Rantsuwa ta musamman

Rantsuwa ta musamman
oath (en)

Tsohon rantsuwar rantsuwa ya samo asali ne a farkon rabin karni na 17 (1600 zuwa 1650), kuma an yi amfani da shi azaman nau'i na tilastawa, tsanantawa, da kuma tilastawa kai laifi a cikin gwaji na addini na wancan lokacin. Ya ɗauki nau'i na rantsuwar addini da wanda ake tuhuma ya yi kafin a yi masa tambayoyi daga Ƙungiyar Taurari, don amsa da gaske ga duk tambayoyin da za a yi. Ya haifar da abin da aka fi sani da zaluntar trilemma inda wadanda ake tuhuma za su samu kansu a cikin tarko tsakanin saba rantsuwar addini (wanda aka dauke shi da muhimmanci sosai a wancan zamanin, zunubin mutum, da karya), ko kuma raina kotu don yin shiru, ko cin mutuncin kai. Sunan ya samo asali ne daga mai tambaya ya sanya wanda ake tuhuma a kan rantsuwa ex officio, ma'ana ta hanyar ofishinsa ko mukaminsa.

Kuka da wannan al'ada (musamman a cikin gwaji na John Lilburne ("Freeborn John") a kusa da 1630-1649) ya haifar da kafa 'yancin kada ya zargi kansa a cikin dokar gama gari . Wannan shi ne mafarin kai tsaye na haƙƙoƙin irin wannan a cikin dokar zamani, gami da haƙƙin yin shiru da rashin cin zarafi a cikin Kwaskwarima ta biyar ga Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Amurka . Dama kanta ya bayyana a matsayin abu na 16 a cikin Yarjejeniyar Levelers na 'Yancin Mutanen Ingila (1649) kuma ya fara bayyana a cikin dokar Amurka a cikin Massachusetts Body of Liberties da Connecticut Code na wannan zamanin. The Star Chamber kanta, a matsayin hukumar shari'a, Majalisar ta soke ta a matsayin wani ɓangare na Dokar Habeas Corpus 1640 .

Tarihin farko

A lokacin tsakiyar zamanai an iyakance ikon kotunan majami'u da dokar karni na 14 da ake kira Articuli Cleri, yayin da daga baya Prohibitio formata de statuto Artiuli cleri, kuma a zamanin mulkin Edward II, ya ayyana kebantaccen ikon kotunan Sarki.

Leonard Levy ya rubuta a Origins of the Fifth Amendment cewa an hana rantsuwar kai laifi ta hanyar doka, amma Henry A. Kelly ya lura da iyakacin ikon dokar kawai ya iyakance rantsuwa ga shari'o'in aure da na shaida. A cewar Chronica Majora, lokacin da sarki ya rubuta wa sheriff dinsa, bayan da jama'a suka yi kuka game da binciken bishop Robert Grosseteste, yana ba da umarni cewa kada a tilasta wa ’yan baranda su amsa rantsuwa sai dai a lokuta na aure ko wasiyya, bishop ya zargi sarkin da hada baki yana kwatanta halinsa na “audacious” a Faransa.

John Wigmore kuma ya ce har yanzu rantsuwar ta halatta:

Cocin ta ci gaba da adawa da ƙayyadaddun ƙa'ida da aka sanya wa ikonta na bidi'a. Dokar hana bidi'a ta 1400 da ke niyya Lollardy ta ba da izinin kamawa da ɗaurin kurkuku, tare da haɗin gwiwa tsakanin kotunan duniya da na ikiliziya wajen gurfanar da 'yan bidi'a sama da ɗari ɗari, gami da kona kan gungumen azaba da hukumomin duniya suka yi a lokacin da 'yan bidi'a suka ƙi yin watsi da ra'ayoyin bidi'a kamar yadda dokokin cocin suka buƙata.

Thomas Fuller ya rubuta game da bidi'a da cin amana a lokacin tawayen Oldcastle :

Ana ci gaba da adawa da limaman cocin da ke sanya wadanda ake zargin 'yan bidi'a a gaban kuliya. A lokacin mulkin Henry na VIII Papal ikon bisa karkatacciyar koyarwa an iyakance shi ta hanyar doka ta Dokar kawar da bambancin ra'ayi a cikin 1538. Maryamu Sarauniyar Scots ta mayar da ikon Paparoma akan karkatacciyar koyarwa, har sai da dokar Elizabeth ta sanya ofisoshin majami'u a cikin ikon Crown. Coke ya ruwaito da yawa kararraki game da mutanen da aka daure da alkalan coci na babban hukumar saboda kin amsa su a karkashin rantsuwa. A cewar Coke Common Bench ya sake su bisa ga habeas corpus .

Gata da cin mutuncin kai

A cewar masanan dokar gama gari 'yancin cin zarafi yana farawa ne da adawa da hukunci da hukuncin da aka yanke na kin amsa alƙalan ikilisiyoyin da aka rantse ba tare da an tuhume su ba. Ganin rashin daidaituwa a cikin lamuran da Edward Coke da James Dyer suka ruwaito, EM Morgan ya rubuta:

Misalai na farko na haƙƙin da aka tsara sun bayyana a cikin Yarjejeniyar Levelers na 'Yancin Ingila (wanda aka buga a ranar 1 ga Mayu 1649): "[I] ba zai kasance cikin ikon kowane Wakili ba, don hukunta, ko sa a hukunta shi, kowane mutum ko mutane don ƙin amsa tambayoyi a kansu a cikin lamuran laifuka". John Wigmore da Mary Hume Macguire sun yi la'akari da rikice-rikice na hukunce-hukuncen da ke tsakanin doka ta gama gari da rantsuwar majami'a ex officio farkon ma'anar gata ga cin zarafi. A cewar Mary Hume Maguire:

Dama daga baya yana ɗaukar wata ma'ana ta daban: bisa ga rubutun Kwaskwarimar Kwaskwarima ta biyar, ba a buƙatar wanda ake tuhuma da ke fuskantar tuhume-tuhumen da ya zama shaida a kansu a Kotu.

Kotun Koli ta Amurka ta taƙaita abubuwan da suka faru a lokacin a matsayin wani ɓangare na tarihin tarihi a cikin ƙaramar ƙaramar Miranda v. Arizona :