[20][18] Akwai farfadowar ƙauyen ƙauye ne kawai a gefen gabashin yankin Urushalima, a kan canji tsakanin tsaunuka masu noma da hamadar Yahuza. Wadannan ƙauyuka sun girma a kan ƙasashe masu iyaka tare da mallaka mai ban mamaki da kuma mulkin ƙasar da ba a tilasta shi ba.[21]

Lokacin Byzantine

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Karni na 5 AZ: lardunan Byzantine na Palaestina I (Philistia, Yahudiya da Samariya) da Palaestina II (Galiliya da Perea)

Raguwar Yahudiya ta zo ne kawai a ƙarni na biyar AZ, lokacin da ta zama cibiyar zama, kuma Urushalima ta zama babbar aikin hajji na Kirista da cibiyar coci. A karkashin mulkin Byzantine, yawan mutanen yankin, wadanda suka hada da arna waɗanda suka yi ƙaura zuwa can bayan an kori Yahudawa bayan tawaye na Bar Kokhba, a hankali suka tuba zuwa Kiristanci.[18]

Byzantines sun sake gina iyakokin ƙasar Falasdinu. An sake tsara larduna daban-daban na Romawa (Siriya Palaestina, Samariya, Galili, da Peraea) zuwa dioceses uku na Palaestina، suna komawa ga sunan da masanin tarihin Girka Herodotus ya fara amfani da shi a tsakiyar karni na 5 KZ: Palaestina Prima, Secunda, da Tertia ko Salutaris (Palestina na farko, na biyu, da na uku), wani ɓangare na Diocese na Gabas. Palaestina Prima ta kunshi Yahudiya, Samariya, Paralia, da Peraea tare da gwamnan da ke zaune a Kaisariya. Palaestina Secunda ya kunshi Galili, ƙananan Kwarin Jezreel, yankuna a gabashin Galili, da yammacin tsohuwar Decapolis tare da wurin zama na gwamnati a Scythopolis. Palaestina Tertia ya haɗa da Negev, kudancin Jordan - wani ɓangare na Arabiya - da kuma mafi yawan Sinai, tare da Petra a matsayin mazaunin gwamnan. An kuma san Palestina Tertia da Palaestina Salutaris . [22] [23] A cewar masanin tarihi H.H. Ben-Sasson, wannan sake tsarawa ya faru ne a ƙarƙashin Diocletian (284-305), kodayake wasu masana sun ba da shawarar wannan canjin ya faru daga baya, a cikin 390.[24]

Lokacin Crusader

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Yawancin sojojin Faransa na Crusade na farko sun ci Urushalima daga Seljuks a cikin 1099 kuma sun fadada yankin da suka mallaka a cikin shekaru masu zuwa. A cewar Ellenblum, Franks sun saba zama a kudancin rabin yankin tsakanin Urushalima da Nablus tunda akwai yawan Krista a can.

Lokacin Mamluk

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Yawancin mutanen da ke zaune a yankin arewacin Yahudiya a karshen karni na 16 Musulmai ne;  wasunsu suna zama a garuruwan da a yau suke da kiristoci da yawa.  Bisa ga ƙidayar Ottoman 1596-1597, Birzeit da Jifna, alal misali, ƙauyuka ne na musulmi, yayin da Taybeh ke da iyalai 63 na musulmi da kuma iyalan Kirista 23.  Akwai iyalai kiristoci 71 da kuma iyalai musulmi 9 a Ramallah, ko da yake Kiristocin da ke wurin sun kasance 'yan gudun hijira na baya-bayan nan da suka ƙaura daga yankin Kerak a 'yan shekarun baya.  A cewar Ehrlich, yawan mabiya addinin kirista na yankin ya ragu sakamakon abubuwa da dama da suka hada da talauci, zalunci, wariya, da kuma tsanantawa.  Ayyukan Sufanci dai sun faru ne a birnin Kudus da kewaye, lamarin da ya sanya al'ummar kauyukan Kiristocin yankin suka shiga addinin Musulunci.

Jerin lokaci

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  • Kusan 1800-1500 KZ Lokacin Shugabannin. Zamanin dutse.
  • Kusan 1200 KZ Nasara Joshua da lokacin Alƙalai. Zamanin tagulla.
  • Kusan 900-586 KZ: Mulkin Yahuza . Zamanin ƙarfe.
  • 586-539 KZ: Yehud, Daular Babila
  • 539-332 KZ: Yehud Medinata, Daular Farisa
  • 332-305 KZ: Daular Makidoniya ta Alexander the Great
  • 305-198 KZ: Masar ta Ptolemaic
  • 198-141 KZ: Daular Seleucid
  • 141-37 KZ: Masarautar Hasmonean da Maccabees suka kafa, a ƙarƙashin Daular Roma bayan 63 KZ
  • 63 KZ: Nasarar da Pompey ya yi a Urushalima
  • 37 KZ - 132 AZ: Daular Herodiya da ke mulkin Yahudiya a matsayin mulkin mallaka na Daular Roma (37-4 KZ Hirudus Mai Girma, 4 KZ - 6 AZ Hirudus Arkelaus, 41-44 AZ Agrippa I), musayar tare da mulkin Romawa kai tsaye (6-41, 44-132)      
  • c. 25 KZ: Hirudus Mai Girma ne ya gina Kaisariya Maritima, ya maye gurbin Urushalima a matsayin babban birnin
  • 6 AZ Daular Roma ta tsige Hirudus Archelaus kuma ta mayar da yankinsa zuwa lardin Roma na Yahudiya.
    • Ƙididdigar Quirinius, ya makara ya dace da ƙididdigar da ta shafi haihuwar Yesu
  • 26-36: Phontiyu Bilatus shugaban Romawa na Yahudiya a lokacin da An gicciye Yesu
  • 66-73: Yaƙin Yahudawa da Romawa na farko, ya haɗa da Halakar Haikali na Biyu a cikin 70
  • 115-117: Yaƙin Kitos
  • 132: An haɗu da Yahudiya da Galili a cikin lardin Siriya Palaestina .

Garin da aka zaɓa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Yahudiya, a cikin ma'anar gaba ɗaya, ta haɗa da wurare a Galili da Samariya.

Sunayen Wuraren Yahudiya
Turanci Ibrananci (Masoretic, karni na 7-10 AZ) Girkanci (Josephus, LXX, ƙarni na 3 KZ - ƙarni na 1 AZ) Latin Larabci
Urushalima Yerushawa Yammacin Yammacin Urushalima (Aelia Capitolina) Bayani (al-Quds)
Jericho Yankin da ya faru Bayyanawa Hiericho / Herichonte Rashin jituwa (Ariḥa)
Shechem / Nablus Mai ba da shawara Νεάπολις (Neapolis)
Neapoli Nablus
Jaffa Sa'ad da aka yi amfani da shi Sunan da aka yi Ioppe Yaffa
Ascalon Harkokin da ake yi Sadarwa (Askálōn) Ascalone عَسْقَلَان (Asqalān)
Beit Shean Daga cikin ƙasashe Σκυθόπολις (Scythopolis) Βαιθσάν (Beithsan)
Scytopoli بيسان (Beisan)
Beth Gubrin /Maresha Daga cikin ƙira Suƙaitaccen (Eleutheropolis)
Betogabri بيت جبرين (Bayt Jibrin)
Kefar Othnai (לגיון) כפר עות Nihon xxx Caporcotani (Legio) اللجّون (al-Lajjûn)
Peki'in פקיעין Βακὰ xxx Rayuwa (al-Buqei'a)
Jamnia Yankin da ya shafi Ya kamata a yi amfani da shi Iamnia Zaɓin (Yibna)
Samariya / Sebaste Sanarwar / Sanarwar Σαμά da aka yi / Σεβαστή Sebaste سبسطية (Sabastiyah)
Paneas / Kaisariya Filibus Hanyar shiga Πkiyin (Καισαρεία Φιλίππεια) (Paneion)
Cizareapaneas Bانياس (Banias)
Acre / Ptolemais Halin da ya dace Πτολεμαΐς (Ptolemais) ̊κχώ (Akchó)
Ptoloma عكّا ('Akka)
Emmaus Hanyar da za a yi amfani da ita An yi amfani da shi a matsayin Nikopoli
 Nicopoli عمواس ('Imwas)
  1. ↑ "DISPUTED TERRITORIES- Forgotten Facts About the West Bank and Gaza Strip". Archived from the original on 21 August 2013.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Resolution 181 (II). Future government of Palestine". United Nations General Assembly. 1947-11-29. Archived from the original on 2018-09-12. Retrieved 2018-09-20.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 "Report by His Majesty's Government in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland to the Council of the League of Nations on the Administration of Palestine and Trans-Jordan for the year 1937". United Nations General Assembly. 1937-12-31. Archived from the original on 2018-09-20. Retrieved 2018-09-20.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Philologos (2010-09-22). "This Side of the River Jordan". The Forward. Archived from the original on 2010-09-23.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 "Judaea". Britannica. Retrieved 2012-12-31.
  6. ↑ Riggs, J. S. (1894). "Studies in Palestinian Geography. II. Judea". The Biblical World. 4 (2): 87–93. doi:10.1086/471491. ISSN 0190-3578. JSTOR 3135423. S2CID 144961794.
  7. ↑ For example at Luke 23:5 and John 7:1
  8. ↑ "Ancient History Sourcebook: Josephus (37 – after 93 CE): Galilee, Samaria, and Judea in the First Century CE". Fordham.edu. Retrieved 2012-12-31.
  9. ↑ "Picturesque Palestine I: Jerusalem, Judah, Ephraim". Lifeintheholyland.com. Retrieved 2012-12-31.
  10. ↑ "Unlikely A Tale of Two Conquests: The Unlikely Numismatic Association Between the Fall of New France (AD 1760) and the Fall of Judaea (AD 70)". Ansmagazine.com. Archived from the original on 2012-07-07. Retrieved 2012-12-31.
  11. ↑ Finkelstein, Israel, and Silberman, Neil Asher, The Bible Unearthed : Archaeology's New Vision of Ancient Israel and the Origin of Its Sacred Texts, Simon & Schuster, 2002. ISBN 0-684-86912-8
  12. ↑ "The Bible and Interpretation – David, King of Judah (Not Israel)". bibleinterp.arizona.edu. 2014-07-13. Retrieved 2018-09-20.
  13. ↑ Thompson, Thomas L., 1999, The Bible in History: How Writers Create a Past, Jonathan Cape, London, ISBN 978-0-224-03977-2 p. 207
  14. ↑ "Cyrus the Great | Biography & Facts | Britannica". www.britannica.com (in Turanci). Retrieved 2022-06-26.
  15. ↑ "Palestine – The Hasmonean priest-princes". www.britannica.com (in Turanci). Retrieved 2022-06-26.
  16. ↑ Empty citation (help) Cf. Flavius Josephus, The Wars of the Jews 3:51 at perseus.tufts.edu.
  17. ↑ "Titus' Siege of Jerusalem – Livius". www.livius.org (in Turanci).
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 Bar, Doron (2005). "Rural Monasticism as a Key Element in the Christianization of Byzantine Palestine". The Harvard Theological Review. 98 (1): 49–65. doi:10.1017/S0017816005000854. ISSN 0017-8160. JSTOR 4125284. S2CID 162644246. The phenomenon was most prominent in Judea, and can be explained by the demographic changes that this region underwent after the second Jewish revolt of 132–135 C.E. The expulsion of Jews from the area of Jerusalem following the suppression of the revolt, in combination with the penetration of pagan populations into the same region, created the conditions for the diffusion of Christians into that area during the fifth and sixth centuries. [...] This regional population, originally pagan and during the Byzantine period gradually adopting Christianity, was one of the main reasons that the monks chose to settle there. They erected their monasteries near local villages that during this period reached their climax in size and wealth, thus providing fertile ground for the planting of new ideas. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":5" defined multiple times with different content
  19. ↑ Ben-Sasson, H.H. (1976). A History of the Jewish People, Harvard University Press, ISBN 0-674-39731-2, page 334: "In an effort to wipe out all memory of the bond between the Jews and the land, Hadrian changed the name of the province from Iudaea to Syria-Palestina, a name that became common in non-Jewish literature."
  20. ↑ Zissu, Boaz; Klein, Eitan (2011). "A Rock-Cut Burial Cave from the Roman Period at Beit Nattif, Judaean Foothills" (PDF). Israel Exploration Journal. 61 (2): 196–216. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-08-16. Retrieved 2014-08-16.
  21. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :6
  22. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Shahinp8
  23. ↑ "Roman Arabia". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 2007-10-11. Retrieved 2007-08-11.
  24. ↑ H.H. Ben-Sasson, A History of the Jewish People, Harvard University Press, 1976, ISBN 0-674-39731-2, p. 351
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