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Ranar Ista

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Ranar Ista
algorithm (en) Fassara
Bayanai
Muhimmin darasi date of Easter (en) Fassara

A matsayin biki mai motsi, [1] [2] ana ƙayyade ranar Ista a kowace shekara ta hanyar lissafin da aka sani da (Latin ' ') - sau da yawa kawai Computus - ko kuma a matsayin Paschalion musamman a cikin Cocin Orthodox na Gabas. [3] Ana yin bikin Ista a ranar Lahadi ta farko bayan Wata cikakke ta Ista (kimanin lissafi na wata cikakke na farko, a ranar ko bayan 21 ga Maris - kanta ƙayyadadden kusanci ne na equinox na Maris). Tabbatar da wannan kwanan wata a gaba yana buƙatar alaƙa tsakanin Watanni na wata da shekara ta hasken rana, yayin da kuma lissafin watan, kwanan wata, da mako na kalandar Julian ko Gregorian.[3] Rikitarwa na algorithm ya taso ne saboda sha'awar haɗa ranar Ista da ranar bikin Idin Ƙetarewa na Yahudawa wanda, Kiristoci sun yi imani, shine lokacin da aka gicciye Yesu.[4]  –

Da farko yana yiwuwa ga dukan Ikilisiyar Kirista su karɓi ranar Ista a kowace shekara ta hanyar sanarwar shekara-shekara ta Paparoma. A farkon karni na uku, duk da haka, sadarwa a cikin Daular Romawa ta lalace har cocin ya sanya babban darajar a cikin tsarin da zai ba da damar malamai su ƙayyade kwanan wata don kansu, da kansu duk da haka koyaushe.[1] Bugu da ƙari, cocin ya so ya kawar da dogaro da Kalandar Ibrananci, ta hanyar samun kwanan wata don Ista kai tsaye daga equinox na Maris.[1]

A cikin The Reckoning of Time (725), Bede yana amfani da computus a matsayin babban lokaci don kowane irin lissafi, kodayake yana nufin zagayen Easter na Theophilus a matsayin "Paschal computus". A ƙarshen karni na 8, computus ya zo ya koma musamman ga lissafin lokaci.[3] Lissafin yana samar da sakamako daban-daban dangane da ko ana amfani da kalandar Julian ko kalandar Gregorian. Saboda wannan dalili, Cocin Katolika da majami'u na Furotesta (waɗanda ke bin kalandar Gregorian) suna yin bikin Ista a wani kwanan wata daban da na Orthodox na Gabas da Gabas (waɗaya ke bin kaladar Julian). Rashin 21 ga watan Maris ne daga lokacin da aka lura da shi wanda ya haifar da sake fasalin Gregorian na kalandar, don dawo da su cikin layi. 

Tarihi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

An kirkiro teburin Romawa na farko da aka sani a cikin 222 ta hanyar Hippolytus na Roma bisa ga sake zagayowar shekaru takwas. Sa'an nan kuma an gabatar da teburin shekaru 84 a Roma ta hanyar Augustalis kusa da ƙarshen karni na 3. [lower-alpha 1] Kodayake wani tsari wanda ya dogara da sake zagayowar Metonic na shekaru 19 ne Bishop Anatolius na Laodicea ya fara gabatar da shi a kusa da 277, ra'ayin bai cika ba har sai hanyar Iskandariya ta zama mai iko a ƙarshen karni na 4. [lower-alpha 2] 

An canza computus na Iskandariya daga Kalandar Iskandariya zuwa kalandar Julian a Iskandariya a kusa da 440, wanda ya haifar da teburin Ista (wanda aka danganta ga Paparoma Cyril na Iskandariya) wanda ya rufe shekaru 437 zuwa 531.[7] Wannan teburin Ista shine tushen da ya yi wa Dionysius Exiguus wahayi zuwa gare shi, wanda ya yi aiki a Roma daga kimanin 500 zuwa kimanin 540, don gina ci gaba da shi a cikin sanannen teburin Idin Ƙetarewa wanda ya rufe shekaru 532 zuwa 616. [7][7] Dionysius ya gabatar da Zamanin Kirista (ƙididdigar shekaru daga Incarnation na Kristi) ta hanyar buga wannan sabon teburin Easter a cikin 525. [lower-alpha 3]

An karɓi sake zagayowar shekaru 84 a Roma a farkon rabin karni na 4. Victorius na Aquitaine ya yi ƙoƙari ya daidaita hanyar Iskandariya zuwa dokokin Romawa a cikin 457 a cikin nau'in teburin shekaru 532, amma ya gabatar da manyan kurakurai.[8] An yi amfani da waɗannan teburin Victorian a Gaul (yanzu Faransa) da Spain har sai teburin Dionysian suka maye gurbinsu a ƙarshen karni na 8. 

Tebur na Dionysius da Victorius sun sabawa waɗanda aka saba amfani da su a tsibirin Burtaniya. Tebur na Burtaniya sun yi amfani da sake zagayowar shekaru 84, amma kuskure ya sa cikakkun watannin suka fadi da wuri.[9] Rashin jituwa ya haifar da rahoton cewa Sarauniya Eanflæd, a kan tsarin Dionysian - ta yi azumi a ranar Lahadi yayin da mijinta Oswiu, sarkin Northumbria, ya yi bikin a ranar Lahar Ista.[10] –

A sakamakon taron majalisa na Irish na Magh-Lene a cikin 630, kudancin Irish sun fara amfani da teburin Dionysian, kuma arewacin Ingilishi ya bi bayan majalisa na Whitby a cikin 664.[11][10]

Bede ya bayyana ƙididdigar Dionysian a cikin 725 .[3] Wataƙila Charlemagne ne ya karbe shi ga Ikilisiyar Frank tun daga farkon 782 daga Alcuin, mai bin Bede. An ci gaba da amfani da Dionysian / Bedan computus a yammacin Turai har zuwa sake fasalin kalandar Gregorian, kuma ya ci gaba da aiki a yawancin Ikklisiyoyin Gabas, gami da yawancin Ikklisiya na Orthodox na Gabas da Ikklisiyoyi marasa Kalcedonia. Ikilisiyar Orthodox ta Gabas kawai wacce ba ta bin tsarin ita ce Ikilisiyar Ortodokse ta Finland, wacce ke amfani da Gregorian.

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ Ayto 2009.
  2. ↑ Peterson 2015.
  3. 1 2 3 4 Bede 1999.
  4. ↑ John 19:14
  5. ↑ Turner 1895, pp. 699–710.
  6. ↑ McCarthy 1996, pp. 285–320.
  7. 1 2 3 Declercq 2000.
  8. ↑ Blackburn & Holford-Strevens 1999.
  9. ↑ McCarthy 1993.
  10. 1 2 Bede 1907.
  11. ↑ Bede 1943.
  1. ↑ Although this is the dating of Augustalis by Bruno Krusch, see arguments for a 5th century date in Mosshammer 2008, pp. 217, 227–228.
  2. ↑ The lunar cycle of Anatolius, according to the tables in De ratione paschali, included only two bissextile (leap) years every 19 years, so could not be used by anyone using the Julian calendar, which had four or five leap years per lunar cycle.[5][6]
  3. ↑ For confirmation of Dionysius's role see Blackburn & Holford-Strevens 1999, p. 794.
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