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Rarraba cututtuka na kasa da kasa

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Rarraba cututtuka na kasa da kasa
medical classification (en) Fassara, Manazarta da series (en) Fassara
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare nadiagnostic coding system (en) Fassara
Bangare naWHO Family of International Classifications (en) Fassara
Sunan hukumaInternational Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Classification statistique internationale des maladies et des problèmes de santé connexes, Clasificación Estadística Internacional de Enfermedades y Problemas Relacionados con la Salud da Internationale statistische Klassifikation der Krankheiten und verwandter Gesundheitsprobleme
Gajeren sunaICD, CIM da CIE
Muhimmin darasimedical classification (en) Fassara, Binciken kiwon lafiya da statistics (en) Fassara
Akwai nau'insa ko fassaraICD-11 (mul) Fassara, ICD-1 (en) Fassara, ICD-9 (mul) Fassara da ICD-10 (mul) Fassara
MawallafiHukumar Lafiya ta Duniya
Shafin yanar gizowho.int…

Rarraba cututtukan kasa da kasa(ICD) shine rarrabawar likita ɦda ƙamus na duniya da aka yi amfani da su a cikin ilmin annoba, kula da kiwon lafiya, ganewar asali, da kula da bayanan kiwon lafiya. Ya wanzu a halin yanzu a cikin bita na goma sha ɗaya na ICD-11 kuma ya bambanta da daki-daki da fasaha daga duk sake fasalin ICD da ya gabata. Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) ce ke kula da ICD, wanda shine jagora da daidaita ikon kiwon lafiya a cikin Tsarin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya.[1] ICD tana ba da tsari mai daidaitawa don yin rikodin abubuwan da ke haifar da rashin lafiya da mutuwa, haɗin kai, kwatanta Bayanan kiwon lafiya a duk faɗin ƙasashe da lokutan lokaci, tallafawa biyan kuɗi da rarraba albarkatu, da ciyar da tallafin yanke shawara na atomatik a cikin saitunan kiwon lafiya na asibiti da na jama'a. Yana tsara yanayin kiwon lafiya zuwa nau'ikan nau'ikan da suka dace tare da takamaiman bambance-bambance, kowannensu an sanya lambar da aka tsara. Aikace-aikacensa na yau da kullun yana tallafawa kwatankwacin kasa da kasa a cikin tarin, sarrafawa, da nazarin kididdigar kiwon lafiya - tushe don Manufofin kiwon lafiya na shaida a duka matakan ƙasa da na duniya.

WHO ce ta buga ICD kuma ana amfani da ita a duk duniya don rikodin cututtukan da Mutuwa da kididdiga, tsarin biyan kuɗi, da tallafin yanke shawara na atomatik a cikin kiwon lafiya. ICD babban tsarin ne na batutuwan da suka shafi kiwon lafiya na WHO Family of International Classifications (WHO-FIC). [2]

ICD-11, kamar yadda aka sani, Majalisar Lafiya ta Duniya ta WHO (WHA) ta karbe shi a ranar 28 ga Mayu 2019 kuma ya fara aiki a hukumance a ranar 1 ga Janairun 2022.[3] Ba kamar sake fasalin da ya gabata ba - wanda aka sabunta shi da tsarin rarraba takarda - ICD-11 yana wakiltar sake fasalin gine-gine na asali wanda aka gina tun daga farkon zamanin dijital, gabatar da tushe na ontological na yau da kullun, bayan daidaitawa na ra'ayoyin asibiti, ingantaccen aiki tare da tsarin bayanan kiwon lafiya na zamani, da kayan aikin ƙididdigar API-mai sauƙin sauyawa na shekara-shekara.

A ranar 11 ga Fabrairu 2022, WHO ta bayyana cewa kasashe 35 suna amfani da ICD-11. [4] A ranar 14 ga Fabrairu 2023, WHO ta ba da rahoton cewa kasashe 64 sun kasance "a matakai daban-daban na aiwatarwa na ICD-11".[5] A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2024, sun bayyana cewa kasashe 50 suna gudanarwa ko fadada matukan jirgi na aiwatarwa, kuma kasashe 14 suna amfani da ICD-11 sosai.[6] Ya zuwa watan Yulin 2025, kasashe 132 na WHO sun kasance a matakai daban-daban na aiwatarwa na ICD-11. [7]

ICD wani bangare ne na "iyali" na rarrabuwa na kasa da kasa (WHOFIC) wanda ke tallafawa juna, gami da rarrabuwa masu zuwa:

  • Rarrabawar Kasuwanci ta Duniya, Naƙasasshi da Lafiya (ICF) wanda ke mai da hankali kan yankunan aiki (naƙasasshe) da ke da alaƙa da yanayin kiwon lafiya, daga ra'ayoyin kiwon lafiya da zamantakewa, da
  • Rarrabawar Harkokin Kiwon Lafiya ta Duniya (ICHI) wanda ke rarraba dukkan hanyoyin kiwon lafiya, jinya, aiki da kuma lafiyar jama'a.

Taken ICD a hukumance shine Rarrabawar Kididdiga ta Duniya na Cututtuka da Matsalolin Lafiya masu alaƙa; taken asali, Rarraba Cututtuka ta Duniya, har yanzu shine sunan da ba a sani ba wanda aka fi sani da ICD.

A Amurka da wasu ƙasashe, an fi son Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) yayin rarraba cututtukan hankali don wasu dalilai.

ICD a halin yanzu shine tsarin rarraba kididdiga da aka fi amfani dashi don cututtuka a duniya. Bugu da kari, wasu kasashe - gami da Ostiraliya, Kanada, da Amurka - sun haɓaka nasu daidaitawa na ICD, tare da ƙarin lambobin hanya don rarraba hanyoyin aiki ko bincike.

Tarihin Farko

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Page Samfuri:Div col/styles.css has no content.  A cikin 1860, a lokacin taron kididdiga na kasa da kasa da aka gudanar a London, Florence Nightingale ta ba da shawarar da za ta haifar da ci gaban samfurin farko na tattara bayanan asibiti. A shekara ta 1893, likitan Faransa, Jacques Bertillon, ya gabatar da Bertillon Classification of Causes of Death a wani taro na Cibiyar Nazarin Ƙasashen Duniya (ISI) a Birnin Chicago.[8]

Kasashe da yawa sun karɓi tsarin Bertillon, wanda ya dogara da ka'idar rarrabe tsakanin cututtuka na gaba ɗaya da waɗanda ke cikin wani sashi ko shafin jikin mutum, kamar yadda Birnin Paris ke amfani da shi don rarraba mutuwar. Binciken da ya biyo baya ya wakilci kira na Turanci, Jamusanci, da Swiss classification, yana fadada daga asali 44 zuwa 161 titles.

A cikin 1898, Ƙungiyar Lafiya ta Jama'a ta Amurka (APHA) ta ba da shawarar cewa masu rajista na Kanada, Mexico, da Amurka suma sun karbe shi. APHA ta kuma ba da shawarar sake fasalin tsarin kowane shekaru 10 don tabbatar da cewa tsarin ya kasance a halin yanzu tare da ci gaban aikin likita. A sakamakon haka, taron kasa da kasa na farko don sake fasalin Rarrabawar Kasa da Kasa na Dalilan Mutuwa (ICD) ya faru ne a cikin 1900, tare da sake fasalin da ke faruwa kowane shekaru goma bayan haka. A wannan lokacin, tsarin rarrabuwa ya ƙunshi littafi ɗaya, wanda ya haɗa da Lissafin Lissafi da Lissafin Tabular. Littafin ya kasance karami idan aka kwatanta da matani na yanzu.

Binciken da ya biyo baya ya ƙunshi ƙananan canje-canje. Hakki na sake dubawa na ICD ya fada ga Hukumar Mixed, ƙungiyar da ta ƙunshi wakilai daga ISI da Hukumar Lafiya ta Kungiyar Al'ummai.

Fassara

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ICD-6

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A cikin 1948, WHO ta ɗauki alhakin shirya da buga sake dubawa ga ICD a kowace shekara goma.[9] (Daga baya ya zama bayyananne cewa lokacin da aka kafa shekaru goma tsakanin sake dubawa ya yi gajeren lokaci.)

ICD-6, wanda aka buga a 1949, shine na farko da aka tsara don ya dace da rahoton cututtukan cututtuka. Dangane da haka, sunan ya canza daga "Lista na Duniya na Dalilan Mutuwa" zuwa "Tsarin Kididdiga na Duniya na Cututtuka, Raunin da Dalilan Mutuwar" (ICD). Sashe na haɗin lambar don raunin da haɗarin da suka haɗu an raba shi zuwa kashi biyu, babi don raunin, da babi don abubuwan da suka haifar da su na waje. Tare da amfani da cututtukan akwai buƙatar ƙididdigar yanayin tunani, kuma a karo na farko an kara wani sashi game da rikicewar hankali.[10]

ICD-7

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An gudanar da Taron Kasa da Kasa don Binciken Bakwai na Rarraba Cututtuka na Duniya a birnin Paris a karkashin jagorancin WHO a watan Fabrairun 1955. Dangane da shawarar kwamitin kwararru na WHO kan kididdigar kiwon lafiya, wannan bita an iyakance shi ga canje-canje masu mahimmanci da gyare-gyare na kurakurai da rashin daidaituwa.

ICD-8

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Taron Bincike na 8 da WHO ta shirya ya hadu a Geneva, daga 6 zuwa 12 ga Yuli 1965. Wannan bita ya fi na bakwai amma ya bar tsarin asali na rarrabuwa da falsafar rarraba cututtuka ba tare da canzawa ba, a duk lokacin da ya yiwu, bisa ga asalin su maimakon wani bayyanar. A cikin shekarun da aka sake fasalin na bakwai da na takwas na ICD, amfani da ICD don yin la'akari da bayanan kiwon lafiya na asibiti ya karu da sauri kuma wasu ƙasashe sun shirya gyare-gyare na ƙasa wanda ya ba da ƙarin bayani da ake buƙata don wannan aikace-aikacen ICD.

ICDA-8 (Amurka)

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A Amurka, an nemi ƙungiyar masu ba da shawara suyi nazarin ICD-8 don amfani da shi ga masu amfani daban-daban a Amurka. Wannan rukuni ya ba da shawarar cewa a ba da ƙarin bayani don ƙididdigar asibiti da bayanan cututtuka. Kwamitin Ba da Shawara ga Babban Ofishin ICDA na Ƙungiyar Asibitocin Amurka ya haɓaka shawarwarin daidaitawa da ake buƙata, wanda ya haifar da buga Rarraba cututtuka na Duniya, Daidaitawa (ICDA). A cikin 1968, Hukumar Lafiya ta Jama'a ta Amurka ta buga Rarraba cututtuka ta Duniya, Daidaitawa, 8th Revision don amfani a Amurka (ICDA-8). Da farko a cikin 1968, ICDA-8 ya zama tushen ƙididdigar bayanan bincike don ƙididdigan cututtukan hukuma da ƙididdigas na mutuwa a Amurka. [11]

ICD-9

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Taron kasa da kasa don sake dubawa na tara na rarraba kididdigar kasa da kasa na cututtuka, raunin da ke haifar da mutuwa, wanda WHO ta shirya, ya hadu a Geneva daga 30 ga Satumba zuwa 6 ga Oktoba 1975. A cikin tattaunawar da ta kai ga taron, da farko an yi niyyar cewa ya kamata a sami ɗan canji kaɗan ban da sabuntawa na rarrabuwa. Wannan yafi saboda kudin daidaita tsarin sarrafa bayanai a duk lokacin da aka sake fasalin rarrabuwa.

An sami ci gaba mai yawa na sha'awa a cikin ICD kuma dole ne a sami hanyoyin amsawa ga wannan, wani bangare ta hanyar canza rarrabuwa kanta kuma wani bangare na gabatar da tanadi na musamman. Kwararrun kwararru ne suka yi wakilci da yawa waɗanda suka zama masu sha'awar amfani da ICD don ƙididdigar kansu. Wasu batutuwa a cikin rarrabuwa an dauke su kamar yadda ba a shirya su ba kuma akwai matsin lamba don ƙarin daki-daki da kuma daidaita rarrabuwa don sanya shi ya fi dacewa da kimantawar kulawa ta likita, ta hanyar rarraba yanayi ga surori da suka shafi ɓangaren jikin da ya shafa maimakon waɗanda ke hulɗa da cutar ta gaba ɗaya.[8]

At the other end of the scale, there were representations from countries and areas where a detailed and sophisticated classification was irrelevant, but which nevertheless needed a classification based on the ICD in order to assess their progress in health care and in the control of disease. A field test with a bi-axial classification approach—one axis (criterion) for anatomy, with another for etiology—showed the impracticability of such approach for routine use.[ana buƙatar hujja]

Shawarwarin karshe da aka gabatar kuma aka karɓa ta Taron a 1978 [12] sun riƙe tsarin asali na ICD, kodayake tare da ƙarin bayani a matakin ƙananan lambobi huɗu, da wasu ra'ayoyin lambobi biyar. Don amfanin masu amfani da ba sa buƙatar irin wannan daki-daki, an yi hankali don tabbatar da cewa rukunoni a matakin lambobi uku sun dace.

Kamar yadda Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya ta bayyana: "Don amfanin masu amfani da ke son samar da kididdiga da alamomi da aka tsara don kula da kiwon lafiya, sake dubawa na 9 ya haɗa da wata hanyar da za a iya amfani da ita don rarraba maganganun bincike, gami da bayani game da cutar gaba ɗaya da bayyanar a cikin wani sashi ko shafin. Wannan tsarin ya zama sananne da 'tsaki da a cikin sake dubawa ta goma. An haɗa wasu sababbin fasahar fasaha a cikin sake fasalin na tara, da nufin kara sassauci don amfani da shi a cikin yanayi daban-daban".[13]

Daga ƙarshe an maye gurbinsa da ICD-10, sigar da WHO da yawancin ƙasashe ke amfani da ita a halin yanzu. Idan aka ba da fadadawa a cikin bita na goma, ba zai yiwu a canza bayanan ICD-9 kai tsaye zuwa bayanan ICD-10, kodayake akwai wasu kayan aiki don taimakawa masu amfani. Buga ICD-9 ba tare da ƙuntatawa na IP ba a cikin duniya tare da tsarin bayanan lantarki mai tasowa ya haifar da samfuran da suka danganci ICD-9, kamar MeDRA ko kundin karatu.[11]

Rarraba Hanyar Kasa da Kasa a Magunguna (ICPM)

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Lokacin da Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) ta buga ICD-9 , an kuma haɓaka Tsarin Hanyar Kasa da Kasa a Magunguna (ICPM) (1975) kuma an buga shi (1978). Amurka ce ta kirkiro fascicle na ICPM, bisa ga gyare-gyaren ICD (wanda ake kira ICDA), wanda ya ƙunshi tsarin rarraba tun 1962. An buga ICPM daban daga rarraba cututtukan ICD a matsayin jerin ƙarin takardu da ake kira fascicles (ƙungiyoyi ko ƙungiyoyin abubuwa). Kowane fascicle yana ƙunshe da rarraba yanayin dakin gwaje-gwaje, radiology, tiyata, magani, da sauran hanyoyin bincike. Kasashe da yawa sun daidaita kuma sun fassara ICPM a sassa ko gaba ɗaya kuma suna amfani da shi tare da gyare-gyare tun daga lokacin.[11]

ICD-9-CM (Amurka)

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Rarraba cututtuka na kasa da kasa, gyare-gyaren asibiti (ICD-9-CM) wani karbuwa ne wanda Cibiyar Nazarin Lafiya ta Amurka (NCHS) ta kirkira kuma ta yi amfani da shi wajen ba da lambobin bincike da hanyoyin da ke da alaƙa da amfani da ofishin likita a Amurka. ICD-9-CM ya dogara ne akan ICD-9 amma yana ba da ƙarin bayani game da cututtukan cututtuka. An sabunta shi kowace shekara a ranar 1 ga Oktoba.

Ya ƙunshi nau'i uku:

  • Volume 1 da 2 sun ƙunshi lambobin ganewar asali. (Volume 1 jerin lissafi ne, kuma Volume 2 index ne.) An faɗaɗa shi don ICD-9-CM
  • Volume 3 ya ƙunshi lambobin hanya don tiyata, bincike, da hanyoyin warkewa.[14] ICD-9-CM kawai

NCHS da Cibiyoyin Medicare da Ayyukan Medicaid sune hukumomin gwamnatin Amurka da ke da alhakin kula da duk canje-canje da gyare-gyare ga ICD-9-CM.

ICD-10

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  An fara aiki a kan ICD-10 a shekara ta 1983, kuma Majalisar Lafiya ta Duniya ta arba'in da uku ta amince da sabon bita a watan Mayu 1990. Sabuwar sigar ta fara aiki a cikin Kasashen membobin WHO tun daga ranar 1 ga Janairun 1993. Tsarin rarrabuwa yana ba da damar fiye da lambobin 55,000 daban-daban kuma yana ba da izinin bin diddigin sabbin ganewar asali da hanyoyin, fadadawa mai mahimmanci akan lambobin 17,000 da ke cikin ICD-9. Samun karɓa ya kasance da sauri a mafi yawan duniya. WHO ta samar da kayan aiki da yawa a kan layi don sauƙaƙe amfani da shi, gami da littattafai don amfani gaba ɗaya (ICD-10 2) da Babi na V musamman (The ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioral Disorders), jagororin horo, mai bincike, da fayiloli don saukewa.[2]  Wasu ƙasashe sun daidaita ma'auni na duniya, kamar "ICD-10-AM" da aka buga a Ostiraliya a 1998 (kuma an yi amfani da shi a New Zealand), da kuma "ICD10-CA" da aka gabatar a Kanada a 2000.

ICD-10-CM (Amurka)

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Amincewa da ICD-10-CM ya yi jinkiri a Amurka. Tun daga shekara ta 1979, Amurka ta buƙaci lambobin ICD-9-CM [11] don da'awar Medicare da Medicaid, kuma yawancin sauran masana'antar kiwon lafiya ta Amurka sun bi hakan. A ranar 1 ga watan Janairun 1999 an karɓi ICD-10 (ba tare da kariyar asibiti ba) don bayar da rahoton mutuwa, amma har yanzu ana amfani da ICD-9-CM don cututtukan. A halin yanzu, NCHS ta sami izini daga WHO don ƙirƙirar gyare-gyaren asibiti na ICD-10, kuma tana da samar da duk waɗannan tsarin:

  • ICD-10-CM, don lambobin ganewar asali, ya maye gurbin kundin 1 da 2. Ana ba da sabuntawa na shekara-shekara.
  • ICD-10-PCS, don lambobin hanya, ya maye gurbin kundi na 3. Ana ba da sabuntawa na shekara-shekara.

A ranar 21 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2008, Ma'aikatar Lafiya da Ayyukan Dan Adam ta Amurka (HHS) ta ba da shawarar sabbin tsarin da za a yi amfani da su don bayar da rahoton bincike da hanyoyin da za a gudanar da ma'amaloli na kiwon lafiya. A karkashin shawarar, za a maye gurbin tsarin lambar ICD-9-CM tare da tsarin lambar I CD-10-CM, wanda ya fara aiki a ranar 1 ga Oktoba 2013. A ranar 17 ga Afrilu 2012 Ma'aikatar Lafiya da Ayyukan Dan Adam (HHS) ta buga wata doka da aka tsara wacce za ta jinkirta, daga 1 ga Oktoba 2013 zuwa 1 ga Oktoba 2014, ranar bin ICD-10-CM da PCS.[15] Har ila yau, Majalisa ta jinkirta ranar aiwatarwa zuwa 1 ga Oktoba 2015, bayan an saka shi cikin "Doc Fix" Bill ba tare da muhawara ba game da rashin amincewar mutane da yawa.

Bincike zuwa ICD-10-CM Ya haɗa da:

  • Bayanai masu dacewa don haɗuwa da kulawa da kulawa.
  • Ƙarin lambobin rauni.
  • Sabbin lambobin haɗuwa don ganewar asali / alamomi don rage yawan lambobin da ake buƙata don bayyana matsala gaba ɗaya.
  • Ƙara na shida da na bakwai.
  • Rarrabawar takamaiman ga laterality.
  • Gyaran rarraba don ƙara yawan bayanai.

ICD-10-CA (Kanada)

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ICD-10-CA gyare-gyare ne na asibiti na ICD-10 wanda Cibiyar Kula da Lafiya ta Kanada ta kirkira don rarraba cututtukan cututtuka a Kanada. ICD-10-CA ya shafi fiye da kulawar asibiti mai tsanani, kuma ya haɗa da yanayi da yanayi waɗanda ba cututtuka ba ne amma suna wakiltar Abubuwan haɗari ga kiwon lafiya, kamar abubuwan aiki da muhalli, salon rayuwa da yanayin zamantakewa.

ICD-11

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Binciken na goma sha ɗaya na Rarraba cututtuka na Duniya, ko ICD-11, kusan sau biyar ne ya fi girma kamar ICD-10. [16] An kirkireshi ne bayan shekaru goma na ci gaba wanda ya shafi kwararru sama da 300 daga kasashe 55. Bayan wani alpha version a watan Mayu 2011 da kuma wani beta draft a watan Mayu 2012, an saki wani m version na ICD-11 a ranar 18 ga Yuni 2018, kuma a hukumance amince da shi da dukan WHO mambobin a lokacin 72nd World Health Assembly a ranar 28 ga Mayu 2019. [17][3]

Ga ICD-11, WHO ta yanke shawarar rarrabe tsakanin ainihin tsarin da nau'ikan ƙwarewar da aka samo, kamar ICD-O don ilimin kanjamau. Saboda haka, tarin dukkan hukumomin ICD ana kiransu Gidauniyar Gidauniya. Daga wannan ma'auni na yau da kullun, ana iya samun sassan. Babban abin da aka samo daga Gidauniyar ana kiransa ICD-11 MMS, kuma wannan tsarin ne ake kira kuma an san shi da "ICD-11".[18] MMS tana tsaye ne don ƙididdigar Mutuwa da Cututtuka.

ICD-11 ya zo tare da kunshin aiwatarwa wanda ya haɗa da teburin canji daga da zuwa ICD-10, kayan aiki na fassara, kayan aiki na ƙididdiga, sabis na yanar gizo, ICD-11 CDDR (wani jagora mai kama da DSM don Babi na 06), kayan horo, da sauransu.[19] Dukkanin kayan aikin suna samuwa bayan rajistar kai daga Dandalin Kulawa.

ICD-11 a hukumance ya fara aiki a ranar 1 ga Janairun 2022, kodayake WHO ta yarda cewa "ba kasashe da yawa ba ne za su iya daidaita hakan da sauri".[20] A Amurka, ƙungiyar ba da shawara ta Sakataren Lafiya da Ayyukan Dan Adam a cikin 2019 ta ba da shekara mai sa ran saki ta 2025. Koyaya a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2024, tare da ɗan ci gaba zuwa ga tallafin ICD-11, ƙungiyar ba da shawara tana ba da shawarar cewa Sakataren ya nada ofishin tsakiya ko hukuma cikin gaggawa don ɗaukar alhakin daidaita tallafin I CD-11 a Amurka.[21] A kasar Sin, Hukumar Lafiya ta Kasa ta amince da sauyawa zuwa ICD-11 a cikin 2018, kuma a cikin 2023 an gudanar da matukin jirgi na kasa na ICD-11 morbidity coding. [22]

Amfani a Amurka

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A Amurka, Hukumar Lafiya ta Jama'a ta Amurka ta buga The International Classification of Diseases, Adapted for Indexing of Hospital Records and Operation Classification (ICDA), an kammala shi a 1962 kuma an fadada ICD-7 a wurare da yawa don biyan bukatun lissafin asibitoci gaba ɗaya. Ofishin Lafiya na Jama'a na Amurka daga baya ya buga bita na takwas, Rarraba cututtuka na kasa da kasa, wanda aka daidaita don Amfani a Amurka, wanda aka fi sani da ICDA-8, don ƙididdigar cututtukan ƙasa da mutuwar. Wannan ya biyo bayan ICD, 9th Revision, Clinical Modification, wanda aka sani da ICD-9-CM, wanda Ma'aikatar Lafiya da Ayyukan Dan Adam ta Amurka ta buga kuma asibitoci da sauran wuraren kiwon lafiya suka yi amfani da shi don bayyana hoton asibiti na mai haƙuri. Sashe na ganewar asali na ICD-9-CM ya dace da lambobin ICD-9, kuma ya kasance ma'auni na bayanai don bayar da rahoton cututtukan. Daidaitawar kasa na ICD-10 ya ci gaba don haɗa duka lambar asibiti (ICD-10-CM) da lambar hanya (ICD10-PCS) tare da sake dubawa da aka kammala a shekara ta 2003. A cikin shekara ta 2009, Cibiyoyin Amurka na Medicare da Medicaid Services sun ba da sanarwar cewa za su fara amfani da ICD-10 a ranar 1 ga Afrilu, 2010, tare da cikakken bin doka da dukkan bangarorin da ke da hannu a shekarar 2013. Koyaya, Amurka ta tsawaita wa'adin sau biyu kuma ba ta buƙatar sauyawa zuwa ICD-10-CM (don yawancin gamuwa da asibiti) har zuwa 1 ga Oktoba, 2015.

Shekaru da aka rarraba abubuwan da ke haifar da mutuwa a Amurka ta kowane bita kamar haka:

 

Dalilin mutuwa a kan takaddun shaida na mutuwa na Amurka, wanda Cibiyoyin Kula da Cututtuka da Rigakafin Cututtuka (CDC) suka tattara, an tsara su a cikin ICD, wanda bai haɗa da lambobin abubuwan ɗan adam da tsarin da ake kira kurakurai na likita ba.[23][24]

Amfani a cikin Tarayyar Turai

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Wasu ƙasashen EU suna amfani da ICD don lissafin matsakaicin Ƙididdigar Rashin Rashin Rage don ƙididdigar zirga-zirga.

Yanayin lafiyar kwakwalwa

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Siffofin ICD daban-daban sun haɗa da sassan da ke rarraba rikice-rikice na tunani da halayyar mutum. Rarrabawar ICD-10 na cututtukan kwakwalwa da halayyar mutum: Bayanan asibiti da Jagororin Bincike - wanda aka fi sani da "littafin shuɗi" - an samo shi ne daga Babi na na ICD-10 kuma yana ba da ka'idojin bincike don yanayin da aka jera a kowane rukuni a ciki.  Littafin mai launin shudi an haɓaka shi daban, amma yana tare da, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) na Ƙungiyar Kula da Lafiya ta Amirka - kodayake dukansu suna neman amfani da rarrabuwa iri ɗaya. Binciken likitocin kwakwalwa a cikin ƙasashe 66 da ke kwatanta amfani da ICD-10 da DSM-IV ya gano cewa ana amfani da tsohon sau da yawa don ganewar asali yayin da ƙarshen ya fi daraja don bincike.[25]

A matsayin wani ɓangare na ci gaban ICD-11, WHO ta kafa "Ƙungiyar Ba da Shawara ta Duniya" don jagorantar abin da zai zama babi kan "Mental, halayyar ko cututtukan neurodevelopmental". [26] [27] Kungiyar aiki ta ba da shawarar cewa ICD-11 ya kamata ya rarraba rukunoni a cikin ICD-10 a "F66 Psychological and halayyar rikice-rikice da ke da alaƙa da ci gaban jima'i da daidaitawa". [26] [28] Kungiyar ta ba da rahoton ga WHO cewa "babu wata shaida" waɗannan rarrabuwa sun kasance masu amfani da asibiti, saboda ba sa "ba da gudummawa ga isar da sabis na kiwon lafiya ko zaɓin magani ko kuma samar da mahimman bayanai don sa ido kan lafiyar jama'a".[26]Ƙara da cewa; duk da cewa ICD-10 a bayyane yake cewa "tsarin jima'i da kansa ba za a dauke shi rikici ba", hada irin waɗannan rukunoni "yana nuna cewa akwai rikice-rikicen tunani waɗanda ke da alaƙa ta musamman da yanayin jima'i kuma nuna jinsi. "Matsayi da DSM ta riga ta amince da shi, da sauran tsarin rarrabuwa.

ICD a zahiri tsarin hukuma ne na Amurka, [29] kodayake yawancin masu ilimin lafiyar kwakwalwa ba su fahimci wannan ba saboda rinjayar DSM.

Wani masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam ya bayyana cewa: "Matsalolin da ke tattare da amfanin asibiti na ICD da DSM an yarda da su sosai. "[30]

Dubi kuma

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  • Mai ba da lambar asibiti
  • Rarrabawar kiwon lafiya
    • Rarraba cututtukan kwakwalwa
    • Rarrabawar Magunguna da Magunguna
    • Rarrabawar Kasa da Kasa na Kulawa ta Farko (ICPC)
    • Binciken Yankin Bincike (RDoC), tsarin da Cibiyar Kula da Lafiya ta Kasa ke haɓaka
  • Binciken kiwon lafiya
    • Kungiyar da ke da alaƙa da ganewar asali (DRG)
  • Kalmomin kiwon lafiya
    • Ma'anar Tsarin Yanzu
    • MedDRA (Medicinal Dictionary for Regulatory Activities)
    • Sunan da aka sani
  • WHO Iyali na Rarrabawar Duniya

Manazarta

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Haɗin waje

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Lura: Tun lokacin da aka karɓi ICD-10 CM a Amurka, kayan aikin kan layi da yawa suna haɓaka. Dukansu suna nufin wannan gyare-gyare kuma saboda haka ba a haɗa su a nan ba.

  • Shafin yanar gizon hukuma a Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO)
  • ICD-10 mai bincike kan layi (WHO)
  • ICD-10 horo kai tsaye na kan layi (WHO)
  • ICD-10-CM (Amurka - gyare-gyare) a Cibiyoyin Kula da Cututtuka da Rigakafin Cututtuka (CDC)
  • Sakin ICD-11
  • Kula da ICD-11
  1. ↑ "About WHO". World Health Organization. Archived from the original on 9 February 2014. Retrieved 14 March 2014.
  2. 1 2 "The WHO Family of International Classifications". World Health Organization. Archived from the original on 22 December 2013. Retrieved 14 March 2014.
  3. 1 2 "SEVENTY-SECOND WORLD HEALTH ASSEMBLY – WHA72.15 – Agenda item 12.7 – 28 May 2019" (PDF). World Health Organization. 28 May 2019. Retrieved 6 August 2026.
  4. ↑ WHO (11 February 2022). "ICD-11 2022 release". who.int. Archived from the original on 10 February 2022.
  5. ↑ WHO. "ICD-11 2023 release is here". who.int. Archived from the original on 8 December 2023.
  6. ↑ WHO. "International Classification of Diseases (ICD)". who.int. Archived from the original on 28 May 2024.
  7. ↑ "ICD-11". International Federation of Health Information Management Associations. Retrieved March 26, 2026.
  8. 1 2 "History of the development of the ICD" (PDF). Who.int. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-01-15. Retrieved 11 December 2017.
  9. ↑ Zhavoronkov, Alex; Bhullar, Bhupinder (2015-11-04). "Classifying aging as a disease in the context of ICD-11". Frontiers in Genetics. 6: 326. doi:10.3389/fgene.2015.00326. ISSN 1664-8021. PMC 4631811. PMID 26583032.
  10. ↑ Katsching, Heinz (February 2010). "Are psychiatrists an endangered species? Observations on internal and external challenges to the profession". World Psychiatry. World Psychiatric Association. 9 (1): 21–28. doi:10.1002/j.2051-5545.2010.tb00257.x. PMC 2816922. PMID 20148149.
  11. 1 2 3 4 "International Classification Of Diseases – 9 – CM, (1979)". CDC WONDER. Archived from the original on Dec 12, 2017. Retrieved 11 December 2017.
  12. ↑ O'Malley KJ, Cook KF, Price MD, Wildes KR, Hurdle JF, Ashton CM (2005). "Measuring diagnoses: ICD code accuracy". Health Serv Res. 40 (5p2): 1620–39. doi:10.1111/j.1475-6773.2005.00444.x. PMC 1361216. PMID 16178999.
  13. ↑ "History of ICD" (PDF). WHO. Retrieved December 19, 2023.
  14. ↑ "ICD-9-CM Diagnosis Codes - International Classisfication of Diseases - Medical Diagnosis Codes". www.findacode.com. Retrieved 2015-12-30.
  15. ↑ "Classification of Diseases, Functioning, and Disability". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Archived from the original on 2009-01-01. Retrieved 29 October 2010.
  16. ↑ Editorial (2019). "ICD-11". The Lancet. 393 (10188): 2275. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(19)31205-X. PMID 31180012.
  17. ↑ "ICD-11 Timeline". who.int. Archived from the original on 5 May 2019.
  18. ↑ Chute, Christopher G. (2018). "The rendering of human phenotype and rare diseases in ICD-11". Journal of Inherited Metabolic Disease. 41 (3): 563–569. doi:10.1007/s10545-018-0172-5. PMC 5959961. PMID 29600497. The primary linearization, and the one most users will recognize and likely believe is "the ICD-11", is the Mortality and Morbidity Statistics (MMS) linearization.
  19. ↑ Rodrigues Jean-Marie; Robinson David; Della Mea Vincenzo; Campbell James; Rector Alan; Schulz Stefan; Brear Hazel; Üstün Bedirhan; Spackman Kent; Chute Christopher G; Millar Jane; Solbrig Harold; Brand Persson Kristina (2015). "Semantic Alignment between ICD-11 and SNOMED CT". Studies in Health Technology and Informatics (in Turanci). 216 (MEDINFO 2015: eHealth–enabled Health). doi:10.3233/978-1-61499-564-7-790.
  20. ↑ WHO (2018). "ICD-11: Classifying disease to map the way we live and die". www.who.int. Archived from the original on 20 June 2018.
  21. ↑ Jacki Monson, Chair of National Committee on Vital and Health Statistics (2024-04-18). "Urgent Need for a Central Coordinating Entity for Planning and Adopting ICD-11 in the U.S." (PDF). NCVHS. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2025-01-26.
  22. ↑ Zhang, Meng; Wang, Yipeng; Jakob, Robert; Su, Shanna; Bai, Xue; Jing, Xiaotong; Xue, Xin; Liao, Aimin; Li, Naishi; Wang, Yi (2024-04-19). "Methodologies and key considerations for implementing the International Classification of Diseases-11th revision morbidity coding: insights from a national pilot study in China". Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association (in Turanci). 31 (5): 1084–1092. doi:10.1093/jamia/ocae031. ISSN 1067-5027. PMC 11031236 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 38427850 Check |pmid= value (help).
  23. ↑ Makary, MA; Daniel, M (3 May 2016). "Medical error—the third leading cause of death in the US". BMJ. 353. doi:10.1136/bmj.i2139. PMID 27143499. S2CID 206910205.
  24. ↑ (DL ed.). Missing or empty |title= (help)
  25. ↑ Juan E. Mezzich (2002). "International Surveys on the Use of ICD-10 and Related Diagnostic Systems" (guest editorial, abstract). Psychopathology. 35 (2–3): 72–75. doi:10.1159/000065122. ISBN 978-3-8055-7461-7. PMID 12145487. S2CID 35857872.
  26. 1 2 3 Cochran, Susan D.; Drescher, Jack; Kismödi, Eszter; Giami, Alain; García-Moreno, Claudia; Atalla, Elham; Marais, Adele; Meloni Vieira, Elisabeth; Reed, Geoffrey M. (2014). "Proposed declassification of disease categories related to sexual orientation in the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD-11)". Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 92 (9): 672–679. doi:10.2471/BLT.14.135541. PMC 4208576. PMID 25378758.
  27. ↑ "ICD-11 for Mortality and Morbidity Statistics | Chapter 06 Mental, behavioural or neurodevelopmental disorders". icd.who.int. Retrieved 14 September 2023.
  28. ↑ "ICD-10 Version:2019". icd.who.int. Retrieved 14 September 2023.
  29. ↑ "ICD-11 Overview-September 2023" (PDF). ncvhs.hhs.gov/. Retrieved 5 November 2024.
  30. ↑ Geoffrey M. Reed (2010). "Toward ICD-11: Improving the clinical utility of WHO's International Classification of mental disorders" (PDF). Professional Psychology: Research and Practice. 41 (6): 457–464. doi:10.1037/a0021701.
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