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Ralph Abernathy

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Ralph Abernathy
Rayuwa
Haihuwa Linden (en) Fassara, 11 ga Maris, 1926
ƙasa Tarayyar Amurka
Ƙabila Afirkawan Amurka
Mutuwa Atlanta, 17 ga Afirilu, 1990
Makwanci Lincoln Cemetery (en) Fassara
Ƴan uwa
Abokiyar zama Juanita Abernathy (en) Fassara
Yara
Karatu
Makaranta Alabama State College (en) Fassara 1948) Digiri a kimiyya : Lissafi
Clark Atlanta University (en) Fassara 1951) M.A. (mul) Fassara : kimiyar al'umma
Harsuna Turanci
Sana'a
Sana'a civil rights advocate (en) Fassara, Christian minister (en) Fassara, ɗan siyasa, Malamin akida, Mai kare ƴancin ɗan'adam da shugaban addini
Mamba Kappa Alpha Psi (en) Fassara
Imani
Addini Baptists (en) Fassara
Jam'iyar siyasa Democratic Party (en) Fassara
IMDb nm0008659

Ralph David Abernathy Sr. (/ˈæbərnæθi/; Maris 11, 1926 - Afrilu 17, 1990) ya kasance mai fafutukar kare hakkin bil'adama na Amurka kuma Ministan Baptist. An naɗa shi a cikin al'adar Baptist a shekarar 1948. Da yake shi ne jagora na ƙungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama, ya kasance babban aboki kuma mai ba da shawara ga Martin Luther King Jr. Ya haɗu da Sarki da E. D. Nixon don ƙirƙirar Ƙungiyar Ingantawa ta Montgomery, wanda ya haifar da kauracewa bas na Montgomery kuma ya haɗu kuma ya kasance memba na kwamitin zartarwa na Kudancin Kudancin Kirista (SCLC). Ya zama shugaban SCLC bayan kisan Sarki a shekarar 1968; ya jagoranci Kamfen ɗin Talakawa a Washington, DC, [1] da sauran tafiye-tafiye da zanga-zangar ga 'yan Amurkan da ba su da izini. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin memba na kwamitin ba da shawara na Majalisa kan Daidaitawar Racial (CORE).

A shekara ta 1971, Abernathy ya yi jawabi ga Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, yana magana game da zaman lafiya na duniya. Ya kuma taimaka wajen yin yarjejeniya tsakanin FBI da masu zanga-zangar Indian Movement na Amurka a lokacin abin da ya faru na Wounded Knee na 1973. Ya yi ritaya daga matsayinsa na shugaban SCLC a 1977 kuma ya zama shugaban kasa. Daga baya a wannan shekarar, ya yi takara ba tare da nasara ba don Majalisar Wakilai ta Amurka don gundumar ta 5 ta Georgia. Daga baya ya kafa Gidauniyar Ci gaban Kasuwancin Tattalin Arziki, kuma ya ba da shaida a gaban Majalisa ta Amurka don tallafawa tsawaita Dokar 'Yancin Zabe a shekarar 1982.

A shekara ta 1989, Abernathy ya rubuta And the Walls Came Tumbling Down, wani labari mai rikitarwa game da sa hannu da Sarki a cikin ƙungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama. Abernathy daga ƙarshe ya zama mara aiki a siyasa kuma ya koma aikinsa a matsayin minista. Ya mutu daga cutar zuciya a ranar 17 ga Afrilu, 1990. An zana dutsen kabarinsa da kalmomin "Na gwada. "

Rayuwa ta farko, iyali, da ilimi

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Abernathy, ta 10 ta William L. da Louivery Valentine Abernathy (née Bell) 'ya'ya 12, [1] an haife ta ne a ranar 11 ga Maris, 1926, a gonar danginsu na 500 acres (200 ha) a Linden, Alabama. [2] [3] Mahaifin Abernathy shi ne Ba'amurke na farko da ya jefa kuri'a a Marengo County, Alabama, kuma na farko da zai yi aiki a babban juri a can.[4] Abernathy ta halarci Kwalejin Linden (makarantar Baptist da kungiyar First Mt. Pleasant District Association ta kafa). A Kwalejin Linden, Abernathy ya jagoranci zanga-zangar farko don inganta rayuwar 'yan uwansa dalibai.[4]

A lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, ya shiga cikin Sojojin Amurka yana ci gaba da matsayi ya zama sajan sojoji kafin a sallame shi.[2] Bayan haka ya shiga Jami'ar Jihar Alabama ta amfani da fa'idodi daga G.I. Bill, wanda ya samu tare da hidimarsa. A matsayinsa na dalibi na biyu, an zabe shi shugaban majalisar dalibai, kuma ya jagoranci yajin aikin yunwa don haɓaka ingancin abincin da aka ba da shi a harabar.[5] Yayinda yake dalibi a kwaleji, Abernathy ya sanar da kiransa zuwa hidimar, wanda ya yi tunanin tun yana ƙaramin yaro yana girma a cikin iyalin Baptist mai ibada. An naɗa shi ministan Baptist a 1948 kuma ya yi wa'azi na farko a Ranar Uwar (don girmama mahaifiyarsa da ta mutu kwanan nan). A shekara ta 1950 ya kammala karatu tare da digiri na farko a lissafi. A lokacin rani na 1950 Abernathy ta dauki bakuncin shirin rediyo kuma ta zama dan wasan baƙar fata na farko a tashar rediyo mai fari a Montgomery, Alabama. A cikin fall, ya tafi Jami'ar Atlanta yana samun digiri na Master of Arts a cikin ilimin zamantakewa tare da manyan girmamawa a cikin 1951.[5][6] Yayinda yake shiga Jihar Alabama, Abernathy ya yi alkawarin zama ɗan'uwan Kappa Alpha Psi.

Ya fara sana'arsa a shekarar 1951, lokacin da aka nada shi a matsayin shugaban maza a Jami'ar Jihar Alabama . [7] Daga baya a wannan shekarar, ya zama babban fasto na Ikilisiyar Baptist ta Farko, cocin baƙar fata mafi girma a Montgomery; ya rike mukamin na tsawon shekaru goma.[7][8]

Ya auri Juanita Odessa Jones na Uniontown, Alabama, a ranar 31 ga watan Agusta, 1952.[9][10] Tare suna da 'ya'ya biyar: Ralph David Abernathy Jr., Juandalynn Ralpheda, Donzaleigh Avis, Ralph David Aber nathy III, da Kwame Luthuli Abernathy. Ɗansu na farko, Ralph Abernathy Jr., ya mutu ba zato ba tsammani a ranar 18 ga Agusta, 1953, kasa da kwana biyu bayan haihuwarsa a ranar 16 ga Agusta.[11] Jikansa, Micah Abernathy, a halin yanzu ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Atlanta Falcons . [12]

A shekara ta 1954, Abernathy ta sadu da Martin Luther King Jr., wanda a wannan lokacin ya zama fasto da kansa a cocin da ke kusa.[9] Abernathy ya jagoranci Sarki kuma maza biyu sun zama abokai na kusa.[9]

Yunkurin kare hakkin bil'adama

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Kauracewa motar bas ta Montgomery

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  Bayan kama Rosa Parks a ranar 1 ga Disamba, 1955, saboda kin ba da kujerarta a cikin bas ga wani fari, Abernathy, a lokacin memba ne na Montgomery NAACP, ya haɗa kai da Sarki don ƙirƙirar Montgomery Improvement Association, wanda ya shirya kauracewa bas din Montgomery.[2] Tare da ɗan'uwan Farfesa na Ingilishi Jo Ann Robinson, sun kira kuma sun rarraba takardu suna neman baƙar fata na Montgomery su bar bas din.[13] Kauracewa ta ja hankalin kasa, kuma shari'ar kotun tarayya da ta ƙare a ranar 17 ga Disamba, 1956, lokacin da Kotun Koli ta Amurka, a cikin Browder v. Gayle, ta amince da hukuncin Kotun Gundumar da ta gabata cewa rarrabewar bas ba bisa ka'ida ba ce. Yunkurin tafiye-tafiye na kwanaki 381, wanda ya kalubalanci dokokin rarrabewar "Jim Crow", ya ci nasara. Kuma a ranar 20 ga Disamba, 1956, kauracewa ta zo karshe.[14]

Bayan kauracewa, an jefa bam a gidan Abernathy da cocin. Iyalinsa sun kusan tserewa daga gidansu, amma ba su ji rauni ba. Cocin Abernathy, Ikilisiyar Mt. Olive, Ikilisiya ta Bell Street, da gidan Robert Graetz suma an jefa bam a wannan maraice, yayin da Sarki, Abernathy، da wasu shugabannin baƙar fata 58 daga kudu suka hadu a Taron Shugabannin Kudancin Negro kan Sufuri da Haɗin Kai, a Atlanta.[15]

Taron Jagorancin Kirista na Kudancin da goyon baya ga Freedom Riders

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Abernathy da matarsa Juanita Abernathy tare da Dokta Martin Luther King Jr. da matarsa Coretta Scott King . James Reeb da yaran Abernathy an nuna su a layin gaba, suna jagorantar Selma zuwa Montgomery Maris a shekarar 1965.

A ranar 11 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1957, bayan taron kwana biyu, an kafa Taron Shugabannin Kudancin kan Sufuri da Haɗin Kai. A ranar 14 ga Fabrairu, 1957, taron ya sake taruwa a New Orleans. A lokacin wannan taron, sun canza sunan kungiyar zuwa Taron Jagorancin Kudancin kuma sun nada kwamitin zartarwa masu zuwa: Sarki, shugaban kasa; Charles Kenzie Steele, mataimakin shugaban kasa; Abernathy, sakataren kudi; T. J. Jemison, sakatare; I. M. Augustine, babban lauya.[16] A ranar 8 ga watan Agusta, 1957, Taron Shugabancin Kudancin ya gudanar da taron farko, a Montgomery . Sun canza sunan taron a karo na karshe zuwa Taron Jagorancin Kirista na Kudancin, kuma sun yanke shawarar fara rajistar masu jefa kuri'a ga baƙar fata a fadin kudu. [17]

A ranar 20 ga Mayu, 1961, Freedom Riders sun tsaya a Montgomery yayin da suke kan hanyarsu daga Washington, DC, zuwa New Orleans don nuna rashin amincewa da bas din da aka raba a kudancin.[18] Yawancin 'yan Freedom Riders sun yi wa fararen jama'a duka da zarar sun isa tashar bas din Montgomery, wanda ya sa aka kwantar da wasu daga cikin mahayan a asibiti.[18] Kashegari da dare Abernathy da Sarki sun kafa wani taron don tallafawa Freedom Riders, inda Sarki zai yi jawabi, a cocin Abernathy.[19] Fiye da mutane 1,500 ne suka zo taron a wannan dare.[20][21] Ba da daɗewa ba cocin ya kewaye da taron fararen masu rabuwa waɗanda suka kewaye cocin.[22] Sarki, daga cikin cocin, ya kira Babban Lauyan Robert F. Kennedy, kuma ya nemi taimako daga gwamnatin tarayya.[21] Akwai ƙungiyar Marshals na Amurka da aka aika zuwa can don kare taron, amma sun kasance kaɗan ne don kare cocin daga taron masu fushi, waɗanda suka fara jefa duwatsu da tubali ta windows na cocin.[23] An aika da ƙarfafawa tare da kwarewar tashin hankali, daga sabis na Marshals, don taimakawa kare yankin.[23] Kashegari da safe, Gwamnan Alabama, bayan da Kennedy ya kira shi, ya aika da shi a cikin Jami'an Tsaro na Alabama, kuma a ƙarshe an warwatse taron.[21] Bayan nasarar Freedom Riders a Montgomery, Birmingham, da Huntsville, Alabama a 1961, Sarki ya nace cewa Abernathy ya ɗauki fastocin West Hunter Street Baptist Church a Atlanta; Abernathy ta ƙaura da iyalinsa daga Montgomery ya zama fasto a 1962.

Haɗin gwiwar Sarki / Abernathy ya jagoranci ƙungiyoyi masu cin nasara ba tare da tashin hankali ba a Montgomery; Albany, Georgia; Birmingham, Mississippi, Washington DC, Selma, Alabama; St. Augustine, Florida; Chicago, da Memphis. Sarki da Abernathy sun yi tafiya tare, sau da yawa suna raba ɗakunan otal iri ɗaya, da kuma lokutan hutu tare da matansu, yara, iyali, da abokai. Kuma an daure su duka sau 17 tare, saboda shiga cikin motsi.

A lokacin kisan Martin Luther King Jr.

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A ranar 3 ga Afrilu, 1968, a Masallacin Mason, Abernathy ya gabatar da Sarki kafin ya yi jawabinsa na karshe; Sarki ya ce a farkon sanannen jawabinsa "Na kasance a saman dutsen":

Yayin da na saurari Ralph Abernathy da gabatarwa mai kyau da karimci sannan na yi tunani game da kaina, na yi mamakin ko wanene yake magana game da shi. Kullum yana da kyau a sami aboki da abokin tarayya don faɗi wani abu mai kyau game da ku, kuma Ralph Abernathy shine aboki mafi kyau da nake da shi a duniya.[24]

Kashegari, Afrilu 4, 1968, Abernathy yana tare da Sarki a cikin dakin (Room 306) sun raba a Lorraine Motel a Memphis. Da karfe 6:01 na yamma yayin da Abernathy ke cikin dakin yana samun cologne, an harbe Sarki yayin da yake tsaye a waje a kan balcony. Da zarar an harbe harbi Abernathy ya gudu zuwa balcony kuma ya kwantar da Sarki a hannunsa yayin da yake kwance ba tare da sanin komai ba. Abernathy ya bi Sarki zuwa Asibitin St. Joseph a cikin minti goma sha biyar na harbi. Likitocin sun yi aikin tiyata na gaggawa, amma bai sake farfadowa ba.[25] An sanar da Sarki ya mutu a karfe 7:05 na yamma yana da shekaru 39.[26]  

Jagorancin Taron Jagorancin Kirista na Kudancin

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Abernathy kamar yadda mai zane Robert Templeton ya zana, mai, 1974

Har zuwa kisan Sarki, Abernathy ya yi aiki a matsayin Sakataren Kudi na farko na Kudancin Kirista na Kudanci / Mai Ba da kuɗi da Mataimakin Shugaban kasa At-Large. Bayan mutuwar Sarki, Abernathy ya zama shugaban SCLC. Ɗaya daga cikin ayyukansa na farko shi ne ya ɗauki matsayin jagorantar tafiya don tallafawa ma'aikatan tsabtace muhalli a Memphis wanda Sarki da Abernathy suka shirya su halarta kafin kisan Sarki. A watan Mayu na shekara ta 1968, Abernathy ya jagoranci Kamfen din Talakawa a Washington, DC.

zanga-zanga a NASA

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A ranar da aka kaddamar da Apollo 11, a ranar 15 ga Yuli, 1969, Abernathy ya isa Cape Kennedy tare da daruruwan mambobi na matalauta don yin zanga-zanga game da kashe kudi da gwamnati ke kashewa kan binciken sararin samaniya, yayin da Amurkawa da yawa suka kasance matalauta. Thomas O. Paine, mai gudanarwa na NASA, ya sadu da shi, wanda ya gaya masa cewa a fuskar irin wannan wahala, jirgin sararin samaniya yana wakiltar fifiko mara mutunci kuma ya kamata a kashe kudade a maimakon haka don " ciyar da masu fama da yunwa, sanya tufafi ga tsirara, kula da marasa lafiya, da kuma gidan marasa gida". Paine ya gaya wa Abernathy cewa ci gaban da aka samu a binciken sararin samaniya "wasan yara ne" idan aka kwatanta da "matsalar ɗan adam mai wuyar gaske" na al'umma da Abernathy ke tattaunawa.[27] Duk da zanga-zangar adawa da ƙaddamarwa, Abernathy ya yarda cewa "ya damu sosai da nasarorin da kasar ta samu a sararin samaniya da jaruntakar maza uku da ke shiga wata", amma ya kara da cewa "Abin da za mu iya yi don sararin samaniya le bincike muna buƙatar mu yi don mutane masu fama da yunwa". Daga baya a shekarar 1969 Abernathy ta shiga cikin gwagwarmayar ma'aikata a Charleston, South Carolina, a madadin ma'aikatan asibiti na ƙungiyar 1199B, wanda ya haifar da karuwar albashi da inganta yanayin aiki ga dubban ma'aikatan aiki. [28][29]

Rashin gwiwa

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A cikin 1973, Abernathy ya taimaka wajen tattauna yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya a tashin hankali na Wounded Knee tsakanin Ofishin Bincike na Tarayya da shugabannin Ƙungiyar Indiyawan Amurka, Russell Means da Dennis Banks .

Abernathy ya kasance shugaban SCLC na tsawon shekaru tara bayan mutuwar Sarki a shekarar 1968. Bayan mutuwar Sarki kungiyar ta rasa shahararren da take da shi a karkashin jagorancinsa.[30] A lokacin da Abernathy ya bar kungiyar SCLC ta zama mai bashi, kuma masu sukar sun bayyana cewa ba ta da tunani kamar SCLC da Dr. King ke jagoranta. A shekara ta 1977 Abernathy ya yi murabus daga matsayinsa na shugabanci a SCLC, kuma an ba shi taken shugaban kasa.[6]

Ayyukan siyasa da kuma gwagwarmaya daga baya

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Abernathy ya yi jawabi ga Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a 1971; ya yi magana game da zaman lafiya a duniya.[2] Ya kuma kasance memba na kwamitin daraktoci na Cibiyar Martin Luther King Jr. don Canjin Jama'a ba tare da tashin hankali ba.[31] A shekara ta 1977, ya yi takara ba tare da nasara ba don kujerar Gundumar Majalisa ta 5 ta Georgia, inda ya sha kashi a hannun Majalisa Wyche Fowler . Ya kafa kungiyar ba da riba Foundation for Economic Enterprises Development (FEED), wanda ke ba da horo na gudanarwa da fasaha, samar da ayyuka, samun kudin shiga, kasuwanci da damar kasuwanci ga ma'aikatan da ba su da aikin yi ga baƙi marasa galihu.[3]

A shekara ta 1979, Abernathy ta amince da takarar Sanata Edward M. Kennedy a matsayin Shugaban Amurka. Koyaya, ya girgiza masu sukar 'yan makonni kafin zaben Nuwamba na 1980, lokacin da ya goyi bayan mai tseren gaba, Ronald Reagan, kan yakin neman zaben shugaban kasa na Jimmy Carter. Abernathy ya bayyana game da amincewarsa: "Jam'iyyar Republican ta yi watsi da mu na dogon lokaci kuma Jam'iyyar Democrat ta dauki mu a matsayin abin kunya kuma don haka tunda duk abokan aikina da na biyun a wurare daban-daban a duk faɗin ƙasar suna tallafawa Jam'iyyar Democratic, na ji cewa ya kamata in goyi bayan Ronald Reagan. " Abernathy ta janye amincewarsa da Reagan a shekarar 1984, yana mai nuna rashin jin daɗi da Gwamnatin Reagan game da 'yancin farar hula da sauran yankuna. [32]

A shekara ta 1982, Abernathy ya ba da shaida - tare da abokin aikinsa na zartarwa, James Peterson na Berkeley, California - a gaban sauraron majalisa yana kira ga fadada Dokar 'Yancin Zabe.   Takardun da aka bayyana a cikin 2017 sun nuna cewa Abernathy yana cikin jerin masu sa ido na Hukumar Tsaro ta Kasa saboda ƙiyayya da jagorancin FBI ke da shi ga ƙungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama.

Kuma Ganuwar ta Fado

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A ƙarshen 1989, HarperCollins ya buga tarihin rayuwar Abernathy, And the Walls Came Tumbling Down . Wannan shi ne lissafinsa na karshe da aka buga game da dangantakarsa ta kusa da Sarki da aikinsu a cikin ƙungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama.[33] A ciki ya bayyana rashin amincin Sarki, yana mai bayyana cewa Sarki ya yi jima'i da mata biyu a daren Afrilu 3, 1968 (bayan jawabinsa na "Na kasance a saman dutsen" a farkon wannan rana). Bayanan littafin sun zama tushen jayayya da yawa, kamar yadda Abernathy ya yi.[33][34] Jesse Jackson da sauran masu fafutukar kare hakkin bil'adama sun yi sanarwa a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 1989 - bayan da aka saki littafin - cewa littafin "yaudara" ne kuma cewa "aikin kwakwalwa" dole ne ya canza ra'ayin Abernathy.[33]

Cocin Haɗin Kai

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A cikin shekarun 1980s, Ikilisiyar Haɗin Kai ta hayar Abernathy a matsayin mai magana da yawun don nuna rashin amincewa da yadda kafofin watsa labarai ke amfani da kalmar "Moonies", wanda suka kwatanta da kalmar "nigger". Abernathy ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin shugaban kungiyar American Freedom Coalition mai alaƙa da Ikilisiyar Haɗin Kai, kuma ya yi aiki a kan kwamitocin daraktoci guda biyu.

Mutuwa

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Ni da Barbara mu haɗu da dukan Amurkawa don yin makoki game da mutuwar Rev. Ralph Abernathy, babban jagora a cikin gwagwarmayar kare hakkin bil'adama ga dukan Amurkawa da kuma mai fafutukar adalci.

An binne shi a cikin Chapel Mausoleum na Lincoln Cemetery a Atlanta . A umarnin Abernathy, kabarinsa yana da rubutun mai sauƙi: "I TRIED".

Kyauta da hotuna

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Ralph David Abernathy Gida a harabar Jami'ar Jihar Alabama a Montgomery

A lokacin rayuwarsa an girmama Abernathy da fiye da kyaututtuka 300 da kuma ambaton, ciki har da digiri na digiri na girmamawa guda biyar. Ya sami Doctor of Divinity daga Kwalejin Morehouse, Doctor of Divunity daga Kwalar Kalamazoo a Michigan, Doctor of Laws daga Jami'ar Allen ta Kudu Carolina, Doctor of Lasws daga Jami'ar Long Island a New York, da Doctor of Lacks daga Jami'an Jihar Alabama.[35] [Tushen da aka buga da kansa]  

  • Ralph D. Abernathy Hall a Alabama State Hall an sadaukar da shi, tare da busassun kansa a cikin ɗakin.[36]
  • Interstate 20 Ralph David Abernathy Freeway, Abernathy Road, [37] da Ralph David Aber nathy Boulevard na Atlanta an sanya musu suna don girmama shi. [38]

Abernathy was portrayed by Ernie Lee Banks in the 1978 miniseries King. He was also portrayed by Terrence Howard in the 2001 HBO film Boycott, Colman Domingo in the 2014 film Selma, and Dohn Norwood in the 2016 film All the Way.[39] Hubert Point-Du Jour also portrayed Abernathy in Genius.[40]

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Dubi kuma

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  • Jerin shugabannin kare hakkin bil'adama
  • Jerin lokaci na yunkurin kare hakkin bil'adama

Bayanan da aka ambata

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  1. ↑ Williams, Kenneth H. (2000). "Abernathy, Ralph David". American National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.1501076. Retrieved August 22, 2022.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 "Ralph Abernathy: King's Right Hand Man". Legacy.com. March 11, 2011. Archived from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved March 13, 2015. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "legacy" defined multiple times with different content
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 "Abernathy, Ralph David". The Martin Luther King Jr. Research and Education Institute. Stanford University. April 18, 2017. Retrieved December 3, 2019. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "SE" defined multiple times with different content
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 "Ralph Abernathy Biography". Advameg, Inc. Archived from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved March 13, 2015.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named rowman3
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named EB
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Williams, Kenneth (February 2000). "American National Biography Online: Abernathy, Ralph David". American National Biography Online. Archived from the original on April 5, 2015. Retrieved March 14, 2015.
  8. ↑ "Ralph Abernathy". WGBH. PBS. Archived from the original on March 17, 2015. Retrieved March 13, 2015.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 "Ralph D. Abernathy Biography". A&E Television Networks, LLC. Bio. Archived from the original on March 12, 2015. Retrieved March 13, 2015. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "bio" defined multiple times with different content
  10. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named nps
  11. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named rowman2
  12. ↑ Young, Lindsey. "The Hero that Micah Abernathy Never Met". Vikings Official Team Website. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
  13. ↑ "Leaflet, "Don't Ride the Bus"". The Martin Luther King Jr. Research and Education Institute. Stanford University. December 2, 1955. Archived from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved March 15, 2015.
  14. ↑ "Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955–56)". BlackPast.org. November 24, 2007. Archived from the original on March 26, 2015. Retrieved March 15, 2015.
  15. ↑ Abernathy, Ralph (May 28, 1958). "The Martin Luther King Jr. Papers Project: From Ralph Abernathy" (PDF). The Martin Luther King Jr. Research Institute. Stanford University. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 6, 2011. Retrieved March 17, 2015.
  16. ↑ "Our History". Southern Christian Leadership Conference. Archived from the original on February 6, 2015. Retrieved March 17, 2015.
  17. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named threshold
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 "Mobs in Montgomery AL". Civil Rights Movement Archive. Tougaloo College. Archived from the original on July 10, 2010. Retrieved March 17, 2015.
  19. ↑ "The Montgomery Improvement Association Salutes the "Freedom Riders"" (PDF). The Montgomery Improvement Association. The United States Marshals Service. May 21, 1961. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved March 17, 2015.
  20. ↑ "Ralph Abernathy — Freedom Rider". PBS. WGBH. Archived from the original on March 17, 2015. Retrieved March 17, 2015.
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 Shay, Alison (May 21, 2012). "On This Day: First Baptist Church Under Siege". Publishing the Long Civil Rights Movement. Special Collections Library of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Archived from the original on January 20, 2015. Retrieved March 17, 2015.
  22. ↑ "Assistant Attorney General Thomas E. Perez Speaks at the All People's Program Honoring the Freedom Riders". The United States Department of Justice. May 24, 2011. Archived from the original on November 13, 2014. Retrieved March 17, 2015.
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 Turk, Dave. "An Emergency Call to Montgomery". The United States Marshals Service. Archived from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved March 17, 2015.
  24. ↑ King, Martin (3 April 1968). "I've Been to the Mountaintop". The Martin Luther King Jr. Research and Education Institute. Stanford University. Archived from the original on April 11, 2015. Retrieved 19 March 2015.
  25. ↑ "Society in Civil Rights Movement: "Black Power" Era" (in Turanci). November 11, 2008. Archived from the original on February 17, 2018. Retrieved February 17, 2018.
  26. ↑ "Findings on MLK Assassination". National Archives (in Turanci). August 15, 2016. Archived from the original on December 3, 2017. Retrieved February 18, 2018.
  27. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named otto
  28. ↑ Niiler, Eric (July 11, 2019). "Why Civil Rights Activists Protested the Moon Landing". History. Archived from the original on November 1, 2020. Retrieved December 28, 2020.
  29. ↑ "A Movement Gains Momentum · The Charleston Hospital Workers Movement, 1968–1969 · Lowcountry Digital History Initiative". ldhi.library.cofc.edu (in Turanci). Archived from the original on February 18, 2018. Retrieved February 17, 2018.
  30. ↑ "Ralph Abernathy Biography – life, family, children, mother, son, book, information, born, college, time". www.notablebiographies.com (in Turanci). Retrieved April 3, 2018.
  31. ↑ "1965 Annual Board Meeting for SCLC". www.thekingcenter.org (in Turanci). The Martin Luther King Jr. Center for Nonviolent Social Change. April 2, 1965. Archived from the original on February 18, 2018. Retrieved February 17, 2018.
  32. ↑ "Walls Tumbling, Oct 23 1989". C-SPAN.org (in Turanci). Archived from the original on March 16, 2018. Retrieved February 17, 2018.
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 33.2 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named people
  34. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named philly
  35. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named mr
  36. ↑ "Ralph David Abernathy Hall – College of Education - Alabama State University - pwba-architects.com". pwba-architects.com (in Turanci). Archived from the original on February 18, 2018. Retrieved February 17, 2018.
  37. ↑ "Man With a Mission". CityBeat Cincinnati (in Turanci). Archived from the original on February 18, 2018. Retrieved February 17, 2018.
  38. ↑ "International Civil Rights: Walk of Fame – Ralph David Abernathy, Sr". www.nps.gov. Archived from the original on February 17, 2018. Retrieved February 17, 2018.
  39. ↑ "All The Way – Ralph Abernathy". HBO (in Turanci). Archived from the original on February 17, 2018. Retrieved February 17, 2018.
  40. ↑ Petski, Denise (November 30, 2022). "'Genius: MLK/X' Adds Ron Cephas Jones, Gary Carr, Hubert Point-Du Jour In Lead Roles, 5 More Cast". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved October 25, 2024.
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